Centre for International Corporate Governance Research

Community, Crime and Safety Profiles for Victorian Local Government Areas Centre for International Corporate Governance Research

2 Contact Details Director Professor Anona Armstrong Telephone: 9919 1315 Fax: 9248 1064 Email: anona.armstrong@vu.edu.au Research Officer Ms Vicky Totikidis Telephone: 9919 1334 Fax: 9248 1064 Email: vicky.totikidis@vu.edu.au Faculty of Business and Law Victoria University Fax: 61-3-9248 1064 Email: CICGR@vu.edu.au Website: http://www.businessandlaw.vu.edu.au/cicgr

3 Community, Crime And Safety Profiles for Victorian Local Government Areas (Boroondara, Brimbank, Glen Eira, Port Phillip, Greater Bendigo and Greater Shepparton) 2006 Centre for International Corporate Governance Research VICKY TOTIKIDIS ANONA ARMSTRONG RONALD FRANCIS

4 Australian Research Council Linkage Grant LP0219696 Administering Organisation: Victoria University of Technology Chief Investigators: Prof RD Francis, Professor A. Armstrong Partner Investigators: Dr I Dussuyer, Mr M Bourne Title: Evaluating the community governance of crime prevention and community safety. Category: 3701 - SOCIOLOGY Industry Partner(s): Victorian Department of Justice

5 Table of Contents Contact Details...2 Table of Contents...5 List of Tables...7 List of Figures...9 Abbreviations...10 Project Advisory Committee Members...11 Acknowledgements...13 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION... 15 CHAPTER TWO: COMMUNITY PROFILES OF BOROONDARA, BRIMBANK, GLEN EIRA, PORT PHILLIP GREATER BENDIGO AND GREATER SHEPPARTON... 19 Geographical Features...19 Population Characteristics...20 Population Characteristics...22 Income...25 Cultural Diversity...31 Families...45 Education...46 Employment...52 Employment Type...58 CHAPTER THREE: CRIME AND SAFETY PROFILES OF BOROONDARA, BRIMBANK, GLEN EIRA, PORT PHILLIP, GREATER BENDIGO AND GREATER SHEPPARTON... 65 Recorded Crime Rates...65 Crime Rankings...67 Change in Crime from 2001-2003...70 Victimisation Survey...74 Local Safety Survey...76 CHAPTER FOUR: CONCLUSIONS... 79 REFERENCES... 80 APPENDIX A: LIST OF PROJECT PAPERS... 83

6

7 List of Tables Table 2.1...21 Suburbs in the LGAs: Boroondara, Brimbank, Glen Eira and Port Phillip...21 Table 2.2...22 Population Density of the Six Metropolitan and Rural LGAs...22 Table 2.3...23 Population Age Ranges of Males and Females in Boroondara, Brimbank, Glen Eira and Port Phillip...23 Table 2.4...24 Population Age Ranges of Males and Females in Greater Bendigo and Greater Shepparton..24 Table 2.5...25 Number and Percentages of People on Low, Medium & High Income in Boroondara...25 Table 2.6...26 Number and Percentages of People on Low, Medium & High Income in Brimbank...26 Table 2.7...27 Number and Percentages of People on Low, Medium & High Income in Glen Eira...27 Table 2.8...28 Number and Percentages of People on Low, Medium & High Income in Port Phillip...28 Table 2.9...29 Number and Percentages of People on Low, Medium & High Income in Greater Bendigo...29 Table 2.10...30 Number and Percentages of People on Low, Medium & High Income in Greater Shepparton.30 Table 2.11...43 Number and Percentage of People with Low Proficiency* and Arrivals in Five Year Period (1997-2001) in the Six LGAs and Victoria...43 Table 2.12...44 Number and Percentage of People who are Australian Citizens in Boroondara, Brimbank, Glen Eira, Port Phillip, Greater Bendigo, Greater Shepparton and Victoria...44 Table 2.13...45 Numbers and Percentages Related to Families in Boroondara, Brimbank, Glen Eira, Port Phillip, Greater Bendigo, Greater Shepparton and Victoria...45 Table 2.14...52 Employment and Unemployment Rates in Boroondara...52 Table 2.15...53 Employment and Unemployment Rates in Brimbank...53 Table 2.16...54 Employment and Unemployment Rates in Glen Eira...54 Table 2.17...55 Employment and Unemployment Rates in Port Phillip...55 Table 2.18...56 Employment and Unemployment Rates in Greater Bendigo...56 Table 2.19...57 Employment and Unemployment Rates in Greater Shepparton...57 Table 2.20...58 Number of People Employed in Specific Industries for Boroondara* with Comparison to LGA and Victorian Labour Force...58 Table 2.21...59 Number of People Employed in Specific Industries for Brimbank * with Comparison to LGA and Victorian Labour Force...59 Table 2.22...60 Number of People Employed in Specific Industries for Glen Eira* with Comparison to LGA and Victoria Labour Force...60

8 Table 2.23...61 Number of People Employed in Specific Industries for Port Phillip* with Comparison to LGA and Victoria Labour Force...61 Table 2.24...62 Number of People Employed in Specific Industries for Greater Bendigo* with Comparison to LGA and Victoria Labour Force...62 Table 2.25...63 Number of People Employed in Specific Industries for Greater Shepparton* with Comparison to LGA and Victoria Labour Force...63 Table 3.1...68 Crime Rankings for LGAS with Very High and High Crime Against the Person...68 Table 3.2...69 Crime Rankings for LGAS with Medium and Low Crime Against the Person...69 Table 3.3...71 Change in Crime from 2001-2003*: LGAs with Increase in Crime Against the Person...71 Table 3.4...73 Change in Crime from 2001-2003*: LGAs with Decrease in Crime Against the Person...73 Table 3.5...76 Responses from the 2001 Local Safety Survey for the Six LGAs and Victoria...76 Table 3.6...78 Awareness of Community Safety and Crime Prevention Programs and Initiatives...78

