RECONSTRUCTION Jim Crow Laws 1. Required African Americans and whites to be separated in almost every public place 2. African Americans continued to feel oppressed or put down Segregation 1. Separation of the races Poll Tax 1. Fee people had to pay on order to vote 2. Because African Americans could not afford the tax, they could not vote Literacy Test 1. People had to read and explain difficult parts of the state constitutions or the federal Constitution 2. Because African Americans had little education, they were not able to vote Carpet Baggers 1. Northern whites who moved to the South after the Civil War who wanted to help the South 2. They supported the Republicans 3. They arrived with all of their belongings in cheap suitcases made of carpet fabric
Sharecroppers 1. Common form of farmwork 2. Landowner rented a plot of land, shack, tools and a mule to a sharecropper (farmer) 3. Sharecroppers had to share a percentage of their crops with the landowner 4. Sharecroppers had little left to sell Plessy v. Ferguson 1. Supreme Court upheld segregation laws 2. Case involved a Louisiana law requiring separate sections on trains for African Americans 3. Court ruled that segregation was legal as long as African Americans had access to public places equal to white people Black Codes 1. Laws that controlled freed men and women Freedmen s Bureau 1. Bureau helped African Americans adjust, or adapt to freedom 2. Provided food, clothing and medical services 3. Helped freed people get land or find work for fair wages
Transcontinental Railroad 1. A railroad that would span the continent and connect the Atlantic and Pacific coasts 2. Union Pacific Company a. Irish and African American workers b. Laid track westward 3. Central Pacific Company a. Chinese workers b. Laid track eastward 4. Effects: a. Many towns and cities sprang up along the rail lines b. Trains carried metals and produce east and brought manufactured goods west
INDUSTRIAL NATION Free Enterprise 1. Describes the American economy 2. People are free to buy, sell and produce whatever they want Capitalism 1. Economic system of the USA 2. Individuals put their capital, money, into a business, hoping that the business will be successful and make a profit Corporations 1. A business in which investors own shares of the company Monopolies 1. Total control of an industry by a single producer 2. They harm people and the economy because there is no competition 3. Owners of monopolies were called Robber Barons
Mass Production 1. When goods were mass produced, manufacturing costs decreased 2. Products could be sold more cheaply 3. Assembly lines a. Workers performed an assigned task again and again b. Manufacturers were able to produce large amounts of goods more quickly c. For example: Henry Ford and the Model T car Growth of Industry 1. USA changed from an agriculturally-based society to an industrialized one 2. People moved to cities and the areas around the cities. Labor Unions 1. Workers organized unions in order to: a. acquire higher wages b. get more and better benefits c. improve working conditions i. 8 hour day ii. no child labor 2. Government supported management, so this was a major obstacle to the formation of unions 3. International Ladies Garment Workers Union was formed as a result of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory a. The ILGWU wanted safer working conditions
PROGRESSIVE ERA Progressive Movement 1. Started because of the changes and problems caused by new industries and the desire for reform (fairness and justice) 2. Progressives wanted to improve social and economic conditions Political Machines 1. Powerful organizations linked to political parties 2. These machines controlled local governments in many cities 3. Political machines were often corrupt Theodore Roosevelt 1. When he ran for President, he promised the people a Square Deal (fair and equal treatment for all people) 2. As President, he acted within the public interest 3. As a trustbuster, he wanted to encourage competition in business and limit the power of monopolies Settlement Houses 1. Institution located in a poor neighborhood in the city that provided numerous community services such as medical care, child care, libraries, and classes in English 2. Hull House (settlement house) founded by Jane Addams
