MAPPING OF STRATEGIES, POLICIES, PROGRAMMES AND INSTITUTIONS RELEVANT FOR RURAL EMPLOYMENT AND DECENT WORK (RE&DW) IN MALAWI.

Transcription

1 MAPPING OF STRATEGIES, POLICIES, PROGRAMMES AND INSTITUTIONS RELEVANT FOR RURAL EMPLOYMENT AND DECENT WORK (RE&DW) IN MALAWI Methodology Prepared for the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) 12 May 2011 Richard Mussa, PhD Economics Department Chancellor College, University of Malawi Box 280, Zomba, Malawi Cell:

2 I. BACKGROUND Malawi is a landlocked country in southeast Africa and is among the world's least developed and most densely populated countries, with around 87% of the population living in rural areas. While many countries across the world experienced rapid growth during , Malawi was among the best performers. This was probably due to key actions of the new government installed in 2004, which improved fiscal policies speedily, slashing fiscal expenditures, and reducing the budget deficits from 8 percent of GDP in 2003 to about 2 percent between 2005 and As a result, Malawi was granted debt relief under the Highly Indebted Poor Countries initiative (HIPC) and Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative, with its foreign debt declining from 108 percent of GDP in 2005 to 17 percent of GDP in Another result was reduced real interest rates, which allowed for the expansion of private sector credit and investments. Government also introduced the Agricultural Input Subsidization Programme (AISP), which aims at providing cheap fertilizer and seeds to poor smallholders. During 2005/6-2008/9, the AISP, in combination with good rains, increased maize, and to some extent tobacco, production substantially, though the size of the impact of the subsidies is not known. Another favourable development during the period was a rise in tobacco prices, which boosted export income. Malawi s economy is heavily agriculture-based, with more than one-third of the Gross Domestic product (GDP) and 90% of export revenues generated through agriculture. For the two years, 2005 and 2009, agriculture was the main sector of employment 1. The share of the people employed in the agriculture sector has increased between the two years, 62 (82) per cent of males (females) worked in agriculture in 2005 compared to 77 (88) per cent of males (females) in There is an important gender difference, which is that more females are employed in agriculture than males; this implies that the sectoral employment pattern of males is slightly more diversified. In 2009, the majority of people in rural areas were engaged in crop agriculture, forestry and fisheries, 89 per cent, while in urban areas was 32 per cent. For 2005, in rural areas 86 per cent worked in this industry, compared to 20 per cent in the urban areas. The employment profile in both years suggests that employment in urban areas is more diversified. 1 There are statistics for the intervening years (2006, 2007, and 2008), we only report the two years to pick up possible trends. 1

3 The majority of Malawian males and females are self-employed as mlimi 2. The percentage of males (females) self-employed as mlimi increased from 61(81) per cent in 2005 to 73(88) per cent in This also suggests that in both years, more females than males are employed as mlimi. In both years, the percentages of mlimis were higher in rural areas than in the urban areas, implying that the rural labour market is less diversified 3. For the two years, 2005 and 2009, most Malawians worked for no pay as mlimi. The percentage of males (females) working for no pay as mlimi increased from 62(82) per cent of young males (females) in 2005 to 71 (83) per cent in This also suggests that in both years more females than males work for no pay either in cash or in kind. There are gender disparities in wage employment; with the percentage of males working for a wage in 2009 about four times that of females (13 percent of males versus 3 percent of females). For urban areas in 2009, wage employment was much more common than in rural areas, 30 per cent as compared to 5 per cent, while mlimi was more common in rural areas, 84 per cent compared to 26 per cent in urban areas. For both 2005 and 2009, urban areas had a quite large percentage of self-employed 4 persons than rural areas. The national unemployment rate decreased from 6 per cent in 2005 to 1 per cent in In rural areas, the unemployment rate fell from 5 per cent in 2005 to 2 per cent in There is a gender difference in the decrease in unemployment in rural areas between 2005 and 2009; 2 Mlimi refers to a subsistence farmer. 3 This only focuses on the main type of employer where one works for the most number of hours. 4 The Welfare Monitoring Surveys (WMS) from which these statistics are computed treat mlimi as separate from other forms of self-employment such as small businesses and microenterprises. 5 The definition of employment in all surveys which cover employment in Malawi is problematic. Employment and work are broadly and widely conceptualized: employment is defined as at least one hour of work during 7 days preceding the survey, and work is defined as both formal and informal work, both paid work (in cash, in kind, or barter), and unpaid work contributing to the livelihood of the household, including work on the agricultural holding, not only for the owner, but for family members helping out without pay. An unavoidable result of this broad and wide definition of employment and work is that employment rates are very high for Malawi; in some cases almost full employment. 2

