The Borderlands of the American and Canadian Wests

Transcription

1 The Borderlands of the American and Canadian Wests Essays on Regional History of the Forty-ninth Parallel Edited by Sterling Evans UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA PRESS LINCOLN AND LONDON

2 Contents List of Illustrations List of Tables Foreword by John Herd Thompson Preface Acknowledgments Duty-Free: An Introduction to the Practice of Regional History along the Forty-ninth Parallel Thomas D. Isern and R. Bruce Shepard ix x xi xv xxiii xxvii Part i. Defining the Region, Defining the Border 1. The Case for Cross-National and Comparative History: The Northwestern Plains as Bioregion Theodore Binnema The Pacific Coast Borderlands and Frontier Leonard J. Evenden and Daniel E. Turbeville III Conceptual and Practical Boundaries: West Coast Indians/First Nations on the Border of Contagion in the Post-9/11 Era Bruce Granville Miller 49 Part 2. Colonizing the Borderlands with Trails, the Law, and Ranching The Trail to the North in Whoop-Up Country Paul E Sharp Above the Blue Line: Policing the Frontier in the Canadian and American West, Marian C. McKenna 81 i

3 viii I Contents 6. Does the Border Matter? Cattle Ranching and the Forty-ninth Parallel Terry G. Jordan-Bychkov "Their Own Country": Race, Gender, Landscape, and Colonization around the Forty-ninth Parallel, Sheila McManus 117 Part 3. Seeking Sanctuary on Both Sides of the Line The Border, the Buffalo, and the Metis of Montana Gerhard J. Ens Crossing the Line: Race, Nationality, and the Deportation of the "Canadian" Crees in the Canada-U.S. Borderlands, Michel Hogue Charles Ora Card and Mormon Settlement on the Northwestern Plains Borderlands Peter S. Morris 172 Part 4. Farming, Industry, and Labor Interactions in the Borderlands The Twine Line: Mexican Henequen, U.S-Canadian Relations, and Binder Twine in the Northern Plains and Prairie Provinces, Sterling Evans Hoboes across the Border: Itinerant Cross-Border Laborers between Montana and Western Canada Evelyne Stitt Pickett "Nature's Garden and a Possible Utopia": Farming for Fruit and Industrious Men in the Transboundary Pacific Northwest, Jason Patrick Bennett 222 Part 5. Crossing the Medicine Line in the Twentieth Century 14. Refugees from Volstead: Cross-Boundary Tourism in the Northwest during Prohibition Stephen T. Moore 247

4 Contents I ix 15. Hoods across the Border: The Ku Klux Klan and the Far Right in the American and Canadian Wests Eckard V. Toy Jr Fugitives from Injustice: Vietnam War Draft Dodgers and Deserters in British Columbia Renee G. Kasinsky 270 Addendum: Seeking Refuge for Medical Marijuana Use in the Early Twenty-first Century 290 Sterling Evans Part 6. Natural Resources, Conservation, and Environmental Issues in the Borderlands Fishing the Line: Political Boundaries and Border Fluidity in the Pacific Northwest Borderlands, S Lissa Wadewitz "The Geology Recognizes No Boundaries": Shifting Borders in Waterton Lakes National Park Catriona Mortimer-Sandilands Whoa! Canada: Environmental Issues and Activism along the Alberta-Montana Border Todd Wilkinson 334 Afterword: Comparing Western Borderlands and Their Future Study Sterling Evans 345 Contributors 365 Index 371 Illustrations 1. The four subregions of the borderlands of the American and Canadian Wests xvi 2. Oregon Country and the extension of the forty-ninth parallel from the Rockies to the Pacific, The northwestern plains of North America 21

5 x I Illustrations 4. Climate patterns of the northwestern plains Grassland regions of the northwestern plains The chinook belt of the northwestern plains The Pacific Northwest borderlands, or Cascadia "Whoop-Up Country" National origin groups in the borderlands Sheep/swine ratio in the borderlands no 11. Selected terrain features and river systems in 12. Land use systems in the borderlands Metis wintering sites on the northern plains Sketch of the Milk River region, location of Metis wintering camps dispersed by the U.S. Army in Metis settlement sites in Montana circa Early twentieth-century John Deere twine binder The forty-ninth parallel swath between Waterton Lakes National Park (Alberta) and Glacier National Park (Montana) Point Roberts, Washington The Northwest Angle 351 Tables 1. Three approaches to the practice of forty-ninth parallel history xxxii 2. Ten largest groups of immigrants to the borderlands 108