9 List of Figures Figure 1.1. Research Design Showing the Stages/Methodologies Employed in the Evaluation16 Figure 1.2. Crime and Community Well-being Model...17 Figure 2.1. Map of Metropolitan Victoria focus on Boroondara, Brimbank, Glen Eira and Port Phillip...19 Figure 2.2. Map of Rural Victoria focus on Greater Bendigo and Greater Shepparton...20 Figure 2.3. Top Ten Countries of Birth in Boroondara...31 Figure 2.4. Top Ten Countries of Birth in Brimbank...32 Figure 2.5. Top Ten Countries of Birth in Glen Eira...33 Figure 2.6. Top Ten Countries of Birth in Port Phillip...34 Figure 2.7. Top Ten Countries of Birth in Greater Bendigo...35 Figure 2.8. Top Ten Countries of Birth in Greater Shepparton...36 Figure 2.9. Top Ten LOTE in Boroondara...37 Figure 2.10. Top LOTE in Brimbank...38 Figure 2.11. Top Ten LOTE in Glen Eira...39 Figure 2.12. Top Ten LOTE in Port Phillip...40 Figure 2.13. Top Ten LOTE in Greater Bendigo...41 Figure 2.14. Top Ten LOTE in Greater Shepparton...42 Figure 2.15. Highest Level of Schooling Completed in Boroondara and Victoria...46 Figure 2.16. Highest Level of Schooling Completed in Brimbank and Victoria...47 Figure 2.17. Highest Level of Schooling Completed in Glen Eira and Victoria...48 Figure 2.18. Highest Level of Schooling Completed in Port Phillip and Victoria...49 Figure 2.19. Highest Level of Schooling Completed in Greater Bendigo and Victoria...50 Figure 2.20. Highest Level of Schooling Completed in Greater Shepparton and Victoria...51 Figure 3.1. Recorded Crime Rates (per 100,000 of the population) in the Six LGAs Compared to the Victorian Average...66 Figure 3.2. Victims of Personal Offences in the Six LGAs Compared to the Victorian Average...74 Figure 3.3. Victims of Household Offences in the Six LGAs Compared to the Victorian Average...75 Figure 3.4. Crime Problems Identified in the 2001 Local Safety Survey for the Six LGAs and Victoria...77

10 Abbreviations ABS: Australian Bureau of Statistics AIC: Australian Institute of Criminology ARC: Australian Research Council BCP: Basic Community Profile CICGR: CPO: Crime Prevention Officer CPV: Crime Prevention Victoria DOJ: Department of Justice LGA: Local Government Area LOTE: Language Other Than English LPP: Local Priority Policing LSC: Local Safety Committee NES: Non-English Speaking PCCCs: Police Community Consultative Committees VU: Victoria University

11 Project Advisory Committee Members Professor Roman Tomasic (Chairman) Dean, Faculty of Business and Law, Victoria University Mr Peter Johnstone - CEO, City of Boroondara Mr Bill Horman - Neighbourhood Watch Inspector Leanne Sargent - Victoria Police, Community Cultural Division. Professor John Wiseman - Victoria University Mr Bernie Marshall - CPV Mr Bill McKendry - Director, CPV Dr Inez Dussuyer - CPV Dr Adam Sutton - Department of Criminology. Melbourne University Mr Michael Bourne - (former director CPV) Professor Isaac Prilleltensky - Vanderbilt University, (former director of the Wellness Promotion Unit, VU) Inspector Lindy Kerr - Victoria Police

12

13 Acknowledgements The (CICGR), Faculty of Business and Law, Victoria University, in partnership with the Crime Prevention Victoria (CPV), Department of Justice, was awarded an Australian Research Council Grant to investigate the role of community governance in crime prevention. A summary report of the results of the project as well as more detailed papers on various aspects of the project may be obtained from the Centre on request. This paper represents part of the work undertaken during the second stage of the project. The authors gratefully acknowledge the advice and support from our partner investigators, Mr Michael Bourne and especially Dr Inez Dussuyer, who was instrumental in the design and direction of the project. Other staff of CPV at various times contributed to the project: Mr Bernie Marshall, Ms Jan Ryan, Mr Derek Prout, and Mr William McKendry. The Members of the Project Advisory Committee who were not chief investigators or partner investigators, Mr Peter Johnstone, Mr. Bill Horman, Mr Bernie Marshall, Inspector Leanne Sargent, Dr. Adam Sutton, Professor John Wiseman, were active in arranging access to data or assisting by liaison with their various organisations. We especially thank the members of the Local Safety Committees (LSCs) and Local Council Officers whose participation in arranging or taking part in focus groups made a major contribution to this research. Ms Vicky Totikidis, the project research officer, took a significant role in the project. She was responsible for liaison with participants in the focus groups, established the indicators database, and managed the data analysis. We wish to thank her for her dedication and support during the life of the project. Finally, we wish to thank the Australian Research Council for recognising the importance of this project and funding it during its life of three years.

14 Copies of papers, which incorporate the theoretical basis for our conclusions, are available from CICGR. A book addressing the theoretical foundations and practices of community governance will be available soon. A reading list is attached. Community governance is an important tool in the armoury of organisations that wish to unite government, the business sector, the not-for-profit sector and other stakeholders in building social capacity to prevent crime. We hope that the present work together with the Guidelines for Best Practice in Community Governance included in our final report will be useful for all those whose work in building communities contributes to the well being of everyone in Australia. Professor Anona Armstrong Professor Ronald Francis Chief Investigators

15 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION Information on crime and community characteristics is essential to local crime prevention and community development efforts. This report presents community, crime and safety profiles for six Victorian local government areas. Profiles of this kind can be extended to all LGAs and are essential to evidence based crime prevention activities. Indeed, developing demographic and need profiles of Local Government Areas is one of the major initiatives supported by the Safer Streets and Homes Program (CPV, 2002b). The importance of community profiles has also been outlined in the Victoria Police policy and guidelines Local Safety Committee Resource Kit (2002). According to this publication a community profile provides an overview of the local safety issues and acts as a planning instrument to assist police and LSCs in identifying and developing strategies to address those issues (p.18). This study was part of a larger project study undertaken by the Centre for Corporate Governance Research (CICGR), Faculty of Business and Law, Victoria University, in partnership with Crime Prevention Victoria (CPV) and supported by an Australian Research Council (ARC) Grant. The broader study, entitled Evaluating the Community Governance of Crime Prevention and Community Safety, took an evidence-based approach and had five distinct stages/outcomes (Figure 1.1.) These stages included formation of a project advisory committee to oversee the project, development of a comprehensive literature on crime prevention and community governance, construction of a quantitative database that enabled us to develop the present community profiles and investigate the relationships between police recorded/reported crime rates (see Crime Prevention Victoria, 2002) and various community indicators in Local Government Areas in Victoria and focus groups conducted with six Local Safety Committees. The full report of the project and papers written about various aspects of the project can be obtained from CICGR on request. The present report consists of community, crime and safety profiles for the six local government areas of the local safety committees who participated in the research: Boroondara, Brimbank, Glen Eira, Port Phillip, Greater Bendigo and Greater Shepparton.