4 unemployment for males decreased from 4 per cent to 1 per cent while that for females dropped from 5 per cent to 1 per cent. The low rural unemployment rates mask a lot of underemployment. In both rural and urban areas, a higher percentage of males than females work zero hours in a week. The level of this visible underemployment is higher in urban areas (27 per cent) than in rural areas (21 per cent. In rural areas, 26 per cent of males do nothing compared to 16 per cent of females. When one considers that a working week in Malawi is about 40 hours, these findings suggest massive underemployment. Malawi has a youthful population. According to the 2008 Population Census; about 7 percent of the total population in Malawi comprises infants aged less than 1 year, 22 percent are aged under-five years and about 46 percent are aged 18 years or older, while a further 4 percent are aged 65 years or older. The median age of the population is 17 years. The 1998 and 2008 Population censuses show that the share of the youth in total population, defined as age ranges and remained stable. In 2008, the youth (ages 10-29) constituted 40 per cent of the total population, and the youth (ages 15-24) constituted 19 per cent of the total population has similar youth shares. One consequence of the youthful nature of the Malawian population is that there are many young people and many new entrants to the labour force each year. This means that the number of people at working age, i.e., between 15 and 64, will also grow rapidly. The 2005 Integrated Household Survey found that in both rural and urban areas, a higher percentage of young males than females work zero hours in a week. The level of this visible underemployment is higher in urban areas than in rural areas. In rural areas, 14 per cent of young males do nothing compared to 4 per cent of young males. The gender disadvantage suffered by young females is more pronounced in urban areas, with 32 per cent and 14 per cent of young males and females respectively just idling. The 2005 Integrated Household Survey also found that 37 percent of young females and 38 per cent of young males in rural areas work less than 10 hours in a week, and 67 percent of young females and 62 per cent of young males in urban areas work less than 10 hours in a week. Compared to underemployment levels discussed earlier for the whole population, this indicates that underemployment is more pronounced among the youth. 3

5 The Employment Act (2000) in Section 21 postulates that, no person under the age of 14 shall be employed or work in any public or private agricultural, industrial or non- industrial activity. The Act also prohibits the employment of persons younger than 18 years old in work that is hazardous, harmful or that interferes with their education. Despite the existence of this law prohibiting child labour, child labour is prevalent in Malawi especially in the rural informal sector where the majority of child laborers work. The 2008 Welfare Monitoring Survey found that the overall child labour rate in rural areas was 10.5 per cent 6. It also found a significant rural-urban disparity in child labour rates. The proportion of children engaged in work in rural areas was found to be about 75 per cent higher compared to the urban areas. The survey also found that the incidence of child labour was one percentage point higher in boys than in girls, in both in rural and urban areas. Rural areas in the Southern Region, which also happen to have the highest poverty rate, were also found to have the highest child labour rates. About 53 per cent of employed Malawians are poor 7. There is a small gender difference in working poverty, with 54 per cent and 52 per cent of working males and females respectively falling below the poverty line. As might be expected, 60 per cent of those working in rural areas are poor. Working poverty rates for the youth at the national level and in rural areas are largely similar. These high working poverty rates strengthen the need for the creation of decent and productive jobs with a living wage. Looking at rural to urban migration, the 2005 Integrated Household Survey found that about 76 per cent and 71 per cent of young males and females respectively residing in urban areas migrated from rural areas. It was also found that a significant majority (62 per cent) of young males in urban areas moved to urban areas from rural areas (villages) in other districts compared 6 Children are defined as those aged This child labour rate might be biased downwards considering that the survey only provides information for the week previous to the survey. Given that the majority of the children work in agriculture which is subject to seasonality. 7 Here poverty is defined using the Malawi National Statistical Office s annualized poverty line of MK16165, also known the poor poverty line in contrast to the ultra poor poverty line. The welfare indicator used here is annualized per capita consumption expenditure. A working poverty headcount is simply defined as the proportion of people who are employed but their per capita annualized consumption expenditure is below MK16165, the poverty line. In other words, these are the working poor. 4

