Trends in Antebellum America: 1810-1860 1. New intellectual and religious movements. 2. Social reforms. 3. Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution in America. 4. Re-emergence of a second party system and more political democratization. 5. Increase in federal power Marshall Ct. decisions. 6. Increase in American nationalism. 7. Further westward expansion. Manifest Destiny Explain the subject and various elements of this painting First coined by newspaper editor, John O Sullivan in 1845. "... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federative development of self-government entrusted to us. It is right such as that of the tree to the space of air and the earth suitable for the full expansion of its principle and destiny of growth." A myth of the West as a land of romance and adventure emerged. Watch 1, 2 emerged. American Progress by John Gast, 1872 The Pony Express Between April, 1860 and Nov., 1861. Delivered news and mail between St. Louis, MO and San Francisco, CA. Took 10 days. Replaced by the completion of the trans-continental telegraph line. 1
Texas Declaration of Independence 1821 Mexico gained independence from Spain. Spain had closed off trade, Mexico now opens trade with U.S. and benefits economically. 1820s: Americans encouraged to move into Texas Anglos never fully accept Mexican government rules on slavery and Catholicism 1830: Mexico bans immigration from U.S. and importing slaves 1835: Armed rebellion broke out after Santa Anna determined to enforce Mexican government policy The Republic of Texas March, 1836: Texans declare independence and the Alamo under siege April, 1836: Texans defeated Santa Anna defeated at San Jacinto May, 1836: Santa Anna s treaty recognizes Texas claim to territory (Mexico repudiates) Davey Crockett s Last Stand The Battle of the Alamo The Republic of Texas Tyler and Texas Texas offers free land grants to U.S. settlers Annexation to U.S. refused by Jackson 1841: John Tyler assumes presidency after William Henry Harrison s death Tyler breaks with Whigs 1844: Tyler negotiates annexation with Texas for re-election campaign issue Senate refuses to ratify because of expansion of slavery 2
The Triumph of Polk and Annexation Democrats nominate James K. Polk Polk runs on expansionist platform Annexation of Texas for Southern vote U.S. jurisdiction of Oregon for Northern vote Polk, Congress interpret his election as mandate for expansion Texas is annexed by joint resolution shortly before Polk inaugurated Americans Lived and Settled in the Oregon Country: for the fur trade to maintain control of the Columbia River Missionaries hoped to Christianize the Indians. Stories of good farmland in the Oregon Country and economic problems in the east encouraged people to head west. 14 Polk and the Oregon Question Fort Vancouver, Oregon Country, ca. 1846 Oregon: joint claim by U.S. and Britain. By 1840s, great numbers of U.S. settlers moved in (outnumbered Brits) -> promise of land. 54 40 or fight 1846: Polk tells British that joint occupation no longer acceptable. But neither sided wanted war. Senate approves division of Oregon along 49 o north latitude, Treaty of 1846 U.S. gains ownership of Puget Sound Northwest Boundary Dispute p369 Overland Immigration to the West Between 1840 and 1860, more than 250,000 people made the trek westward. p365 3
Trails Westward p364 The Doomed Donner Party The Doomed Donner Party CANNIBALISM!! Margaret Patrick John Breen Breen Breen April, 1846 April, 1847 James Reed & Wife Of the 83 members of the Donner Party, only 45 survived to get to California! The Quest for California CA was distinct province of Mexico. But soon, Americans arrived: maritime traders, whalers, then merchants (shops, stores, supplies) and farmers. Pres. Polk shared their dream and committed to take New Mexico and CA. 4
The Impending War with Mexico John Slidell While preparing for war, Polk send John Slidell to Mexico to buy off the disputed territory west of Texas Mexico refused Polk ordered Gen. Taylor to move toward the Rio Grande River Mexican was patient for month, but then decided to attack Polk asked Congress to declare war. The Mexican War (1846-1848) General Zachary Taylor at Palo Alto Old Rough and Ready The Bombardment of Vera Cruz Battle of Buena Vista (1847) General Winfield Scott 5
