CIFOR s Research Program on Migration and Forests. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Indonesia b. Brunel University London, UK

Transcription

1 CIFOR s Research Program on Migration and Forests Emergent Dynamics of Migration and Their Potential Effects on Forest and Land Use in North Kalimantan, Indonesia Kartika Sari Juniwaty a, Bimbika Sijapati Basnett a, Benita Nathania a, Rilin Purwati a I Made Sanjaya a, Paul Thung b a Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Indonesia b Brunel University London, UK Worldbank Land and Poverty Conference Washington DC, March 21st, 2018

2 Outline Background & Motivation Research Questions Background of Location, Research Sites and Methods Results, implications and next steps

3 Background and Motivation Migration is a livelihood, investment and resilience strategy Migration might have two-way causal relationship with forests, however research on this is limited. (Hecht et.al, 2014) Address the research gap and support our partner, GIZ Forest and Climate Change (FORCLIME), in making evidence based policies

4 Research Questions o What are the major drivers of migration and mobility? o How is migration contributing to forest and land use change? o What are the future prospects for forests and rural livelihoods? o What are the implications for forest-related intervention and policies?

5 A case study from Indonesia: Malinau District North Kalimantan Province 42,000 km2, low population density Extensive forest resources, rich in biodivesity History of resource exploitation (logging, mining, cash-crop, lucrative NTFP) but forest cover still high History of cross-border migration One of the intervention sites of GIZ Forest and Climate Change (FORCLIME) programme Land Cover Map, Malinau District 2015

6 Research Site & Methods First round: Quantititave Data Collection Household surveys 141 migrants HH in 8 Villages 219 non-migrants HH in 8 Villages Second round: Qualitative Data Collection In-depth interviews Households Education migrants (43), nonmigrants (15), in-migrants(5), Economic Migrant (5), Other (6), Potential (3) Individual returnee migrants (9), migrants at destination (16), prospective migrants (5) FGD and KII Local Leaders (8), Women group (8), Youth group (8), Forest User (8), Mixed Group (5)

7 Characteristics LOWER MALINAU (RURAL) Accessibility: Road access to Malinau city (capital), Proximity to market Livelhoods: Diverse jobs Forests: History of resource exploitation (mining) and also strong forest management (tanah oleh) UPPER MALINAU (REMOTE) Acccesibility: Hill; Access to Malinau city (capital) by airplane; bordering Malaysia; distance from market. Livelihoods: subsistence farming, forest-based livelihoods Forests: Larger primary forest Research Site and Migration Pattern Rural Site Remote Site Total % 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Employment Education Others

8 Transformation in educational background Proportion of Youth with higher education by Cohort Rural Site Remote Site Total Dramatic increase in proportion of youth with higher education background after Significant generational difference in education rates.

9 Follow up What explains this shift in migration patterns? What are the cost of youth migration? What are the source of livelihoods of migrant sending household? How do they cope with the cost of youth migration? Whether and to what extent is it related to farm and forest? What s next?

10 Reasons for shifting in migration pattern Less migration for employment: Greater hurdles in migrating to Malaysia without permits More jobs opportunities in the village More migration for education: Prospective jobs in the village Scholarships Shift in mindset Viewed as long term strategy to access better employment opportunities Decentralization

11 Continuous State making in forest frontiers Decentralization & establishment Malinau as a new district in 1999 District has authority to manage administrative and budget More representative budget sharing Infrastructure development provided cash for villagers who worked for the construction Opportunities to work in public sector for villagers: government officials, teacher, nurse Prior to 1999: Subdistrict Malinau, District Bulungan, East Kalimantan Province 2001: District Malinau, East Kalimantan Province 2012: District Malinau, North Kalimantan Province Ongoing discussion: Apau Kayan District, North Kalimantan Province

12 What are the costs of youth migration? Labour: Reduction of labor & change in labor allocation? o Not much Financial cost: o Education expense is 28% of total expenditure Non migrant: 12% Per capita monthly expenditure USD.

13 What are the source of livelihoods of migrant sending household? 3 main sources of livelihoods*: Lower Malinau (Rural) 1. Agriculture (for consumption) 2. Salary 3. Micro enterprise Upper Remote (Remote) 1. Agriculture (for consumption) 2. Government sallary 3. Sell/consume forest product * Combined ranking by households using Borda Count Method

14 Coping strategies & Forest and Land Use Distinct patterns emerging in 2 groups: Those who have salaried jobs are not relying on farm and forest to pay for education. o In addition, first generation of migrants supporting younger siblings using their salary (from rural site- Lower Malinau). For those who are more dependent on farm and forests, as expected, are intensifying existing resources o e.g. Gaharu collection, logging increase by not a significant spike. Cash crop production increase but no indication of clearing new land from primary forests.

15 Research Questions o What are the major drivers of migration and mobility? o How is migration contributing to forest and land use change? o What are the future prospects for forests and rural livelihoods? o What are the implications for forest-related intervention and policies?

16 Making sense and next steps Household level Subsistence, Cash from past migration and natural resource Youth migration for education Intensification of forest and farm to pay for education t-1 t Success Fail Diversified livelihood, less dependency on forest No diversification of livelihood Village level? Forest intact/ increase? Vacum in forest management Similar condition with t t+n Policy interventions needed follow up: FGD, Experiment

17 On the changing view about education across generations...there are many more young people who have been going to college since the new district was established [decentralization] Now that there are more employment opportunities, parents are keen to invest in their children s education, and their children are also willing to study... Rani, a secretary of women group in our remote site my parents generation did not want to invest in our education. Most of us did not go to school because transport from the city to the village was difficult. Even if when some of us did, there were no jobs for us, so what was the point of getting educated? Our parents said education cannot be eaten, we can get rice from the field. But my generation has witnessed many people have successful lives due to education. So we ecourage our children to pursue higher studies too. Melati, Women group leader in FGD remote site

18 On the financial burden We have to do multiple different things to find money to pay for our children to study outside the village. In the past, we used to work only for food. Now, we are growing old and the children are migrating, we have to work really hard. -Roni, father of 2 youth education migrants from rural Site On the future after getting education Actually, if we want to try to work as farmers, we can do it. But we don t want to be like our parents who devote their lives to farming and forest-based livelihoods only. We prefer to have a salaried job and relyon forests and farming to complement our livelihood. Amit, youth migrant returnee, teacher, remote site I would like to return to the village and set up a workshop to repair machines because there is none in the village, but I have to find the capital for that first. I will try to earn by finding and selling agarwood. Once the workshop is running smoothly, I will try to apply for a civil servant position. Arif, a 7th semester student in Samarinda, from remote site

19 THANK YOU cifor.org blog.cifor.org ForestsTreesAgroforestry.org