6 to 14 per cent who migrated from a rural area within the district. Urbanization in Malawi has slowed down during the recent decade, and the share of the urban population only grew by 0.9 percentage points between 1998 and 2008, while it grew by 3.7 percentage points between 1987 and As a consequence, many rural districts have experienced high population growth rates, 3 percent or higher. Besides, population density has increased by 50 percent to 100 percent in the rural areas of Malawi since the end of the 1980s. The increasing population density in rural areas implies more pressure on the available land for agricultural activities. This means that the nonagricultural sectors will have to expand in order to create employment for the population including the youth, and to reduce poverty. The increasing rural population density if unchecked may be a push factor in rural-urban migration leading to an increase number of urban job seekers (mostly youth) some of which end up being absorbed in the urban informal sector. In the light of this employment and poverty background, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations (UN) is embarking on an intervention titled Policy Support on Rural Employment and Decent Work for the Promotion of Equitable and Sustainable Rural Livelihoods under Conditions of Climate Change. The objective of this initiative is to contribute to national efforts in the creation of an enabling environment for the effective promotion of rural employment and decent work in Malawi and Tanzania. The underlying assertion of the project is that employment which, in a gender-equitable manner, generates fairer incomes, provides respect for worker s rights, promotes social protection and stimulates social dialogue within the working environment, contributes to greater sustained poverty reduction, improved livelihoods and improved food security of the workforce in general but in particular of its most disadvantaged groups. As part of this FAO country-level intervention, there is need to conduct a study or analytical mapping of employment-centred policy and institutional frameworks in Malawi. The aim of this activity is to capture the current state of employment-related policy and institutional frameworks, and through this, evaluate policy coherence regarding rural employment (including youth employment, child labour, gender equality etc.) analyzing any major conflicts between policies or coordination mechanisms, identify knowledge gaps related to rural employment (RE) 5

7 (including youth employment, child labour, gender equality etc.) and, consequently, FAO s comparative advantage for the national-level intervention to support national efforts in the promotion of Decent Work and rural employment. This study will inform and contribute to the content of subsequent activities of the FAO intervention, particularly the Capacity Development Needs Assessment of key stakeholders on rural employment and decent work promotion in their strategies, policies, programmes or projects, as well as in their organizational structure, work plans and budgets. Additionally, findings from the mapping as well as the project itself will ultimately be used to support and complement efforts of key national stakeholders and the ILO in the promotion of rural employment and decent work in Malawi. II. OBJECTIVES AND DELIVERABLES OF THE MAPPING The following are the specific objectives and main deliverables under the mapping: 2.1. To carry out mapping and analysis of national strategies, policies, legislation, programmes (both Governmental and UN), that are related to / relevant for employment and decent work promotion, particularly rural employment, agricultural employment and employment in the informal economy. Specific target groups are: rural women, rural youth, rural child labourers, and rural migrant workers. The mapping analysis should entail descriptive information as well as an assessment based on the identification of possible criteria for the analysis of policy/programme quality. All these elements will feed into the following deliverables: o A summary of findings using the DW lens through questions in Table 1, including general assessment of convergence, complementarities, coherence and coordination as well as major gaps and recommendations for improvements and follow up capacity development activities. o A list of criteria (taking into account gender, youth employment, child labour, DWA) for quality assessment of policy and programmes specific to the topic addressed. o A table assessing policies and programmes main characteristics and quality against the criteria mentioned above. 6

