Industrial Revolution

Industrial Revolution Abraham Darby Richard Arkwright Water Frame Factory System George Stephenson Combination Acts Robert Owen Socialism 1832 Reform Bill People s Charter 1838 Factory Act 1833 Mine Act 1842 New Poor Laws 1834 Liberalism Traditional Liberalism Democratic Liberalism Social Liberalism Marxism Karl Marx Friedrich Engels Communist Manifesto

Previously in Lecture 9 Reasons for industrializing Agricultural to consumer revolution More demand, and more demand for luxury goods Coal Invention of steam pump then steam engine to pump water out of coal mines

Iron Abraham Darby of Coalbrookedale in Shropshire 1708 Refined use of coke and blast furnace Iron Melt impurities out rather than hammering Ability to mass produce, cast in moulds, and do so quickly

Harder, Denser, burns at a lower temperature Lighter, more brittle, burns at a much higher temperature

Cotton James Kay Flying Shuttle 1733 1764 James Hargreaves Spinning Jenny Richard Arkwright- Water Frame 1769 Factory System, 1770s This use of unskilled workers on a mass scale in one building, coupled with poor working conditions is known as the factory system. Samuel Crompton Spinning Mule late 1770s Edmund Cartwright Power Loom late 1780s

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Railroads George Stephenson Railway between Manchester and Liverpool 1820s On the Continent Industrial revolution travels with the construction of the railroads Stats Trains averaged 30 mph, horses = 10mph Change in mental distance between places

Economic theories Capitalism belief that individual interests would work in harmony with the best interests of society as a whole through free trade (Lassiez-Faire) Adam Smith Wealth of Nations Malthusian Ceiling

Working Conditions True Birth of the Middle class Lower class = Working class This is officially a class structure instead of a societal structure Much more rigid less mobility 17 hour work days, mostly women and children in the factories Changing attitudes towards women Irish Section of London in 1847 461 people in 12 houses POLLUTION Cholera and Tuberculosis Epidemics

Pamphlet drawing of children working in coal mines, south Derbyshire. From 1842 Royal Commission into Children Employment Yes, that is a child acting as an Ox-cart in an underground mine.

Manchester tenements Drawing of London tenements

Socialism Movement advocating shared wealth, societal equality, and dissolution of private property Robert Owen Grand National Trade Consolidation Union (1834)

British Reforms 1832 Reform Bill 1834 New Poor Law 1838 People s Charter 1842 Mine Act prohibited women girls from working underground 1847Factory Acts Parliament limited the workday of women and children to 10 hours There were more acts following Mostly just more regulation of working hours for women and children (sometimes adding on more hours, sometimes decreasing them) but these also helped to shorten the shifts worked by men

Liberalism (traditional) Traditional Liberalism: Political, social, and economic freedom Capitalism and Traditional Liberalism ideologies helped to extend the voting right to much of the middle class

Democratic Liberalism Democratic Liberalism: In order to gain the greatest happiness for the greatest amount of people, you need some government intervention Government can intervene to: Eliminate extreme poverty State has moral responsibility to eradicate poverty/ wretchedness State has some responsibility for employment Ought to regulate factory conditions

Social Liberalism Government intervention needed to create and sustain happiness among all people Advocates early form of welfare system Nationalization of non-profitable industries such as railroads and postal system. Later bleeds into TV (that is why British tv, called BBC, does not have commercials)

Marxism Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels 1840s Communist Manifesto 1848 A conviction that the proletariats (industrial working class) will rise up and overthrow the bourgeoisie (middle class) and eventually forge the way to a perfect society where the government has withered away. Industrial revolution and capitalism are BAD History of society is really a history of class struggles The movement is Communism Different from Socialism because Marxism tells you how to achieve the Utopian type of society.

Recap: The isms Nineteenth Century Ideologies Romanticism Conservatism Liberalism Traditional Liberalism Democratic Liberalism Social Liberalism Capitalism Socialism Marxism (communism) Still left to cover: Nationalism (19 th century, we only covered 18 th century