16 Evaluating the Community Governance of Crime Prevention and Community Safety Research Partnership Between VU & CPV 1. Formation of Project Advisory Committee 2. Construction and Analysis of a Crime and Community Indicator Database 3. Examination of Community Governance & Crime Prevention Literature 4. Research with Local Safety Committees: Focus Groups & Surveys 5. Best Practice Model of Community Governance Figure 1.1. Research Design Showing the Stages/Methodologies Employed in the Evaluation The theoretical framework which guided the project (see Figure 2) suggests that dysfunctional communities have high levels of community need and that this is reflected in high levels of crime, which has a negative effect on community well-being. The potential of communities to respond to crime prevention strategies is moderated by their community capacity. The balance between community needs and community capacity is reflected in community well-being (Armstrong, Francis, Bourne & Dussuyer., 2002b).

17 Dysfunctional Communities Crime Crime Prevention Strategies Community Need Community Capacity Community Well-being Figure 1.2. Crime and Community Well-being Model Community need, community capacity and community well-being are not unitary concepts as shown in the model above but rather consist of many factors and issues which concern a community. Some of these are included in this report. The community profiles covered geographical features, population characteristics, income, cultural diversity, families, education, employment and employment type in the six areas. The crime and safety profiles of the six areas examined recorded crime rates, crime rankings, change in crime from 2001-2003, and data from the victimisation survey and local safety survey conducted by the Victorian Department of Justice.

18

19 CHAPTER TWO: COMMUNITY PROFILES OF BOROONDARA, BRIMBANK, GLEN EIRA, PORT PHILLIP GREATER BENDIGO AND GREATER SHEPPARTON Geographical Features At the time of the last census, there were 78 named LGAs in Victoria with an Unincorporated region constituting the 79 th LGA. Only 833 persons were counted in the Unincorporated region in the last census (ABS, 2001). The region consists of the large northern parts of South Australia, most of the Northern Territory, all of the Australian Capital Territory and the Other Territories. About 54 LGAs are located in the rural regions of Victoria while another 25 are located in the metropolitan regions. A map of the metropolitan region of Victoria highlighting the LGAs of Boroondara, Brimbank, Glen Eira and Port Phillip appears in Figure 2.1. Figure 2.1. Map of Metropolitan Victoria focus on Boroondara, Brimbank, Glen Eira and Port Phillip

20 A map of the rural region of Victoria highlighting the LGAs of Greater Bendigo and Greater Shepparton is shown in Figure 2.2. The rural LGAs of Greater Bendigo and Greater Shepparton each consist of a number of small towns. These include Heathcote, Elmore, Goornong, Marong, Redesdale and Axedale in Greater Bendigo (City of Greater Bendigo, 2004) and Dookie, Mooroopna, Murchison, Shepparton and Tatura in Greater Shepparton (City of Greater Shepparton, 2003). Population Characteristics Population Density. The main source of statistics for the current profile was the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) 2001 Census of Population and Housing Basic Figure 2.2. Map of Rural Victoria focus on Greater Bendigo and Greater Shepparton Table 2.1 shows the suburbs for each of the LGAs of interest in this study. For the metropolitan LGAs - Boroondara consists of eleven suburbs, Brimbank consists of twenty-four and Glen Eira and Port Phillip each consist of twelve (Department of Sustainability and Environment, 2003). The rural LGAs of Greater Bendigo and Greater Shepparton are not shown in the table but each consists of a number of small towns. These include Heathcote, Elmore, Goornong, Marong, Redesdale and Axedale in Greater Bendigo (City of Greater Bendigo, 2004) and Dookie, Mooroopna, Murchison, Shepparton and Tatura in Greater Shepparton (City of Greater Shepparton, 2003).

21 Table 2.1 Suburbs in the LGAs: Boroondara, Brimbank, Glen Eira and Port Phillip LGA Suburbs Boroondara Ashburton Canterbury Kew East Balwyn North Glen Iris Kew Balwyn Hawthorn Surrey Hills Camberwell East Hawthorn Brimbank Albanvale Albion Ardeer Brooklyn Calder Park Deer Park Delahey Derrimut Hillside Kealba Keilor Downs Keilor East Keilor Lodge Keilor North Keilor Park Keilor Kings Park St Albans Sunshine North Sunshine West Sunshine Sydenham Taylors Lake Tullamarine Glen Eira Bentleigh East Bentleigh Carnegie Caulfield East Caulfield North Caulfield South Caulfield Elsternwick Gardenvale Glen Huntly McKinnon Murrumbeena Port Phillip Albert Park Balaclava Elwood Melbourne Middle Park Port Melbourne Ripponlea South Melbourne Southbank St Kilda East St Kilda West St Kilda

22 Population Characteristics Population Density. The main source of statistics for the current profile was the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) 2001 Census of Population and Housing Basic Community Profile Series (BCP) (2002). Community Profile Series (BCP) (2002). Table 2.2 shows the approximate population density of the six LGAs. These have been calculated from the estimated population and total area in square kilometres of the LGAs (ABS, 2002). The table shows that population density is highest for Port Phillip, Glen Eira and Boroondara and that the actual populations are highest for Brimbank, Boroondara and Glen Eira. Both figures need to be taken into consideration in planning. Table 2.2 Population Density of the Six Metropolitan and Rural LGAs LGA Census Total areas in square Persons per square Population kilometres kilometre Boroondara 148,532 60 2,476 Brimbank 162,931 123.3 1,321 Glen Eira 117,199 38.7 3,028 Port Phillip 78,227 20.6 3,797 Greater Bendigo 85,781 2999.0 29 Greater Shepparton 55,082 2421.6 23 Note. Constructed from B01 of the BCPs for each LGA