General Scott Enters Mexico City Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848 Old Fuss and Feathers Nicholas Trist, American Negotiator Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848 The Treaty was basically forced on Mexico! Mexico gave up claims to Texas above the Rio Grande River. Mexico gave the U. S. California and New Mexico. U. S. gave Mexico $15,000,000 and agreed to pay the claims of American citizens against Mexico (over $3,500,000). Results of the Mexican War? 1. The 17-month war cost $100,000,000 and 13,000+ American lives (mostly of disease). 2. New territories were brought into the Union which forced the explosive issue of SLAVERY to the center of national politics. * Brought in 1 million sq. mi. of land (incl. TX) 3. These new territories would upset the balance of power between North and South. 4. Created two popular Whig generals who ran for President. 5. Manifest Destiny partially realized. Watch Polk & Manifest Destiny. Wilmot Proviso, 1846 Provided, territory from that, as an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any the Republic of Mexico by the United States, by virtue of any treaty which may be negotiated between them, and to the use by the Executive of the moneys herein appropriated, neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory, except for crime, whereof the party shall first be duly convicted. Congr. David Wilmot (D-PA) 6
Free Soil Party The 1848 Presidential Election Results Free Soil! Free Speech! Free Labor! Free Men! discontented northern Democrats + Anti-slave members of the Whig Parties = FREE SOIL PARTY! Opposition to the extension of slavery in the new territories of NM, CA and Texas GOLD! At Sutter s Mill, 1848 California Gold Rush, 1849 49er s John A. Sutter Digging for Gold in California Digging for Gold in California 7
Two Views of San Francisco, Early 1850s Territorial Growth to 1853 By 1860, almost 300,000 people had traveled the Oregon & California Trails to the Pacific coast. Westward the Course of Empire Emmanuel Leutze, 1860 p367 Problems of Sectional Balance in 1850 California statehood became critical issue for Whig president Zachary Taylor. He urged CA to adopt an anti-slavery constitution and in 1849 asked Congress to admitted it as free state. Southern threatening secession and demanded that slavery be protected. Why: Underground RR Personal liberty laws Prigg v. Pennsylvania (1842) 8
Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 Much tougher Required northerners to assist in capturing runaway slaves! Watch The Backlash Against Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811 1896) Uncle Tom s Cabin 1852 So this is the lady who started the Civil War. -- Abraham Lincoln Sold 300,000 copies in the first year. 2 million in a decade! Uncle Tom s Cabin, 1852 1852 Presidential Election Franklin Pierce Gen. Winfield Scott John Parker Hale Democrat Whig Free Soil 9
Bleeding Kansas 1852 Election Results Border Ruffians (pro-slavery Missourians) Pottawatomie Massacre Northerners and Southerners, both, believed that the other side had aggressive designs to raise war on it. The Crime Against Kansas John Brown: Madman, Hero or Martyr? Sen. Charles Sumner (R-MA) Congr. Preston Brooks (D-SC) Mural in the Kansas Capitol building by John Stuart Curry (20 c ) Watch 1, 2 10
John Brown: Hero, Martyr or Madman? "Some 1800 years ago, Christ was crucified. This morning, Captain Brown was hung. He is not Old Brown any longer; he is an angel of light." - Henry David Thoreau Birth of the Republican Party, 1854 Northern Whigs. Northern Democrats. Free-Soilers. Know-Nothings. Other miscellaneous opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act. 1856 Presidential Election Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857 Watch Dred Scott & Family James Buchanan John C. Frémont Millard Fillmore Democrat Republican Whig What caused the Panic of 1857?? What were its affects on the nation? Map 18-4 p388 11
The Lincoln-Douglas (Illinois Senate) Debates, 1858 Stephen Douglas & the Freeport Doctrine A House divided against itself, cannot stand. Popular Sovereignty? Abraham Lincoln Republican 1860 Presidential Election John Bell Constitutional Union Stephen A. Douglas John C. Breckinridge Northern Democrat Southern Democrat Republican Party Platform in 1860 Non-extension of slavery [for the Free-Soilers. Protective tariff [for the No. Industrialists]. No abridgment of rights for immigrants [a disappointment for the Know-Nothings ]. Government aid to build a Pacific RR [for the Northwest]. Internal improvements [for the West] at federal expense. Free homesteads for the public domain [for farmers]. 1860 Election: 3 Outs & 1 Run! 1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart?! 12
Secession!: SC Dec. 20, 1860 1860 Election Results Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861 13