Nation Building, 1848-1871
The Crimean War 1848 reforms + nationalism to prevent more revs Russia = powerful nation after 1815 Ottoman land The Sick Man of Europe and the eastern question What Piedmont, France, Russia and England wanted 1852 France gained from the Ottomans sanctuaries in the Holy Land Russia's right to protect Orthodox believers there and the end of Roman Catholics rights Ottomans refuse Russian invasion (1853) Ottomans declare war assuming UK and French help Ottomans lost UK and Fr declare war on Russia Piedmont joins The Russian Defeat Peace of Paris of 1856 Ottomans retained control
A New Kind of War Highest casualties from 1815-1914 = 750,000 Tactical failures on all sides 450,000 Russians 80% chance of dying from disease if wounded Florence Nightingale Decline of Russia in European affairs Asia + serfs Mostly due to better technology (railways + telegraphs) Opened more moves to Prussia Piedmont upset that unification did not come to Italy
The Unification of Italy Camillo Benso de Cavour = Premier of Piedmont Only diplomacy and military victories could unite Italy International events needed for national purposes 1st = make Piedmont the most progressive Italian state 2nd = become involved in European affairs Crimean War and an alliance with France against Austria 3rd = War with Austria Tax reform, currency reform, railway, encourage private enterprise and transatlantic steamship system Second War of Italian Independence (1859) Others join Piedmont as Austria attacks France easily beat Austria forced Italy's hand for land Peace treaty joined Lombardy, Piedmont-Sardinia 4th = Vote for Tuscany, Parma and Modena to join
The Unification of Italy Fear of Austria doubling the size of Piedmont Uprisings towards kings in southern Italy Garibaldi s Red Shirts into action Liberated Sicily and Naples Couldn't defeat French troops in the Papal States Cavour became worried about a rival united Italy Sent troops to the Papal States Voting for southern Italy Garibaldi gave up his land to Cavour and Piedmont = Kingdom of Italy (1860) Still missing Rome (Pope) and Venetia (Austria) Gained in Venetia in 1866 (Prussia defeated Austria) Gained Rome, except the Vatican, in 1870 (FrancoPrussian War) Pope not happy
A United Italy Centralization with a heavy hand = 1 culture Liberal constitutional monarchy Upset nobility Conservative on social issues Upset peasants Cavour died in 1861 = 9 years before complete unification
The Unification of Germany Otto von Bismarck and Realpolitik Nobility and politician The old elite need nationalism to survive Nationalism = Liberalism Elites and liberal wanted unification = common ground 1850 Austria threatened Prussia not to try unification Agreements in the Zollverein to leave out Austria 1862 Wilhelm I and Bismarck Reorganized the army without permission 1st = Invaded Schleswig (Denmark) with Austria (2x) Finally defeat Denmark Ruled by Austria and Prussia together
The Seven Weeks' War and the Origins of The Franco-Prussian War nd 2 = Bismarck fight about controlling Schleswig Seven Weeks' War = Prussian victory not cruel to Austria, but they can't be apart of the unification plan Austria-Hungary dual monarchy and minority issues 3rd = Franco-Prussian War (1870) South Germans still resisted a Prussian run Germany France afraid of a united Germany replacing Austria Napoleon III = trying to prevent any Prussian actions Failure of France to attain any European allies Bismarck = attack France and then unification Telegram that the French ambassador insulted the Prussian king Prussians + French want war War declared with the support of the southern Germans
The Franco-Prussian War + Unification Bismarck had been preparing for wars for years Prussian spies in France Studied the American Civil War French = not secure in numbers, technology or strategy The Second Reich (1871) German empire and a Prussian king Added to the Constitution of the North German Confederation Prussian dominance Reichstag with universal male suffrage (for the liberals) Had no power Chancellor accountable to the emperor Most liberals silenced with a few radicals Bismarck clear about being anti-parliament keep them weak and tell everyone it is useless
The Power of Nationalism The American Civil War Industrial north keeps together with the agrarian south Westward expansion Unification in USA, Italy and Germany Single national markets with no internal barriers industrialization Language and symbols Primacy of the nation-state Done through violence Conservative movement over revolutions or liberalism Realpolitik over royal power Have to take public opinion into account Nation-state = the justification for anything
The Second French Empire After the French Revolution of 1848 (Louis) Napoleon III won the election to president 1851 seized power and became a dictator of France 1852 proclaimed himself emperor Dynasty and regain an empire Industrialization and the economy French products to fuel the gold rush Encourage joint-stock companies for industrial development Stability and public works programs Railroad construction Financial success for Bourgeoisie and Proletariat (more for the Bourgeoisie) Rebuilding Paris gentrification, conservative and proletariat forced out