23 Population and Age. Table 2.3 shows the age ranges of males and females counted in the ABS 2001 census for the four metropolitan LGAs. Of these, Brimbank has the greatest overall population with higher numbers of all age groups except 60-100+. Boroondara has the greatest number of people aged 60-100+. Table 2.3 Population Age Ranges of Males and Females in Boroondara, Brimbank, Glen Eira and Port Phillip LGA Population and Age 0-14 15-24 25-39 40-59 60-100+ Total Boroondara males 13,708 11,558 14,583 19,332 10,982 70,163 % 9.23% 7.78% 9.82% 13.02% 7.39% 47.24% females 13,067 11,295 16,047 21,555 16,405 78,369 % 8.80% 7.60% 10.80% 14.51% 11.04% 52.76% Total 26,775 22,853 30,630 40,887 27,387 148,532 % 18.03% 15.39% 20.62% 27.53% 18.44% 100.00% Brimbank males 18,387 12,777 18,578 21,644 9,700 81,086 % 11.29% 7.84% 11.40% 13.28% 5.95% 49.77% females 17,469 12,356 19,365 21,641 11,016 81,847 % 10.72% 7.58% 11.89% 13.28% 6.76% 50.23% Total 35,856 25,133 37,943 43,285 20,716 162,933 % 22.01% 15.43% 23.29% 26.57% 12.71% 100.00% Glen Eira males 10,499 7,385 13,698 14,879 9,894 56,355 % 8.96% 6.30% 11.69% 12.70% 8.44% 48.08% females 9,868 7,283 14,424 15,507 13,762 60,844 % 8.42% 6.21% 12.31% 13.23% 11.74% 51.92% Total 20,367 14,668 28,122 30,386 23,656 117,199 % 17.38% 12.52% 24.00% 25.93% 20.18% 100.00% Port Phillip males 4,253 4,548 14,814 9,956 5,299 38,870 % 5.44% 5.81% 18.94% 12.73% 6.77% 49.69% females 3,948 5,082 14,893 9,194 6,240 39,357 % 5.05% 6.50% 19.04% 11.75% 7.98% 50.31% Total 8,201 9,630 29,707 19,150 11,539 78,227 % 10.48% 12.31% 37.98% 24.48% 14.75% 100.00% Note. Constructed from B03 of the BCP for each LGA. The table above shows the ages of all people who were counted in each of the LGAs on census night, except overseas visitors. (ABS, 2001).

24 Table 2.4 shows the age ranges of males and females counted in the ABS 2001 census for the two rural LGAs. Greater Bendigo has the greatest overall population with higher numbers of all age groups. Table 2.4 Population Age Ranges of Males and Females in Greater Bendigo and Greater Shepparton LGA Population and Age Greater Bendigo 0-14 15-24 25-39 40-59 60-100+ Total males 9,479 6,240 8,008 10,989 6,688 41,404 % 11.05% 7.27% 9.34% 12.81% 7.80% 48.27% females 9,115 6,457 8,735 11,400 8,668 44,375 % 10.63% 7.53% 10.18% 13.29% 10.11% 51.73% Total 18,594 12,697 16,743 22,389 15,356 85,779 % 21.68% 14.80% 19.52% 26.10% 17.90% 100.00% Greater Shepparton males 6,613 3,736 5,874 7,110 4,019 27,352 % 12.01% 6.78% 10.66% 12.91% 7.30% 49.66% females 6,377 3,572 5,997 7,055 4,729 27,730 % 11.58% 6.48% 10.89% 12.81% 8.59% 50.34% Total 12,990 7,308 11,871 14,165 8,748 55,082 % 23.58% 13.27% 21.55% 25.72% 15.88% 100.00% Note. Constructed from B03 of the BCP for each LGA. The table above shows the ages of all people who were counted in each of the LGAs on census night, except overseas visitors. (ABS, 2001).

25 Income Boroondara. Table 2.5 shows the number and percentages of people on low, medium and high income in Boroondara and Victoria. The three income categories were developed for the present study from ABS census data and were calculated as low: less than $500 per week; medium: $500-$999; and high: over $1000 per week. These categories were developed for the present. The table shows that 49.24% of the total Boroondara population have a low income (less than $500.00 gross per week). Boroondara has a greater percentage of low-income earners than the Victorian percentage of 44.36%. The rate of medium income ($500-$999) earners in Boroondara (19.04%) is lower than the state average (20.37%) when looked at in relation to the total Boroondara population while the rate of high income (over $1000) earners in Boroondara (17.54%) is more than twice than the state average (8.44%). Table 2.5 Number and Percentages of People on Low, Medium & High Income in Boroondara Income Number % Number % Boroondara Victoria Low 77,946 49.24% 2,045,738 44.36% Medium 30,139 19.04% 939,373 20.37% High 27,761 17.54% 389,223 8.44% Total Income Earners 135,846 100.00% 3,374,334 100.00% Total Population 158,288 85.82% 4,612,097 73.16% Constructed from B13A of the BCP for Boroondara. Data refer to persons aged 15 years and over (ABS, 2002). Incomes were calculated as low: less than $500 per week; medium: $500-$999; and high: over $1000 per week

26 Brimbank. Table 2.6 shows the number and percentages of people on low, medium and high income in Brimbank and Victoria. The table shows that 60.73% of the total Brimbank population have a low income. Brimbank has a much greater percentage of low-income earners than the Victorian percentage of 44.36%. The rate of medium income earners in Brimbank (18.38%) is lower than the state average (20.37%) while the rate of high income earners in Brimbank (4.10%) is less than half the state average (8.44%). Table 2.6 Number and Percentages of People on Low, Medium & High Income in Brimbank Income Number % Number % Brimbank Victoria Low 103,137 60.73% 2,045,738 44.36% Medium 31,220 18.38% 939,373 20.37% High 6,955 4.10% 389,223 8.44% Total Income Earners 141,312 100.00% 3,374,334 100.00% Total Population 169,839 83.20% 4,612,097 73.16% Constructed from B13A of the BCP for Brimbank. Data refer to persons aged 15 years and over (ABS, 2002). Incomes were calculated as low: less than $500 per week; medium: $500-$999; and high: over $1000 per week

27 Glen Eira. Table 2.7 shows the number and percentages of people on low, medium and high income in Glen Eira and Victoria. As shown in the table, Glen Eira has a greater percentage of low-income earners (50.15%) than the Victorian percentage of 44.36%. The rate of medium income earners in Glen Eira (20.85%) is similar to the state average (20.37%) while the rate of high income earners in Glen Eira (11.96%) is higher than the state average (8.44%). Table 2.7 Number and Percentages of People on Low, Medium & High Income in Glen Eira Income Number % Number % Glen Eira Victoria Low 62,292 50.15% 2,045,738 44.36% Medium 25,904 20.85% 939,373 20.37% High 14,861 11.96% 389,223 8.44% Total Income Earners 103,057 82.96% 3,374,334 100.00% Total Population 124,221 96,832 4,612,097 73.16% Constructed from B13A of the BCP for Glen Eira. Data refer to persons aged 15 years and over (ABS, 2002). Incomes were calculated as low: less than $500 per week; medium: $500-$999; and high: over $1000 per week