8 o Indication and elaboration of potential areas of comparative advantage for FAO s intervention To carry out an analysis of the national institutional set-up (Government, UN system, and other relevant national and decentralized stakeholders) as well as existing employmentrelated inter-institutional collaborative mechanisms relevant for employment and decent work promotion in the country particularly those of high importance for agricultural / rural employment, including the mechanisms for social and policy dialogue. Their strengths and weaknesses will be highlighted as well as FAO s comparative advantage in participating in and strengthening those mechanisms. Main deliverables of this activity will be: o a static organizational/stakeholders mapping (indicating who are the key primary and secondary stakeholders, as well as their interests and constraints) o a network analysis and a process mapping which, using the static mapping as starting point, traces the central flows of information, resources, and decisions making within and between organizations o an institutional change matrix (indicating for each territorial level identified as relevant, what are the institutional elements requiring change, the reasons, what is the change proposed and rank priority and the identification of change champions and drivers.) o Indication and elaboration of potential areas of comparative advantage for FAO s intervention To carry out an analysis of existing knowledge gaps on the rural employment and labour market situation in order to identify research topics and/or systems to be put in place to collect/process this information. This analysis will also feed into the capacity development needs assessment, in terms of stakeholders capacities to generate knowledge and collect and process relevant information. Main deliverables of this activity will be: o An analysis of existing information systems to collect and process information on rural employment and decent work in Malawi (who, what systems, what kind, quality and level of information they make available) o An analysis of knowledge gaps on the rural employment and labour market situation in the country (in statistics, research, but also capacities of stakeholders) 7

9 as well as recommendations for research and follow up capacity development activities Any other tasks required for a successful completion of the above listed tasks. III. METHODOLOGY 3.1. Mapping of national employment related strategies, policies and programmes (Government and UN) by using the four decent work strategic objectives (pillars) of the ILO Decent Work Agenda Documents on strategies, policies and programmes related to rural employment, with particular emphasis on agricultural employment and employment in the rural informal economy will be reviewed and analyzed. The review will provide an overview of the current state in respect to rural employment, agricultural employment and employment in the rural informal economy, with particular emphasis on disadvantaged groups such as rural women, youth and child labourers. The assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of policies and programmes will need to consider also formulation and implementation processes, and monitoring and evaluation as much as possible. Evidence of impact will be also reported whenever available. Specifically, the focus will be on the following themes: Rural employment 8 (including agricultural and non-agricultural employment as well as informal, self- and waged employment) Youth employment (including agricultural and non-agricultural employment as well as informal, self- and waged employment) Child labour in agriculture (including in fisheries and livestock) Gender equality in rural employment (including agricultural and non-agricultural employment as well as informal, self- and waged employment) Employment related migration in rural areas Rural employment in the context of climate change 8 Rural employment refers to any activity, occupation, work, business or service performed by rural people for remuneration, profit, social or family gain, or by force, in cash or kind, including under a contract of hire, written or oral, expressed or implied, and regardless if the activity is performed on a self-directed, part-time, full-time or casual basis. 8

10 Cross-cutting issues (strong emphasis on Decent Work Pillars) o Occupational health and safety in rural employment (including agricultural and non-agricultural employment as well as informal, self- and waged employment) o Employment creation and enterprise development in rural areas (including agricultural and non-agricultural employment sector) o Social protection in rural employment (including agricultural and non-agricultural employment as well as informal, self- and waged employment) o Social dialogue and collective bargaining in rural employment (including agricultural and non-agricultural employment as well as informal, self- and waged employment) o Gender o Age All relevant strategies, policies, and programmes under each theme will be analyzed by using the Decent Work (DW) perspective, in an age and gender sensitive manner. It involves opportunities for productive work that delivers a fair income, security in the workplace and social protection for families; enhanced prospects for personal development and social integration; freedom for people to express their concerns, to organize and participate in the decisions that affect their lives; and equality of opportunity and treatment for all women and men. The DW agenda has four pillars. The existing policies, programmes, and strategies in Malawi will be analysed using the DW lens through questions in Table 1, and answers to the questions will then provide information on the DW deficits and knowledge gaps prevailing in rural areas including the informal economy. They will provide information on the extent to which the current policies and interventions in rural agriculture employment are lacking in terms of fulfilling the DW agenda. These deficits will then represent potential areas in which the FAO can intervene and will be formulated in the final report as FAO s comparative advantages for involvement. According to the Decent Work Agenda: a) Employment means all kinds of work with quantitative and qualitative dimensions, formal and informal, home working and self-employed. 9