Napoleon III in Foreign Affairs The Crimean War and the Wars of Italian Unification To increased land + diplomatic and economic power The Suez Canal free trade agreement with UK The Reform War in Mexico Civil war between liberals and conservatives 1861 Napoleon sent a military expedition to pacify Asked for help by conservatives and to set up a satellite Sent Maximilian von Habsburg for liberal reform French troops recalled killed by conservatives Napoleon III criticized more parliamentary control Franco-Prussian War = fear of Germany after 7 Weeks' War huge loss, didn't modernize the army Napoleon III captured by Prussia French national
England after the Reform Bill of 1832 1832 = Bourgeoisie over the workers = still need property to vote (only 20% could) Economy still productive as ever No threat of revolutions or civil war parliament Still, social problems poverty, disease and famine 1867 = Second Reform Bill = vote to male workers Male farm workers in 1884 1868 = Prime Minister William Gladstone = Liberal Ended protectionism, cut defense and lowered taxes Disestablished the Church of England in Ireland Made elementary school available to everyone Benjamin Disraeli = conservative = regulation
Russia Tsar rule with absolute power No parliament, constitution or civil liberties Secret police, serfdom and protests Peter the Great to Alexander I Interest in the west to fear of American problems Fear of a Russia without serfs Alexander II The Crimean War + Fear of revolutions = Abolish serfdom 1861 = emancipation 52 million people Landlord had to give land and the serfs gave payments Alexander still afraid, so no social mobility Farming stayed the same and peasants more upset than ever
The Great Reforms and the People Banking reforms creation of a small factory market Foreign investment in railways Started supplying grain to the world Still separate courts for peasants Conscription in army (copying Prussia) Zemstvos = local elected assemblies (1860s-1870s) Emergence of the Intelligentsia = critical of the Tsar Students sent abroad came back w/ liberalism + socialism Government forced them all to return 2500 of them went around educating the Russians Repression, fleeing to Europe and assassination attempts Alexander II ended reforms and killed in 1881
European Cultural Change: Women Bourgeois Women Industrialization separated home and work Women phased out of the workforce domestic goals Books teaching women domestic duties and getting a man Some protested lack of individualism and equal treatment Jane Austin and Florence Nightingale Proletariat Women Had to work for the family to survive Some laws only allowed women to work half a day 45% of textile workers in France (1866) 2 married English women in 5 worked in the mills Sexually transmitted diseases and illegitimate children Social problems often blamed on women in a man s world
European Cultural Change: Realism After the failures of 1848 = rejection of romanticism Paintings of starving people, funerals and workers Newspapers, Dickens and Fyodor Dostoyevsky Evils of modern life, poverty and bourgeoisie failures Photography Charles Darwin South America and the Galapagos on the Beagle On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859) = survival of the fittest The realist struggle of life Written in newspapers and popular works Religious, economic and political angles
Karl Marx The Darwin of Sociology Das Kapital (1867) Evolution to history + class fights = scientific socialism Friedrich Engels and materialism humans = labor 2 types of people = the bourgeoisie and the proletariat Monarchies Bourgeois Capitalism Socialism Surplus value to the Bourgeoisie Proletariat become alienated Would just get worse over time Workers of the world unite! Proletariat dictatorship utopia Huge impact = new view of society Workers injustice of capitalism Revisionist vs Orthodox in politics
Paris, 1870-1871 Napoleon III's capture = End of the 2nd French Empire Paris still fought the Germans = 3rd French Republic Only carrier pigeons and balloons could get in or out Eating cats, dogs, rats and zoo animals Only the wealthy could eat through the black market Rest of France agreed to a armistice with Germany Elections and Parisians betrayed by the peace treaty Fighting still in Paris between poor and wealthy National guard sent in to disarm Paris more fighting Parisians self-government = Paris Commune National guard brutally crushed it in May 1871
A New Europe: 1871 New fears and hopes Marxism Marx argued that Paris meant that the Revolution had begun, others saw it as a civil war Paris Commune cry for Marxist revolution around the world, others say that this was clear that nations would never allow revolutions again Industrialization dominates life in UK and Russia United Italy and Germany desperate to join European powers in power and industrialization Modernization = name of the game to gain power Reform and realpolitik replaces revolution as the way to progress