28 Port Phillip. Table 2.8 shows the number and percentages of people on low, medium and high income in Port Phillip and Victoria. The table shows that Port Phillip has a similar percentage of low-income earners (44.75%) as the Victorian percentage of 44.36%. The rate of medium income earners in Port Phillip (23.81%) is higher than the state average (20.37%) while the rate of high income (over $1000) earners in Port Phillip (19.13%) is more than double the state average (8.44%). Table 2.8 Number and Percentages of People on Low, Medium & High Income in Port Phillip Income Number % Number % Port Phillip Victoria Low 36,662 44.75% 2,045,738 44.36% Medium 19,507 23.81% 939,373 20.37% High 15,672 19.13% 389,223 8.44% Total Income Earners 71,841 100.00% 3,374,334 100.00% Total Population 81,930 87.69% 4,612,097 73.16% Constructed from B13A of the BCP for Port Phillip. Data refer to persons aged 15 years and over (ABS, 2002). Incomes were calculated as low: less than $500 per week; medium: $500-$999; and high: over $1000 per week

29 Greater Bendigo. Table 2.9 shows the number and percentages of people on low, medium and high income in Greater Bendigo and Victoria. The table shows that Greater Bendigo has a higher percentage of low-income earners (61.33%) than the Victorian percentage of 44.36%. The rate of medium income earners in Greater Bendigo is lower (17.62%) than the state average of 20.37%, while the rate of high income earners in Greater Bendigo (4.43%) is just over half of the state average (8.44%). Table 2.9 Number and Percentages of People on Low, Medium & High Income in Greater Bendigo Income Number % Number % Greater Bendigo Victoria Low 55,502 61.33% 2,045,738 44.36% Medium 15,946 17.62% 939,373 20.37% High 4,006 4.43% 389,223 8.44% Total Income Earners 75,454 100.00% 3,374,334 100.00% Total Population 90,502 83.37% 4,612,097 73.16% Constructed from B13A of the BCP for Greater Bendigo. Data refer to persons aged 15 years and over (ABS, 2002). Incomes were calculated as low: less than $500 per week; medium: $500-$999; and high: over $1000 per week

30 Greater Shepparton. Table 2.10 shows the number and percentages of people on low, medium and high income in Greater Shepparton and Victoria. The table shows that Greater Shepparton has a higher percentage (55.72%) of low-income earners than the Victorian percentage of 44.36%. The rate of medium (18.56%) and high (5.03%) income earners in Greater Shepparton are both lower than the state averages of 20.37% and 8.44%, respectively. Table 2.10 Number and Percentages of People on Low, Medium & High Income in Greater Shepparton Income Number % Number % Greater Shepparton Victoria Low 32,404 55.72% 2,045,738 44.36% Medium 10,792 18.56% 939,373 20.37% High 2,924 5.03% 389,223 8.44% Total Income Earners 46,120 100.00% 3,374,334 100.00% Total Population 58,157 79.30% 4,612,097 73.16% Constructed from B13A of the BCP for Greater Shepparton. Data refer to persons aged 15 years and over (ABS, 2002). Incomes were calculated as low: less than $500 per week; medium: $500-$999; and high: over $1000 per week Overall, Greater Bendigo, Brimbank and Greater Shepparton had the highest rate of low income earners and the lowest rate of high income earners. In comparison, Port Phillip, Boroondara and Glen Eira had the highest rates of both high and medium income earners.

31 Cultural Diversity Country of Birth in Boroondara. Basic calculations of the census statistics showed that 105,011 (70.70%) of the people in Boroondara were born in Australia while 19,478 (13.11%) were born overseas in a Non-English Speaking (NES) country. The Indigenous population for Boroondara was recorded as 193 persons, which constitutes 0.12% of the Boroondara population and.77% of the total Indigenous population in Victoria (less than 1% for each). The top ten NES countries of birth for Boroondara are shown in Figure 2.3 with the greatest number of people from China, followed by Malaysia, Greece, Italy and Hong Kong. Number of People 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0 China 2,581 Malaysia 2,319 Greece 2,151 2,139 1,644 1,453 924 809 795 Italy Hong Kong India Indonesia Countries of Birth Germany Viet Nam Sri Lanka 723 Figure 2.3. Top Ten Countries of Birth in Boroondara

32 Country of Birth in Brimbank. Basic calculations of the census statistics showed that 82,831 (50.84%) of the people in Brimbank were born in Australia while 52,902 (32.47%) were born overseas in a Non-English Speaking (NES) country. The Indigenous population for Brimbank was recorded as 490 persons, which constitutes 0.29% of the Brimbank population and 1.95% of the total Indigenous population in Victoria. The top ten NES countries of birth for Brimbank are shown in Figure 2.4 with the greatest number of people from Viet Nam, Malta, Italy, Macedonia and Philippines. Number of People 16,000 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 13,466 7,056 4,423 4,221 3,651 3,474 2,706 2,446 1,958 1,712 Viet Nam Malta Italy Macedonia Philippines Croatia Greece Yugoslavia Poland India Countries of Birth Figure 2.4. Top Ten Countries of Birth in Brimbank

33 Country of Birth in Glen Eira. Basic calculations of the census statistics showed that 73,401 (62.63%) of the people in Glen Eira were born in Australia while 16,576 (14.03%) were born overseas in a Non-English Speaking (NES) country. The Indigenous population for Glen Eira was recorded as 197 persons, which constitutes 0.16% of the Glen Eira population and 0.79% of the total Indigenous population in Victoria (less than 1% for each). The top ten NES countries of birth for Glen Eira are shown in Figure 2.5 with the greatest number of people from Greece, Poland, China, India and Italy. Number of People 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0 Greece 2,519 Poland 2,476 China 1,604 India 1,502 1,390 1,005 950 638 525 Italy Germany Sri Lanka Malaysia Hong Kong Indonesia 512 Countries of Birth Figure 2.5. Top Ten Countries of Birth in Glen Eira

34 Country of Birth in Port Phillip. Basic calculations of the census statistics showed that 47,815 (61.12%) of the people in Port Phillip were born in Australia while 8,720 (11.15%) were born overseas in a Non-English Speaking (NES) country. The Indigenous population for Port Phillip was recorded as 259 persons, which constitutes 0.32% of the Port Phillip population and 1.03% of the total Indigenous population in Victoria. The top ten NES countries of birth for Port Phillip are shown in Figure 2.6 with the greatest number of people from Greece, Poland, China, Indonesia and Italy. Number of People 1,800 1,600 1,400 1,200 1,000 800 600 400 200 0 Greece 1,527 Poland 871 719 China Indonesia 598 590 581 Italy 557 Germany 458 India 363 Malaysia Yugoslavia Hong Kong Countries of Birth 265 Figure 2.6. Top Ten Countries of Birth in Port Phillip