11 b) Social protection implies protection against loss of income, and includes social security and is characterized by basic needs (access to adequate nutrition, primary health care, primary education, clean water, sanitation and shelter), contingencies (protection against sickness, death of the principal breadwinner, accidents, disability and old age), and protection against crises (e.g. floods, droughts, earthquakes, wars, riots and conflicts that can result in massive destruction of property, and sources of livelihoods). c) Standards and rights refer to the promotion of the fundamental principles and rights at work, freedom of association and collective bargaining, abolition of forced labour, elimination of child labour, promotion of equality and application of international labour standards and rights of workers to engage in discussions with employers and authorities over matters bearing on work. d) Governance and social dialogue means good governance and adherence to performance standards, regulations (transparency, accountability, and participation), labour standards, achievement of fair, productive and competitive market economies, facilitating equal access to land by both men and women. 10

12 In looking at the policies, strategies, and programmes will be evaluated against these criteria Table 1: The pillars of the DW agenda and questions under each pillar Pillar 1 Pillar 2 Pillar 3 Pillar 4 Employment creation and enterprise development Social protection Standards and rights at work Governance and social dialogue Issues to focus on/assess: Is rural employment and DW addressed explicitly in agriculture and rural development policies, strategies and programmes? Are there productivity-enhancing social protection schemes? Are there attempts to fight genderbased and youth-based discrimination in employment in rural, particularly rural employment including agriculture, non-agriculture, informal, waged, self-employment etc.? What are the mechanisms/approaches used? Do we have evidence of impact? Is there representation of the rural small-producers and rural workers (especially women and the youth) including the rural poor in social dialogue and policy dialogue through their organizations? What are the mechanisms/approaches used? Do we have evidence of impact? Are women and men small-scale producers supported in accessing markets and modern value chains? Under what conditions? What are the mechanisms/approaches used? Do we have evidence of impact? Have mechanisms to extend social protection to small producers and informal workers (especially women youth, and migrants) been put in place? What are the mechanisms/approaches used? Do we have evidence of impact? Are there mechanisms to prevent child labour in agriculture, including in fisheries and livestock, through tackling its root causes (poverty, lack of education) and providing livelihoods alternatives to poor households? What are the mechanisms/approaches used? Do we have evidence of impact? Are there efforts to empower rural workers, especially women, the youth and informal workers, to be involved in social dialogue and policy dialogue? What are the mechanisms/approaches used? Do we have evidence of impact? Is there evidence that these mechanisms are implemented effectively? Are there employment creation programmes piloted in rural areas for disadvantaged groups such as youth, women, migrant workers, Is there support for the adoption of occupational safety and health measures for the rural workforce (youth and adults)? What are the Is there enforcement and compliance of national labour legislation in the rural areas? What are the mechanisms/approaches used? Do we What is the extent of collective bargaining and unionization in rural employment and the informal sector? What are the

13 and people with disabilities? What are the mechanisms/approaches used? Do we have evidence of impact? mechanisms/approaches used? Do we have evidence of impact? have evidence of impact? mechanisms/approaches used? Do we have evidence of impact? Are agribusiness and marketing micro, small and medium enterprises supported in accessing markets, training, financial services and other productive assets (e.g. land)? What are the mechanisms/approaches used? Do we have evidence of impact? Is safer technology for small-scale agriculture supported through extension programmes? What are the mechanisms/approaches used? Do we have evidence of impact? Are there strategies, policies, and programmes to mitigate the impact of HIV and AIDS, TB, and STI s rural employment and the rural informal economy? What are the mechanisms/approaches used? Do we have evidence of impact? Is there provision of vocational and educational training programmes on technical and business skills for rural working age population, particularly for women and youth? Are there effective attempts to improve working conditions in rural areas, including effective maternity protection and minimum wages in agriculture? And does the vocational training correspond to the needs of the market? Is it accessible, especially to the rural women, youth and migrant workers? What are the mechanisms/approaches used? Do we have evidence of impact? 12

