10/23/2015 HUMAN TRAFFICKING WHAT IS HUMAN TRAFFICKING? Trafficking Victims Protection Act

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1 HUMAN TRAFFICKING Celia Williamson, PhD Human Trafficking & Social Justice Institute, University of Toledo WHAT IS HUMAN TRAFFICKING? Modern day slavery in which men, women, and children are bought and sold for sexual or labor purposes. Second largest criminal industry in the world and the fastest growing. Trafficking Victims Protection Act Sex Trafficking: recruitment, harboring, transportation, providing or obtaining of a person for a commercial sex act, in which a commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person induced to perform such an act has not attained 18 years of age. FEDERAL DEFINITION Labor Trafficking: recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision or obtaining of a person for labor or services, through the use of force, fraud, or coercion for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery. 1

2 35.8 million slaves in the world today victims are trafficked worldwide each year Photo credit: Domestically children are runaways in the U.S. and are at risk of being trafficked domestic minors are being trafficked in the sex trade each year (U.S. Department of State, 2006; International Crisis Aid, 2012; Global Slavery Index, 2014; National Center for Missing and Exploited Children, 2014) NUMBER OF VICTIMS Forms of Labor Trafficking Domestic Service Sweat Shops/ Factories Begging Agricultural Work Mining Brick Kilns Child Soldiers Photo credit: brightfunds.org Photo credit: Photo credit: Is fearful, anxious, depressed, submissive, tense, or nervous/paranoid Exhibits unusually fearful or anxious behavior after bringing up law enforcement Avoids eye contact Distrusts authority Sleep deprivation May feel accountable for their situation Foreign born victims may be fearful of deportation Possibly experiencing Stockholm Syndrome or loyalty to their captors RED FLAGS: LABOR TRAFFICKING 2

3 Forms of Sex Trafficking Prostitution Pornography Stripping Lap Dancing Live-Sex Shows Mail-order Brides Child Brides Photo credit: informationng.com Photo Credit: Is fearful, anxious, depressed, submissive, tense, or nervous/paranoid Exhibits unusually fearful or anxious behavior after bringing up law enforcement Avoids eye contact Has a fake ID Misses school often Reports an abnormally high # of sex partners High rate of STDs Uses language from the life Speaks about: The Game Wife-in-laws/Wifeys Daddy Distrusts authority High possibility of Stockholm syndrome or trauma bonding RED FLAGS: SEX TRAFFICKING 3

4 2,879: Estimated number of youth born in Ohio who are at risk for commercial sexual exploitation 1,078: 3,437: 783: Estimated number of youth born in Ohio who have been sexually exploited over the course of a year Estimated number of foreign-born Ohio citizens who are at risk for trafficking in labor or the sex trade Estimated number of foreign victims trafficked (Trafficking in Person Study Commission: Prevalence of Human Trafficking in Ohio, 2009) HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN OHIO FOREIGN VICTIMS Photo Credit: Operates across national boundaries: Recruitment Countries Destination Countries Bi-directional Countries Trafficking vs. Smuggling Trafficking is a crime against a person Smuggling is a crime against the state INTERNATIONAL TRAFFICKING 4

5 Told they must pay back expenses, in other words, they must pay for freedom from obligation Photo credit: tribune.com/pk DEBT-BONDAGE SYSTEM Trafficker sets the debt amount to be repaid Amount of debt is made to not be repayable (too high) Victim can never be out of a debtbondage situation Photo credit: Helplessness Shame Humiliation Denial Culture shock Not understanding laws Not knowing they are considered a victims FEELINGS ASSOCIATED WITH BEING VICTIMIZED FOR AN EXTENDED PERIOD OF TIME Photo credit: Section-17June Physically and psychologically controlled by trafficker Do not consider themselves a victim Trained by trafficker to tell lies and false stories Victim s distrust of service providers and law enforcement Frequently moved from place to place THE CHALLENGE OF IDENTIFYING VICTIMS 5

6 Difficulty communicating language or cultural barriers Accompanied by a controlling person Missing identification Someone else controls their identification Signs of physical abuse Submissive or fearful behavior THE CHALLENGE OF IDENTIFYING VICTIMS, CONT D Loyalty or positive feelings May try to protect their trafficker Trauma bonding/stockholm syndrome Fear for safety Own safety Family in home country Photo credit: glogster.com VICTIMS MINDSET SUPPORT AND RESTORATION FOR INTERNATIONAL VICTIMS Victims who agree to help law enforcement officials investigate and prosecute crimes related to human trafficking will receive a T- Visa and not be deported. Victims will receive social services and resources. Housing Counseling Family reunification 6