35 Country of Birth in Greater Bendigo. Calculations of the census statistics for Greater Bendigo showed that 76,814 (89.54%) of the people in this LGA were born in Australia while only 1,622 (1.89%) were born overseas in a Non-English Speaking (NES) country. The Indigenous population for Greater Bendigo was recorded as 836, which constitutes.92% of the Greater Bendigo population and 3.33% of the total Indigenous population in Victoria. The top ten NES countries of birth are shown in Figure 2.7 with Netherlands having the greatest number of people, followed by Germany, Italy, Philippines and Malaysia. Number of People 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Netherlands 269 Germany 236 Italy 167 Philippines Countries of Birth 156 108 85 Malaysia 78 Greece 68 Sri Lanka 62 India 50 China Malta Figure 2.7. Top Ten Countries of Birth in Greater Bendigo

36 Country of Birth in Greater Shepparton. Basic calculations of the census statistics showed that 46,432 (84.30%) of the people counted in Shepparton were born in Australia while 2,976 (5.40%) were born overseas in a Non-English Speaking (NES) country. The Indigenous population for Greater Shepparton was recorded as 1,460, which constitutes 2.51% of the Greater Shepparton population and 5.82% of the total Indigenous population in Victoria. The top ten NES countries of birth are shown in Figure 2.8 with Italy having the greatest number of people, followed by Turkey, Netherlands, Greece and India. Number of People 1,400 1,200 1,000 800 600 400 200 0 Italy 1,260 353 Turkey Netherlands 238 Greece 225 175 134 127 Countries of Birth 84 72 43 India Philippines Germany Macedonia Yugoslavia Croatia Figure 2.8. Top Ten Countries of Birth in Greater Shepparton

37 Languages Spoken in Boroondara. The BCP for Boroondara showed that 115,164 (77.54%) of the population speak English only while 24,388 (16.42%) speaks a Language Other Than English (LOTE) at home. The top ten most widely spoken LOTE in Boroondara are shown in Figure 2.9. The languages with the highest number of speakers included Greek, Cantonese, Mandarin, Italian and Indonesian. Number of People 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 Top Ten LOTE in Boroondara 4,789 4,168 3,485 3,462 783 739 690 Greek Cantone Mandarin Italian Indonesi Vietname German 689 550 Other Hindi 452 Polish Langauge Spoken Figure 2.9. Top Ten LOTE in Boroondara

38 Languages Spoken in Brimbank. The BCP for Brimbank showed that 67,161 (41.22%) of the population speaks English only while 80,239 (49.25%) speaks a Language Other Than English (LOTE) at home. The top ten most widely spoken LOTE in Brimbank are shown in Figure 2.10. The languages with the highest number of speakers included Vietnamese, Maltese, Italian, Greek and Macedonian. Number of People 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 Vietname Maltese Italian Top Ten LOTE in Brimbank 17,012 8,492 7,464 6,886 6,622 5,498 Greek Macedon Croatian Cantone 3,795 3,632 Tagalog Turkish 3,201 3,197 Arabic Langauge Spoken Figure 2.10. Top LOTE in Brimbank

39 Languages Spoken in Glen Eira. The BCP for Glen Eira showed that 81,556 (69.59%) of the population speaks English only while 24,001 (20.48%) speaks a Language Other Than English (LOTE) at home. The top ten most widely spoken LOTE in Glen Eira are shown in Figure 2.11. The languages with the highest number of speakers included Greek, Russian, Italian, Mandarin and Cantonese. Number of People 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 5,753 Greek Top Ten LOTE in Glen Eira 4,890 2,373 1,499 1,453 1,256 663 Russian Italian Mandarin Cantone Polish German 654 514 Hungaria Arabic 446 Indonesi Langauge Spoken Figure 2.11. Top Ten LOTE in Glen Eira

40 Languages Spoken in Port Phillip. The BCP for Port Phillip showed that 55,318 (70.71%) of the population speak English only while 12,949 (16.55%) speak a Language Other Than English (LOTE) at home. The top ten most widely spoken LOTE in Port Phillip are shown in Figure 2.12. The languages with the highest number of speakers included Greek, Russian, Italian, Cantonese and Mandarin. Number of People 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 3,149 1,925 Top Ten LOTE in Port Phillip Greek Russian Italian 1,154 718 712 651 Cantone 534 Mandarin Polish Indonesi 485 German 435 367 French Arabic Langauge Spoken Figure 2.12. Top Ten LOTE in Port Phillip

41 Languages Spoken in Greater Bendigo. The BCP for Boroondara showed that 115,164 (77.54%) of the population speaks English only while 24,388 (16.42%) speaks a Language Other Than English (LOTE) at home. The top ten most widely spoken LOTE in Boroondara are shown in Figure 2.13. The languages with the highest number of speakers included Greek, Cantonese, Mandarin, Italian and Indonesian. Number of People 300 200 100 0 Top Ten LOTE in Greater Bendigo 244 169 127 108 104 85 77 54 45 43 Italian Greek German Cantone Mandarin Netherla Tagalog Arabic Indonesi Croatian Langauge Spoken Figure 2.13. Top Ten LOTE in Greater Bendigo

42 Languages Spoken in Greater Shepparton. The BCP for Greater Shepparton showed that 47,133 (85.57%) of the population speak English only while 5,270 (9.57%) speaks a Language Other Than English (LOTE) at home. The top ten most widely spoken LOTE in Greater Shepparton are shown in Figure 2.14. The languages with the highest number of speakers include Italian, Turkish, Arabic, Greek and Macedonian. Number of People 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 Top Ten LOTE in Greater Shepparton 2,165 Italian 622 Turkish 454 Arabic Greek 284 262 Macedon 84 Netherla 82 Tagalog Langauge Spoken 67 Cantone 53 German 51 Croatian Figure 2.14. Top Ten LOTE in Greater Shepparton