14 A list of criteria for assessing policy, strategy and programme quality will be established. It should at least include information on: DW focus (based on Table 1 criteria), pro-poorness (better if focused on working poverty), climate change focus, gender focus, youth focus, level of compliance (e.g. of legislation in rural areas), level of commitment and engagement of the private sector and civil society, process inclusiveness (e.g. involvement of both governmental and nongovernmental groups in the design and implementation), adoption of community-based and bottom-up approaches. The criteria should also consider formulation processes, implementation and monitoring and evaluation as much as possible, as well as evidence on impact when available. As indicated above, convergence, complementarities, coherence and coordination should also to be included Institutions, Inter-Institutional Linkages and Coordination Mechanisms With regards to the institutional mapping activity, its purpose is to have the basis for understanding the roles and responsibilities, functional relationships and powers to influence the likelihood of the adoption of employment-centred options and the changes in behaviour as well as the capacity development needs which may be required for an enabling environment for the effective promotion of rural employment and decent work in the country. The mapping analysis should therefore entail descriptive information at least on institutions main characteristics (organizational structure), activities and programmes, capacities, roles, collaborative mechanisms and resources, and highlight any knowledge gaps and weaknesses / strengths in inter-institutional collaboration which could undermine policy and programme design or implementation relevant to agricultural and/or rural employment. In terms of the action space or territorial level of the mapping central as well as decentralized/local level will both be addressed. In addition to the formal rules of the game, the informal rules of the game will be considered (e.g. social norms and conditions, power relations, etc.) Institutions, including primary stakeholders groups and key implementation partners coordination mechanisms around the themes specified in Section 3.1 will be identified. For each institution the following will be presented and analysed:

15 Its organizational structure, activities and programmes, capacities, roles, collaborative mechanisms with other institutions and resources allocation, interests and constraints will be spelt out. Challenges, constraints, difficulties and/or successful examples faced will be discussed with a special focus on: o Inter-institutional coordination problems o Technical, financial, and human capacity problems For each coordination mechanism their role and resources, as well as effectiveness and inclusiveness will be assessed. Through networks analysis and processes mapping, the central flows of information, resources, and decision-making within and between organizations will be traced as well as the characteristics and quality of relations between organizations. For each territorial level considered relevant (national, district) the institutional elements requiring change, the reasons, what is the change proposed and rank priority and the identification of change champions and drivers (synthesized in one or more institutional change matrixes, depending on the territorial levels considered) In the first stage, the analysis is performed at the national level and potential districts for carrying out are identified (in agreement with FAO, to account for the activities at the district level). In the second stage, the analysis is performed at the district level Knowledge gaps and information systems. Finally, when conducting the analysis of existing information systems and knowledge gaps on rural employment and decent work in Malawi questions under each pillar of the DW agenda will prove useful. Existing information and capacities will be assessed at least against the following information needs: o Age and sex disaggregated data on rural employment (employment, status in employment, extent of diversification (farm/non-farm, urban/rural), unemployment, vulnerable employment, working poverty, inactivity or joblessness rates, formal/informal, child labour occurrence, prevailing contractual arrangements, agricultural/rural/global 14

16 labour productivity, etc.) disaggregated by age and sex, including industrial and occupational classification to the third digit and details on time use; o Information on living wage levels, prevailing wages in rural areas and urban/rural differentials, gender and age based wage differentials; o Information of rural out-migration trends (including seasonal / circular migration and return flows), flows of remittances and their use in rural areas; and o Information on workers organizations/trade unions coverage in rural areas The FAO s Comparative Advantage The Decent Work deficits in rural employment as well as the institutional and inter-institutional challenges that will have been identified under each theme will form a basis for the intervention of the FAO according to its relative strengths (comparative advantage). The FAO has a comparative advantage in the areas of its mandate inter alia: Rural employment is part of the new FAO s strategic framework. ESW leads these efforts Strong focus on small-scale, self-employed and informal agricultural occupations Close collaboration with agricultural and rural stakeholders and field presence Expertise in policy analysis and formulation for agriculture and rural development and food security Experience in employment generation and enterprise development programmes in agriculture and rural areas Proven proficiency in rural institution strengthening and capacity development These relative strengths will then be mapped to the DW deficits and institutional and interinstitutional challenges, so see where the FAO can come in to effectively play its role in rural agricultural employment in Malawi. 15

17 3.5. Sources of Information To achieve the objectives of the study two major sources of information will be used namely; a literature review/desk Research, and stakeholder interviews/consultations. Information that will be collected will then be used to write a report as discussed in Sections 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, and Literature Review/Desk Research Data will be collected through secondary sources in the form of literature review, and some of the documents that will be reviewed are reported in Table 2. 16