7 DOMESTIC SEX TRAFFICKING TYPES OF TRAFFICKING PIMPS Guerilla Pimping Finesse Pimping WHERE YOUTH WORK Street-level prostitution Strip Clubs / Private Dancing Massage or Escort Services Convention Centers / Sporting Events Tourist Destinations Cat Houses Truck Stops 7

8 CHILD SEX TRAFFICKING DEMOGRAPHICS Average age of recruitment in U.S. is between years of age nationally in Ohio Recruited from inner cities, suburbs, and small towns (National Center for Missing & Exploited Children) Approached 48 hours (larger cities) to 2 weeks (Ohio) Vulnerability is the common denominator across trafficked youth. WHO HELPS TO RECRUIT VICTIMS? Other underage girls Young boys Adult women Traffickers Bottom Recruiters, Groomers Security Connectors, Watchers WHO RECRUITS & WHERE ARE VICTIMS RECRUITED? Recruiter may be a girl/woman Hang out Spots Friends/Family Houses Malls Court Houses/Juvenile Centers Corner Stores Schools Social service groups 8

9 RED FLAGS TO IDENTIFY DOMESTIC MINOR VICTIMS. Hotel room keys Numerous school absences False ID s and lying about age Teen s dating much older, abusive, or controlling men Having large amounts of cash, jewelry, new clothes Recurrent STI s/std s and/or need for pregnancy tests Signs of physical assault including: branding or tattooing, broken bones, black eyes, etc RESCUE CHILD Runaway Educational problems Sexual assault Court appearances Using drugs and/or alcohol Childhood abuse/neglect Homelessness Influential others Loving someone much older Difficulty making friends Emotional abuse THOSE AT RISK 9

10 WHY IS IT DIFFICULT TO LINK VICTIMS TO SERVICES? Physically and/or psychologically controlled by pimps Captivity, confinement and power, control, isolation Use and threat of violence Fear, shame, self-blame and hopelessness Dependency Trauma Bonding Trained by pimps to tell lies and false stories Victims distrust of service providers & law enforcement Frequently moved from place to place Traffickers issue victims fake I.D.s Fear of arrest & incarceration Rachel Lloyd CUSTOMERS 10

11 Buyers who Purchase Sex N= Blue 328 (far Reported left) in represents percents Note: those In some cases, involved predators interested prostitution in raping and in /or Ohio, robbing will Red pretend (middle to be a police column) officer. In addition, represents most street those level sex victims workers (93%) have of sex trafficking involved through manipulation, and Green (far right) represents victims involved by force. worked both inside and outside of Ohio. Ninety-one percent of those who currently have a pimp and 89% of those who are currently forced, reported working both inside and outside of Ohio. Therefore it is unknown in which states subjects had paid sex with those in the professions above. Toledo Blade - May 27, Customers from the suburbs of Toledo arrested for buying sex. Two were 44 years old, one 59, and one 72 years old. One was a member of the Toledo Opera Guild, one was a business man, one was a lawyer, and one was a builder. The two women, age 18 and 28 were sellers. VIDEO 11

12 RESPONSES Photo credit: DOMESTIC VICTIMIZATION 12

13 PASSAGE OF SAFE HARBOR LAW SAFE HARBOR LAW Two Main Components 12 States with Safe Harbor Laws 1. Legal Protection 2. Provision of Services 9 States with Partial Safe Harbor Laws AK CT FLA KS TN CA MS OK TX 29 States without Safe Harbor Laws Polaris Project, 2013 SHARED HOPE INTERNATIONAL REPORT CARD Michigan s Report Card 54 F reportcards/ 13

14 2014 MICHIGAN HUMAN TRAFFICKING LAWS Safe Harbor Michigan now presumes that a minor found engaging in prostitution is a victim of human trafficking and mandates law enforcement to refer the minor for treatment within DHS. Allows victims to clear their criminal record of crimes they were forced to commit by their traffickers. Provides adult victims a diversion process to avoid prostitution convictions. CONT D Increases the crime of buying sex from a minor to a felony Requires customers who buy sex from minors to be placed on sex offender registry. Makes human trafficking of a child an offense that must be reported by mandatory reporters to Child Protective Services. MICHIGAN S RESOURCES "Human Trafficking Clinical Program, University of Michigan Human Trafficking Clinic (HTC) takes cases Human Trafficking Law Project (HTLP)- database of human trafficking litigation. Alternatives for Girls Program Detroit Michigan Human Trafficking Task Force SW Michigan Human Trafficking Task Force Cathy Knauf cathy.knauf@gmail.com 14