43 English Proficiency. The number and percentage of people with low proficiency in spoken English and the number and percentage of arrivals to Australia in the five-year period between 1997-2001 are shown in Table 2.11. The figures show that Boroondara, Glen Eira, Port Phillip and Greater Shepparton have a lower percentage of persons who are not very proficient in English compared to the Victorian average (3.19%) with Brimbank and Greater Bendigo having higher rates of people with low English proficiency. Brimbank has about three times more people with low English proficiency than the Victorian average. The rate of new arrivals in Boroondara, Brimbank, Glen Eira and Greater Bendigo are also higher than the state average while Port Phillip and Greater Shepparton have lower rates than the Victorian average. Table 2.11 Number and Percentage of People with Low Proficiency* and Arrivals in Five Year Period (1997-2001) in the Six LGAs and Victoria Region Population Estimate Low English ProficiencyNumber of Arrivals in 5 years Number Percentage Number Percentage Boroondara 158,288 3,263 2.06% 6,676 5.33% Brimbank 169,839 16,320 9.61% 5,613 4.48% Glen Eira 124,221 3,763 3.03% 5,362 4.28% Port Phillip 90,502 127 0.14% 511 0.41% Greater Bendigo 81,930 2,735 3.34% 4,983 3.98% Greater Shepparton 58,157 843 1.45% 792 0.63% Victoria 4,612,097 147,016 3.19% 125,188 2.71% *Recorded on BCP as Speaks other language and speaks English: Not well or Not at all (ABS, 2002). Table constructed from BO9 of the BCPs for these LGAs and Victoria.

44 Australian Citizens. The number and percentage of Australian Citizens in the six LGAs and Victoria are shown in Table 2.12. The percentages of Australian citizens in these LGAs range from a low of 68.26% in Port Phillip to a high of 98.47% in Greater Bendigo. The Victorian percentage of Australian citizens is 88.30%. Table 2.12 Number and Percentage of People who are Australian Citizens in Boroondara, Brimbank, Glen Eira, Port Phillip, Greater Bendigo, Greater Shepparton and Victoria Region Population Estimate Citizen Number Citizen Percentage Boroondara 158,288 129,388 81.74% Brimbank 169,839 141,750 83.46% Glen Eira 124,221 101,210 81.48% Port Phillip 90,502 61,774 68.26% Greater Bendigo 81,930 80,674 98.47% Greater Shepparton 58,157 50,489 86.82% Victoria 4,612,097 4,072,755 88.30% Table constructed from BO1 of the BCPs for these regions.

45 Families The figures regarding the number and percentage of people in one-parent families, families with children and total families in the six LGAs may be seen in Table 2.13. This shows that the percentage of persons living in one parent families in Victoria is 12.80%, with Boroondara and Glen Eira having less than the state percentage and Brimbank, Port Phillip, Greater Bendigo and Greater Shepparton having greater rates than Victoria as a whole. The percentage of families with children in Victoria was recorded as 64.08% with only one of the LGAs (Port Phillip, 47.88%) having a lower rate of families with children and Brimbank having the highest rate at 67.36%. Table 2.13 Numbers and Percentages Related to Families in Boroondara, Brimbank, Glen Eira, Port Phillip, Greater Bendigo, Greater Shepparton and Victoria Local Government Area Number in one Percentage of Number of Percentage of Total Number parent family people in one families with families with Recorded parent family children* children* Boroondara 11,155 9.81% 76,576 67.32% 113,750 Brimbank 19,669 13.57% 97,631 67.36% 144,935 Glen Eira 9,747 10.96% 55,165 62.04% 88,912 Port Phillip 5,446 13.10% 19,904 47.88% 41,573 Greater Bendigo 10,866 15.94% 44,547 65.36% 68,155 Greater Shepparton 6,127 13.56% 29,883 66.16% 45,171 Victoria 475,870 12.80% 2,381,824 64.08% 3,716,806 Constructed from B17 of the BCPs for the six LGAs and Victoria. *The figure refers to the number of families with dependent children or students.

46 Education Education in Boroondara. The level of schooling completed by males and females in Boroondara and total persons in Boroondara and Victoria may be seen in Figure 2.15. The table shows a lower percentage of people in Boroondara who completed Year 8 or below, Year 9, 10 and 11 or equivalents compared with the state averages for these levels. The number of people who had completed Year 12 or equivalent was much higher (62.84%) than the state average (38.95%) whereas the rate of people still at school was similar to the Victorian average. Less than 1% (.66%) of persons in Boroondara stated that they did not go to school compared to the Victorian average (7.85%). Perecentage of People 100.00% 50.00% 0.00% Year 8 Year 9 Year 10 Year 11 Year 12 Did not Still at Not or or or or or go to school stated below equival equival equival equival school Males 2.15% 1.32% 3.44% 4.07% 30.45% 1.92% 0.29% 2.74% Females 3.25% 1.72% 4.61% 5.52% 32.39% 1.87% 0.36% 3.90% Persons 5.40% 3.04% 8.05% 9.58% 62.84% 3.78% 0.66% 6.64% Victoria 10.62% 7.54% 15.94% 13.96% 38.95% 3.90% 1.24% 7.85% Highest Level of Schooling Completed Notes. Constructed from B12 of the BCP for Boroondara. Data refer to persons aged 15 years and over (excluding overseas visitors) (ABS, 2002). Figure 2.15. Highest Level of Schooling Completed in Boroondara and Victoria

47 Education in Brimbank. The level of schooling completed by males and females in Brimbank and total persons in Brimbank and Victoria may be seen in Figure 2.16. This table shows a lower percentage of people in Brimbank who completed Year 9, 10, 11 and 12 compared with the state averages for these levels while the rate of people who completed only year 8, were still at school or did not go to school were higher than the state percentages. Perecentage of People 60.00% 40.00% 20.00% 0.00% Year 8 Year 9 Year Year Year Did not Still at Not or or 10 or 11 or 12 or go to school stated below equival equival equival equival school Males 6.88% 3.49% 7.36% 6.36% 17.15% 2.38% 1.54% 4.17% Females 8.26% 3.46% 6.56% 5.54% 17.63% 2.57% 2.17% 4.49% Persons 15.14% 6.94% 13.92% 11.90% 34.78% 4.95% 3.71% 8.66% Victoria 10.62% 7.54% 15.94% 13.96% 38.95% 3.90% 1.24% 7.85% Highest Level of Schooling Completed Notes. Constructed from B12 of the BCP for Brimbank. Data refer to persons aged 15 years and over (excluding overseas visitors) (ABS, 2002). Figure 2.16. Highest Level of Schooling Completed in Brimbank and Victoria