18 Table 2: Some of the Documents that will be Reviewed by Type Legal Documents Reports Employment Relevant Treaties and Conventions Signed and Ratified by Malawi o Employment Act (2000) o Labour Relations Act (1996) o Occupational Safety, Health Act (1997) o Child Care, Protection and Justice Bill, 2010 o Wills and inheritance Act, 1967 (with a focus on women s, children s and youth inheritance rights) o Registered Land Act, 1967 o Customary Land Development Act, 1967 o TEVETA act, 1999 o Draft and Old UNDAF, 2006 and 2011 o Employment Diagnostic Analysis on Malawi, 2010 o Situation Analysis of Youth Employment in Malawi, 2010 o Welfare Monitoring Survey Reports (various issues), o Integrated Household Survey I and II Reports, 1998 and 2004 o World Bank s Country Economic Memoranda, 2009 o Malawi Population Census Reports, o Country Status Report on Education,2009 o Malawi Labour Market Survey Final Report, 2009 o Youth Enterprise Development Fund (YEDEF) reports o Malawi Rural Development Fund (MARDEF) reports o Malawi CAADP Compact o Technical, entrepreneurial and vocational education and training reports o The Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) o Equal Remuneration Convention, 1951 (No. 100), o Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, 1958 (No. 111) o Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment (Disabled Persons) Convention, 1983 (No. 159) o Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138) o Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182) o Labour Inspection (Agriculture) Convention, 1969 (No. 129)

19 o o Microcredit and rural finance schemes in the country Trade policy review 18

20 Stakeholder Interviews/Consultations Interviews/consultations will be done with key informants from government and non-state institutions as specified in Table 3. Table 3: Institutions to be Consulted/ interviewed Government institutions to be consulted/interviewed Policies, strategies & programme to be assessed for decent work outcomes in agriculture & rural development Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security o Draft Agricultural Policy o Agricultural trade policy o Agricultural Sector Wide Approach (ASWAp) o The Malawi Agricultural Inputs Subsidy Programme, 2005/6 to 2008/9 o Greenbelt Initiative o Public Works Programmes o Farm Income Diversification Programme (FIDP) o Livestock and Fisheries Programmes Ministry of Labour o Malawi Decent Work Country Programme Report, o Draft National Employment and Labour Policy (NELP), 2011 Ministry of Youth, Sports and Culture o The National Youth Policy, 2006 o Joint Programme on Youth Employment and Empowerment (JPYEE), 2010 o Integrated Youth Development Programme, 2010 o Youth Enterprise Development o National Youth Council Programmes Ministry of Development Planning and Corporation o Malawi Development and Growth Strategy (MDGS) I, o MGDS II, o Vision 2020 o The Malawi Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (MPRSP), o Malawi Economic Growth Strategy (MEGS), 2004

21 Ministry of Gender, Child Development and Community Development o National Population Policy (draft), 2006 o National Gender Policy, o National Child Labour Policy (draft) o The Social Support Policy o National Early Childhood Development Policy o National Policy on Orphans and other Vulnerable Children, 2003 o National Action Plan on Child Labour prevention Ministry of Education o National Education Sector Plan (NESP), o Complementary Basic Education Programme Ministry of Industry and Trade o Cooperative Development Policy (1997?) o One-Village-One-product (OVOP) Ministry of Land o National Land Policy, 2002 Office of the President and Cabinet (OPC) o National HIV and AIDS Policy, 2008 Technical, Entrepreneurial and Vocational Education o Technical, entrepreneurial and vocational and Training Authority (TEVETA) education and training programmes UN agencies to Consult/Interview Strategies and programmes to be assessed for decent work outcomes in agriculture and rural development ILO o Integrated Youth Development Programme o ILO-IPEC FAO o Young Farmers Programme UNDP o Private Sector Development (PSD) Non-State and Private Sector Institutions to Consult/Interview o UNDAF Contact Persons The National Smallholder Farmers' Association of Malawi (NASFAM) Director Malawi Congress of Trade Unions (MCTU) Secretary General 20

22 The Employers Consultative Association of Malawi (ECAM) Farmers Union of Malawi (FUM) Executive Director Secretary General Malawi Union for the Informal Sector (MUFIS) Secretary General Civil Society Agricultural Network (CISANET) Secretary General Council for Socio-Economic Development of Women and Youth (COSODEWO) Secretary General Centre for Youth Empowerment and Civic Education (CYECE). Secretary General 21