Contents. Chapter 1: Introduction. I. Statement of the Problem II. Object of the Research III. Purpose of the Research...

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1 Contents Foreword... V Abbreviations... XXII Chapter 1: Introduction I. Statement of the Problem... 1 II. Object of the Research... 2 III. Purpose of the Research... 2 IV. Methodology of the Research... 3 V. Structure of the Research... 3 A. Introduction... 3 B. Country reports... 3 C. Comparative part... 4 D. Conclusion... 5 Chapter 2: Germany I. Historical Development of Terrorism in Germany... 6 A. Left-wing terrorism Introduction Terrorist activities... 8 a) First generation of the RAF... 8 b) Second and third generations of the RAF c) Dissolution of the RAF d) Activities of other groups B. Right-wing terrorism Introduction The NSU The NPD C. Islamist terrorism Islamist terrorism before 9/ Islamist terrorism after 9/ D. Analysis of terrorist threat Left-wing terrorism... 25

2 X Contents 2. Right-wing terrorism Islamist terrorism II. Anti-Terrorism Legislation in Germany A. Introduction Before 9/ Post 9/ B. Anti-terrorism legislation prior to 9/ Adoption of Art. 129a StGB Exclusion of defense lawyers Prohibition of joint defense Exclusion from trial Contact ban Special police units C. Anti-terrorism legislation shortly after 9/ Abolition of religious privilege clause Adoption of Art. 129b StGB Expansion of powers of security authorities Tightening of immigration law Suppression of terrorist financing a) Art. 129a StGB b) Art. 261 StGB c) Fourth Financial Market Promotion Law (2002) d) Anti-Money Laundering Law (2002) e) Supplementary Law on Combating Money Laundering (2008) D. Further anti-terrorism legislation post 9/ BKA s role in danger prevention (2006) Joint Anti-Terror Database Law (2006) Supplementary Counter-Terrorism Law (2007) Revision of the BKA Law (2008) Criminalization of preparatory acts of terrorism (2009) Extension of anti-terror laws (2011) E. BVerfG rulings Ruling on surveillance of private premises (2004) Ruling on the Aviation Security Law (2005) Ruling on grid search (2006) Ruling on online search (2008) Ruling on telecommunications data retention (2010) Ruling on the Aviation Security Law (2012) Ruling on the anti-terror database (2013) F. International cooperation Global cooperation... 85

3 Contents XI 2. Regional cooperation Bilateral cooperation G. Summary Chapter 3: China I. Historical Development of Terrorism in China A. Introduction Location of Xinjiang History of Xinjiang Uyghurs in Xinjiang B. Islamist terrorism East Turkestan Islamic independence movement Terrorism before 9/ Terrorism after 9/ a) Anti-terror raid in b) Terrorism against Beijing Olympics c) Chinese Autumn of d) 5 July 2009 Urumqi Rioting e) Attacks after the 5 July 2009 Urumqi Rioting f) Recent escalation of terrorist activities C. Terrorist organizations East Turkestan Islamic Movement Other terrorist organizations a) East Turkestan Liberation Organization b) World Uyghur Youth Congress/World Uyghur Congress c) East Turkestan Information Center D. Threat analysis China s concern over terrorism Scepticism about the terrorism threat New trends II. Anti-Terrorism Legislation in China A. Introduction B. Anti-terror legislation before 9/ Soft-hand policies a) Ethnic autonomy b) Religious control c) Population resettlement d) Cultural assimilation e) Economic development

4 XII Contents 2. Hard-hand policies a) Military deployment b) Strike hard campaigns C. Anti-terror legislation after 9/ Anti-terror Amendment (2001) a) Intensification of the crackdown on terrorist organizations b) Criminalization of the financing of terrorism c) Criminalization of the handling of dangerous substances aa) Revision of Art. 114 CC bb) Revision of Art. 115 para. 1 CC cc) Revision of Art. 125 para. 2 CC dd) Revision of Art. 127 CC d) Intensification of the suppression of money laundering e) Criminalization of fabricating or disseminating false terrorist information Anti-terrorism decision (2011) a) Definition of terrorism b) National anti-terrorism authority c) Terrorist watch lists d) Asset freezing e) Implementation regulations Anti-terror revisions to the Criminal Procedure Law (2012) a) Designating first-instance courts for trying terrorism cases b) Limiting the access to counsel in terrorism cases c) Providing special protection for witnesses in terrorism cases d) Allowing the use of residential surveillance for terrorism cases e) Specifying the limitation on the right to notification in terrorism cases f) Legalizing the use of technical investigation measures g) Introducing the procedure for confiscating illegal earnings in terrorism cases Designation of terrorist organizations and individuals a) First terror list aa) Background bb) Criteria cc) International effects dd) Debate b) Second terror list c) Third terror list Suppression of terrorist financing a) Institutional changes b) Membership in the FATF and other bodies c) Sixth Criminal Code Amendment (2006)

5 Contents XIII d) Anti-Money Laundering Law (2006) e) Ancillary AML/CFT regulations (2006 and 2007) f) Regulation on freezing terrorist assets (2014) D. International cooperation SCO before 9/ International cooperation after 9/ a) Global cooperation b) Regional cooperation c) Bilateral cooperation Uyghur prisoners at Guantanamo a) Background b) Legal confrontation with the US c) Negotiations with Germany d) Recent developments E. Summary Chapter 4: Comparative Analysis of the Anti-Terrorism Legislation in Germany and China I. Methodological Considerations II. Comparative Analysis from the Perspective of Legal Regulations A. Substantive aspect Definition of terrorism a) Germany b) China c) Comparison Suppression of terrorist organizations a) Germany b) China c) Comparison Suppression of terrorist financing a) Criminal provisions regarding AML/CFT aa) Germany bb) China cc) Comparison b) Access to customer data aa) Germany bb) China c) Reporting duties of lawyers aa) Germany bb) China d) FIU mechanism