15 INTERVENTIONS CONTINUUM TOWARD RESTORATION 45 15

16 PATH (PARTNERS AGAINST TRAFFICKING IN HUMANS) MODEL Work Flow Human Trafficking Victim Collect information Assessment Yes No Question Did victim suffer trauma? Does victim need short and/or long term housing? Does the victim need legal assistance? Do victim need food or clothing? Open Pathways Initiation Step Linkages Milestones Outcomes Track/Measure Results (Connections to Care) By: Care Coordinator Agencies trained & PATH Approved Clients/Coordinator Incentivized Care Coordinator sends information to HUB. HUB pays out for services & linkages. HUB builds charts, identifies barriers, discovers when a client moves from victim to survivor etc.. reports out on success & barriers Tracking of Care Coordination PREGNANT CLIENT Click to edit Master text styles COMMUNITY Second level HUB Third level Fourth level Fifth level Medical Care Housing Legal Services Crisis Counseling CARE COORDINATION AGENCIES Care Coordinator/Case Manager CLIENT Focused on victims, survivors, thrivers Eliminates duplication Coordinates services Confirms coordination of Care Determines Linkages, Milestones, & Outcomes Sees Patterns Develops Reports to Feedback Information 16

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18 TRAUMA INFORMED PRACTICE PRINCIPLES OF TRAUMA INFORMED CARE 10 CORE VALUES Understand Trauma and Its Impact Understand Vicarious Trauma and Its Impact Promote Safety Ensuring Cultural Humility Supporting Consumer Control, Choice and Autonomy Sharing Power and Governance Integrated & Holistic System of Care Caring and Supportive Relationships On-Going Healthy Boundary Analysis Belief that Recovery is Possible Source: (Headington Institute, 2010, TOP TEN TRAUMA INFORMED SERVICE CONSIDERATIONS Do not assume self-identified victimization Shelter: Ask before you refer ASK before you do Praseology: Choose your words carefully Individuals must choose to change Survivor priorities should be provider priorities Do no harm Think long term Negative behaviors are survival mechanisms Dignity: Respect choices and decisions Sarah Ladd, Attorney

19 WHAT A LACK OF TRAUMA INFORMED SERVICES LOOKS LIKE Strip searches, locked holding pens by law enforcement Multiple interviews, male only interviewers to sex trafficked girls Use of authoritative methods of interviewing Using offensive words that assume weakness or guilt e.g. noncompliant, prostitute, manipulative Language that assumes guilt Attitude of arrogance about the experience LANGUAGE Pimps are now traffickers Juvenile Prostitutes or Prostitutes are now Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking Victims (DMST) ; or Child Sex Trafficking Victims The experience is called Commercial Sex Exploitation of Children or CSEC Customers of youth victims are not johns. They are customers or child molesters WHEN YOU IDENTIFY A VICTIM BUILD TRUST Reassure the child that you are there to help them If possible, don t interview the child with an armed uniformed police officer When possible, interview one-on-one Avoid derogatory labels like prostitute Don t make promises Convey a sense of safety 19

20 STOCKHOLM SYNDROME & TRAUMA BONDS The presence of a perceived threat to one's physical or psychological survival and the belief that the abuser would carry out the threat The presence of perceived small kindnesses from the abuser to the victim What needs to be present for Stockholm Syndrome to occur? Isolation from perspectives other than those of the abuser The perceived inability to escape the situation Source: (CSEC Curriculum, Lloyd and Polaris Project) BREAKING TRAUMA BONDING Many victims return to abusive situations. Breaking trauma bonds takes the following: time being genuine and caring about their welfare building a trusting relationship involving survivors in programming providing basic needs assistance offering hope for positive change over time. SYSTEMS ISSUES 20

21 HUMAN TRAFFICKING THE BUSINESS Distribution Supply Demand CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM CUSTOMER OFTEN GIVEN REDUCED SENTENCE OR IMMUNITY TO TESTIFY AGAINST TRAFFICKER 21

22 SCHOOLS History of Slavery Modern Day Slavery SOCIAL SERVICES Generalized Menu of Services Population Needing Highly Specialized Trauma Treatment Services CHILD PROTECTION Child Trafficking is Child Abuse Child Trafficking is a Juvenile Court Issue 22

23 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CHILD ABUSE AND CHILD TRAFFICKING Child Abuse Child typically feels powerless Child is not normally the seducer Often appears withdrawn & quiet, though may be loud, aggressive & have self-destructive behavior (e.g. drugs) Child Trafficking Child may feel powerful Child may act as the seducer Often expresses emotions, although not feelings about CSE Inside system (often still in school, clubs etc.) Outside system (often not in school) Usually kept secret from friends and peers Usually not secret from friends and peers Apart from abuser, people around say it is a bad thing Wider community is sympathetic and supportive People in the social circle of child may say it is a good thing Wider community views behavior in a negative way MENTAL HEALTH/SOCIAL SERVICES Services Offers support 2-4 hrs wk Trafficker offers support 24/7 (POP) CULTURAL MESSAGES 23

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27 IT S HARD OUT HERE FOR A 14 YEAR OLD 27