Segregation 1. Separation of the races 2. Jim Crow Laws segregated against African Americans Prohibition 1. Nationwide ban on the manufacture, sale, and transportation of liquor in the United States 2. Carrie Nation supported Prohibition by destroying bottles of alcohol in saloons Muckrakers 1. People who fought corruption in American society by publicly exposing it 2. People wanted the problems in government and industry to be corrected 3. Jacob Riis - photographs of living conditions in tenements 4. Upton Sinclair wrote The Jungle about the meat-packing industry 5. Ida Tarbell wrote about John D. Rockefeller and Standard Oil s unfair practices Women s Suffrage Movement 1. Women s right to vote 2. Leading suffragists were Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton Immigrants 1. Came to the USA to earn more money (advancement)
World War I Causes of WWI 1. Nationalism a feeling of intense loyalty to one s country 2. Militarism countries build up their military strength 3. Expansion countries expanded their empires 4. Alliance system when a country joined an alliance, they agreed to defend other alliance countries Immediate Causes of WWI 1. Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo, Bosnia Propaganda (information used to influence opinion) 1. Countries used propaganda a. to raise money b. encourage participation in the war c. strong feelings of nationalism/ hatred toward the enemy Sinking of the Lusitania 1. Caused USA/Germany relationship to decline Zimmermann Note (telegram) 1. Germany tried to persuade Mexico to join the Central Powers against the USA 2. Germany promised territory that Mexico lost in the Mexican Cession AND financial support (money)
USA in WWI 1. US citizens really did not want to get involved in a war in Europe 2. Germany continued to participate in unrestricted submarine warfare so supplies could not reach Great Britain 3. US entered WWI as a member of the Allies (Great Britain and France) and helped them win 4. Women worked in factories when the men went off to war Weapons and Fighting had devastating effects on soldiers 1. Trench warfare 2. Mustard gas Germany and Axis Powers surrendered 1. President Wilson proposed: a. Wilson s Fourteen Points (he believed they would bring a lasting peace in the world) b. League of Nations (he believed it would bring about world peace) c. League of Nations was rejected 2. Treaty of Versailles hurt Germany and helped lay the foundation of fascism in Nazi Germany USA adopted isolationism following WWI
1920s Return to Normalcy 1. Pres. Harding wanted to stop international involvement Roaring Twenties 1. Fads and Flappers 2. Charles Lindbergh 3. Harlem Renaissance 4. Stock Market Crash Installment Buying 1. Change in the buying habits of Americans 2. Buying items on credit putting a little money down and then paying it back a little at a time Stock Market 1. Unregulated stocks increased in value then decreased in value very quickly
Great Depression Start of the Great Depression 1. Stock Market Crash 1929 Immediate Effect of the Great Depression 1. Closing of many banks 2. Loss of savings Herbert Hoover s Solution to the Depression 1. Believed in laissez faire (government should not get involved) Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected in 1932 1. People hoped that he would do something about the economy 2. New Deal a. a reform program intended to ease the effects of the Depression b. intended to encourage economic recovery c. made the government more responsible for the economic and social welfare of the American people Causes of the Dust Bowl 1. strong winds 2. poor farming practices 3. a very long drought
WORLD WAR II Blitzkrieg 1. New type of warfare that the Germans used to run through Poland and France 2. Called Lightning War Major Allied Powers and Leaders 1. USA Franklin D. Roosevelt 2. Great Britain Winston Churchill 3. France Charles DeGaulle 4. China Mao Tse Tung 5. Soviet Union Joseph Stalin Major Axis Powers, Dictators, Governments 1. Germany Adolf Hitler - Fascist 2. Italy Benito Mussolini - Fascist 3. Japan Hideki Tojo Cause of USA Entering WWII 1. Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor December, 1941 2. Used kamikaze pilots a. Japanese suicide pilots b. Crashed planes loaded with explosives into American ships
Internment Camps 1. After Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, Japanese-Americans were feared and hated by many other Americans. 2. 100,000 Japanese-Americans living on the West Coast were relocated to detention centers for approximately 3 years Final Solution 1. Nazis wanted to destroy the Jews 2. They built concentration camps (Auschwitz) 3. Sent Jews there to die a. Died of starvation b. Died in poison gas chambers D-Day Operation Overlord 1. Allied troops invaded French province of Normandy 2. Invasion was successful V-E Day - Victory in Europe Day (May 7, 1945) V-J Day Victory over Japan (August 15, 1945) 1. USA dropped two Atomic Bombs a. Hiroshima (August 6, 1945) b. Nagasaki (August 9, 1945) Nuremberg Trials War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity 1. Top German and Japanese leaders were put on trial