6 XIV Contents aa) Germany bb) China e) FATF Membership aa) Germany bb) China Sanctions against fake terrorist attacks a) Criminal provisions aa) Germany bb) China b) Offense catalog aa) Germany bb) China c) Concrete consequence aa) Germany bb) China d) Admission of administrative detention aa) Germany bb) China Criminalization of preparatory acts a) Germany b) China c) Comparison B. Procedural aspect Restrictions on the right to defense a) Exclusion of defense lawyer aa) Germany bb) China b) Prohibition of joint defense aa) Germany bb) China c) Exclusion from trial aa) Germany bb) China d) Contact ban aa) Germany bb) China Expansion of investigating powers a) Expansion of data competences aa) Germany bb) China b) New forms of data competences aa) Germany bb) China

7 Contents XV c) Telecommunications data retention aa) Germany bb) China d) General investigating measures aa) Germany bb) China e) German example: Acoustic surveillance of private premises aa) Substantive preconditions (1) Offense catalog (2) Protection of the core area of private life bb) Procedural guaranties (1) Judicial oversight (2) Content of the order (3) Outside supervision (4) Content of the reports for outside supervision (5) Right to notification C. Other aspects Deployment of the military a) Role of the military aa) Germany bb) China cc) Comparison b) Command structure aa) Germany bb) China cc) Comparison c) Parliamentary oversight aa) Germany bb) China d) Paramilitary police aa) China bb) Germany e) Looking ahead Centralization of police and intelligence competences a) General regulations aa) Germany bb) China cc) Comparison b) Centralization of police and intelligence competences aa) Germany bb) China cc) Comparison c) Separation between police and intelligence competences

8 XVI Contents aa) Germany bb) China cc) Comparison Promotion of international cooperation a) Global cooperation b) Regional cooperation c) Bilateral cooperation with the US aa) Germany bb) China cc) Comparison d) Anti-terror approach aa) Germany bb) China cc) Comparison e) Legal assistance aa) Germany bb) China cc) Comparison III. Comparative Analysis from the Perspective of Basic Rights A. Introduction: Protection of basic rights Basic rights a) Germany b) China c) Comparison Constitutional guaranties of basic rights a) Germany b) China c) Comparison Direct applicability of basic rights a) Germany b) China c) Comparison B. Human dignity Constitutional status a) Germany b) China c) Comparison Protection of human dignity a) Germany b) China c) Comparison C. Right to life

9 Contents XVII 1. Right to life a) Germany b) China c) Comparison Abolition of death penalty a) Germany b) China c) Comparison D. Right to physical integrity Right to physical integrity a) Germany b) China c) Comparison Prohibition of torture in law a) Germany b) China c) Comparison Torture in practice a) Germany b) China c) Comparison E. Freedom of the person Inviolability of freedom of the person a) Germany b) China c) Comparison Reservation of judge a) Germany b) China c) Comparison Right to be brought promptly before a judge a) Germany b) China c) Comparison Right to notification a) Germany b) China c) Comparison F. Right to privacy Right to privacy a) Germany b) China c) Comparison

10 XVIII Contents 2. General right of personality a) Germany b) China Inviolability of private premises a) Germany b) China c) Comparison Privacy of communication a) Germany b) China c) Comparison Absolutely protected core area of privacy a) Germany b) China Conclusion: Protection of the right to privacy a) Germany b) China G. Right to fair trial Right to fair trial a) Germany b) China c) Comparison Right to silence a) Germany b) China c) Comparison Right to counsel a) Germany b) China c) Comparison Equality of arms a) Germany aa) Right to be present bb) Right to contact the client cc) Right to inspect files dd) The right to gather evidence b) China aa) Right to be present bb) Right to contact the client cc) Right to inspect files dd) Right to gather evidence ee) Sword of Damocles c) Comparison

11 Contents XIX IV. Comparison of General Principles A. Introduction: Rule of law Germany China Comparison B. Supremacy of the constitution Germany China Comparison C. Reservation of law Germany China Comparison D. Certainty of law Germany China Comparison E. Principle of proportionality Germany China Comparison F. Separation of powers Separation between political parties and the state a) Germany b) China c) Comparison Separation between state powers a) Germany b) China c) Comparison G. Central-local relationship Form of government a) Germany b) China c) Comparison Central-local relationship a) Germany b) China c) Comparison General tendency a) Germany b) China c) Comparison

12 XX Contents H. Judicial independence Constitutional status a) Germany b) China c) Comparison Substantive independence a) Germany b) China c) Comparison Personal independence a) Germany b) China c) Comparison I. Constitutional review Germany China Comparison V. Comparison of Local Conditions A. Legal culture Universalism vs. relativism a) Germany b) China Origin of basic rights a) Germany b) China Rights and duties a) Germany b) China Collective and individual interests a) Germany b) China B. Security reality Germany China VI. Balance between Security and Liberty A. Relationship between security and liberty Germany China B. Balance between security and liberty Germany China

13 Contents XXI C. Balancing yardsticks Germany China Chapter 5: Conclusion I. Terrorist Threat II. Anti-Terror Legislation III. Underlying Causes IV. Balancing between Security and Liberty V. Answering Questions Bibliography