The Criminal Dynamics of Art Crime in the European Union.

Transcription

1 The Criminal Dynamics of Art Crime in the European Union. Naomi Oosterman City University London Art, Crime, and Criminals: Painting Fresh Pictures of Theft, Fraud, and Plunder. PANEL: Are existing security measures able to protect public and private art theft? Queen Mary University of London, 21 st June 2016.

2 Overview presentation Introduction Research Design Research Focus EU policy art crime & Databases Methods Preliminary Results

3 Research Design RESEARCH FOCUS What are the criminal dynamics of art crime in the European Union? METHODS Art crime database - Social Network Analysis Law enforcement - Interviews/Secondary data analysis Museum (professionals) - Interviews/ Observations LOCATION(S) United Kingdom The Netherlands Italy - COMMON DENOMINATOR

4 Research Focus EU collaboration What are the criminal dynamics of art crime in the European Union? Becker, 1982 / Bourdieu, 1993 / Griswold, 1994 / Ericson, 2007 Networks and collaboration Division of labour Cultural Diamond Police as information broker Relevant EU Presidency s The Netherlands 2004 France 2008 Poland 2011

5 The EU regarding art crime Relevant EU presidency s 2004 The Netherlands - Member states should (in any aspect) have an art crime database - Implementation of a non-binding agreement that every member state should set up and maintain an art crime database France - Call for a European database of stolen art - EU Council adopted a non-binding conclusion on the fight against the illicit trafficking in cultural objects - Called for greater police cooperation between member states and for the designation of contact points 2011 Poland - Questionnaire on cultural property crimes amongst member states - Resulted in the enhancement of cooperation with Interpol on developing and implementing a system for urgent responses and reports of key events - Development of a handbook

6 Databases Interpol Works of Art Database Focal point of the study Art Loss Register Leonardo Database (Italy) ArtClaim (ARG)

7 Research Methods Art crime database - Social Network Analysis Law enforcement - Interviews/Secondary data analysis Museum (professionals) - Interviews/ Observations

8 Database Country Paintings Drawings Sculptures Installations TOTALS Austria Belgium Denmark Finland France Germany Ireland Italy Lithuania Norway Spain Sweden The Netherlands The United Kingdom VARIABLES Type Year Country Movement Date Place Artist CitySize Nationality

9 Locations

10 Observations

11 Observations

12 Observations

13 Interviews Law enforcement agencies in Italy, The United Kingdom, and the Netherlands (+ some extra s) Museum professionals mostly curators/security employees/conservators Legal professionals mostly loss adjusters/insurance specialists Criminal(s) convicted forger Building upon theoretical foundation of art worlds (Becker, 1982) and art fields (Bourdieu, 1972).

14 Some very preliminary results Database Interviews Observations

15 Country & City Database Movement Top canon The Netherlands Spain Denmark United Kingdom France Sweden Austria Lithuania Norway Ireland The Hague Madrid Holstebro London Paris Stockholm Vienna Kaunas Bergen Dublin Baroque 16.3% Realism 7.8% Asian Art 7.7% Neo-Abstractionism 6.6% Romanticism 6.6% + Post-Impressionism 6.2% Impressionism 5.6% ES ES ES BEL/FR AU Jaume Plensa Pablo Picasso Salvador Dali Marc Chagall Marie Egner Nationality Demo French 6.5% Spanish 3.4% UK 3.1% German 2.5% Hungarian 2.1% UNK Small City 60.0% Medium City 5.9% Large City 34.1%

16 Interviews It s about visitors and lending art, it s about big parties that connect to you in terms of funding. So despite the risks, regarding the safety of the visitors and the safety of the art in regards to events; it really is the risk of damage to your reputation that we are talking about today. Head of Security and Safety Department / Large museum You know, we are one of the biggest offices in Europe, we have over a hundred specialists alone. And only one of them specializes in art and jewelry. He is mostly working on jewels. Former employee of an insurance company There is no such thing as art crime, only crimes that are related to art and antiques. I mean, who decides what art is and what is not? In that aspect there is definitely the need for a new code. Dedicated art crime law enforcement professional

17 Interviews No one is just going to leave [here] with an art work, it is virtually impossible. Everyone

18 The Criminal Dynamics of Art Crime in the European Union. Naomi Oosterman City University London Art, Crime, and Criminals: Painting Fresh Pictures of Theft, Fraud, and Plunder. PANEL: Are existing security measures able to protect public and private art theft? Queen Mary University of London, 21 st June 2016.