48 Education in Glen Eira. The level of schooling completed by males and females in Glen Eira and total persons in Glen Eira and Victoria may be seen in Figure 2.17. This table shows a lower percentage of people in Glen Eira who completed Year 8 or below, Year 9, 10 and 11 or equivalents and lower figures for rate of people still at school and who did not go to school compared to Victorian percentages. The rate of people who had completed Year 12 or equivalent was considerably higher (54.17%) than the state average (38.95%). Perecentage of People 60.00% 40.00% 20.00% 0.00% Year 8 or Year 9 or Year 10 or Year 11 or Year 12 or Still at school Males 3.18% 2.07% 5.17% 5.22% 26.18% 1.43% 0.31% 3.80% Females 4.48% 2.19% 5.64% 5.66% 27.99% 1.52% 0.41% 4.76% Persons 7.66% 4.26% 10.80% 10.88% 54.17% 2.95% 0.72% 8.56% Victoria 10.62% 7.54% 15.94% 13.96% 38.95% 3.90% 1.24% 7.85% Highest Level of Schooling Completed Did not go to Not stated Notes. Constructed from B12 of the BCP for Glen Eira. Data refer to persons aged 15 years and over (excluding overseas visitors) (ABS, 2002). Figure 2.17. Highest Level of Schooling Completed in Glen Eira and Victoria

49 Education in Port Phillip. The level of schooling completed by males and females in Port Phillip and total persons in Port Phillip and Victoria may be seen in Figure 2.18. The table shows a lower percentage of people in Port Phillip who completed Year 8 or below, Year 9, 10 and 11 or equivalents as well as lower rates of people still at school and who did go to school compared to the state figures. The number of people who had completed Year 12 or equivalent was much higher (60.49%) than the state average (38.95%). Perecentage of People 75.00% 50.00% 25.00% 0.00% Year 8 or below Year 9 or Year 10 or Year 11 or Year 12 or Still at school Males 2.66% 1.55% 4.29% 4.53% 29.63% 0.73% 0.28% 5.77% Females 3.01% 1.39% 3.96% 4.26% 30.85% 0.78% 0.40% 5.91% Persons 5.67% 2.93% 8.25% 8.79% 60.49% 1.51% 0.69% 11.68% Victoria 10.62% 7.54% 15.94% 13.96% 38.95% 3.90% 1.24% 7.85% Highest Level of Schooling Completed Did not go to Not stated Notes. Constructed from B12 of the BCP for Port Phillip. Data refer to persons aged 15 years and over (excluding overseas visitors) (ABS, 2002). Figure 2.18. Highest Level of Schooling Completed in Port Phillip and Victoria

50 Education in Greater Bendigo. The level of schooling completed by males and females in Greater Bendigo and total persons in Greater Bendigo and Victoria may be seen in Figure 2.19. This table shows a lower percentage of people in Greater Bendigo who completed Year 12 and who did not go to school while the rate who completed Year 8 or below, Year 9, 10 and 11 or equivalents were all higher than the state percentage rate. Perecentage of People 60.00% 40.00% 20.00% 0.00% Year 8 or Year 9 or Year 10 or Year 11 or Year 12 or Still at school Males 5.75% 5.35% 10.39% 7.57% 12.86% 2.17% 0.18% 3.26% Females 6.59% 5.35% 9.90% 8.15% 16.00% 2.34% 0.15% 4.00% Persons 12.34% 10.70% 20.29% 15.72% 28.86% 4.51% 0.33% 7.26% Victoria 10.62% 7.54% 15.94% 13.96% 38.95% 3.90% 1.24% 7.85% Highest Level of Schooling Completed Did not go to Not stated Notes. Constructed from B12 of the BCP for Greater Bendigo. Data refer to persons aged 15 years and over (excluding overseas visitors) (ABS, 2002). Figure 2.19. Highest Level of Schooling Completed in Greater Bendigo and Victoria

51 Education in Greater Shepparton. The level of schooling completed by males and females in Greater Shepparton and total persons in Greater Shepparton and Victoria may be seen in Figure 2.20. This table shows a lower percentage of people in Greater Shepparton who completed Year 12 and who did not go to school compared to the Victorian rates for these levels. Higher rates are indicated for Year 8 or below, Year 9, 10 and 11 or equivalents as well as for people still at school compared with the state figures for these schooling levels. Perecentage of People 60.00% 40.00% 20.00% 0.00% Year 8 or Year 9 or Year 10 or Year 11 or Year 12 or Still at school Males 6.75% 5.71% 10.41% 8.38% 11.72% 2.14% 0.57% 3.61% Females 6.67% 5.20% 9.87% 8.37% 13.81% 2.37% 0.60% 3.85% Persons 13.42% 10.91% 20.28% 16.75% 25.53% 4.51% 1.16% 7.46% Victoria 10.62% 7.54% 15.94% 13.96% 38.95% 3.90% 1.24% 7.85% Highest Level of Schooling Completed Did not go to Not stated Notes. Constructed from B12 of the BCP for Greater Shepparton. Data refer to persons aged 15 years and over (excluding overseas visitors) (ABS, 2002). Figure 2.20. Highest Level of Schooling Completed in Greater Shepparton and Victoria

52 Employment Employment in Boroondara. A table showing the employment status of males, females and total persons in Boroondara appears in Table 2.14. Basic calculations of the ABS employment data showed that 43.19% of the total Boroondara population are in the labour force (76,285/158,288). Of these, 60.92% are employed in full-time positions and 32.33% in part-time positions, with an unemployment rate of 4.46%. Employment is higher and unemployment lower for people in Boroondara compared to the Victorian rates. Table 2.14 Employment and Unemployment Rates in Boroondara Employed Males Females Persons LGA Labour Force Victorian Labour Force Full-time 28,501 17,975 46,476 60.92% 60.64% Part-time 8,292 16,374 24,666 32.33% 29.69% Not stated 877 863 1,740 2.28% 2.88% Total 37,670 35,212 72,882 95.54% 93.20% Unemployed 1,923 1,480 3,403 4.46% 6.80% Total labour force 39,593 36,692 76,285 100.00% 100.00% Not in the labour force 14,935 25,820 40,755 53.42% 57.20% Unemployment rate 4.9% 4.0% 4.5% 6.8% Constructed from B22 of the BCP for Boroondara. Data refer to persons aged 15 years and over. Fulltime is defined as having worked 35 hours or more in all jobs in the week prior to Census night (ABS, 2002). Unemployed refers to people not working who wish to work and not to retired persons or to those who choose not to work.