Chapter 9 Economic Transformation Industrial Revolution Division of Labor Industry in America 1790 1820 aided by transportation Industrial Revolution outwork system work done outside of shop modern factory slaughterhouses (Cincinnati) specialized tasks Porkopolis steam engines New Advances assembly lines Samuel Colt 6-shooter revolver Cyrus McCormick - reaper 1
Textiles British law hundreds of mechanics came to US Samuel Slater 1789 Moses Brown, RI opened cotton spinning mill in 1790 father of the American factory system 2
US Advantages natural resources cotton, wool rivers - energy British Advantages low interest rates cheap shipping cheap labor large population (landless) Protection of Industry 1816 Tariff 25% 1824 35% 1828 50% 1833 gradual reduction to 25% Competition Improved on British technology Francis Lowell visited Britain drew machinery refined in US Lowell System Boston Mfg. Company Used new, cheaper labor source young women farm families 3
Lowell, Mass (model factory) boardinghouses curfews, no alcohol church independence American Inventors Sellars Family Phila. Franklin Institute Other states US Patent Office 1820 200 per year 1840 4000 per year Yale tutor on GA cotton plantation machine to separate seeds Eli Whitney 10,000 muskets in 28 months Interchangeable parts contracts during War of 1812 4
Innovation Grows spinning jennies, weaving looms faster than Britain Singer sewing machines Remington rifles Wage-working Society master/servant boss/hired hand Two categories self-employed craftsmen wage-earning workers Labor Unions illegal under US, BR common law interfered with authority National Trades Union 1834 Boston to Phila. Labor Ideology labor theory of value price reflects labor most $ to individual who produced it 1836 50 strikes for higher wages Business Elite Social Structure large share of nation s wealth gov t policies lived separate lives 5
Middle Class farmers, mechanics, lawyers, surveyors growing class fairly well off education self-made man Urban Poor laborers unemployment in recessions wage: 1/2 to 2/3 of mechanics barely afford food, rent little education children worked tenements slums Benevolent Empire alcohol problem in 1820s, 1830s social reform movement alcohol, crime, prostitution, adultery social organizations Alcohol temperance insane asylums penitentiaries reform criminals Eastern State - 1829 observe the Sabbath women important role Charles G. Finney 2 nd Great Awakening spread God s word to all resistance poor immigrants (Irish) skilled laborers more education Temperance Crusade American Temperance Society 1826 2000 chapters within 5 years consumption declined religious values 6
Irish Immigration Immigration Potato Famine Settling / Survival Social Mobility Opposition German Immigration Reasons Settling in America Contributions Catholics Relied on church Church gained power population schools Nativism anti-catholic sentiment views of Church job competition Violence riots Know-Nothing Party American Party opposed immigration 7
Land Policies Market Revolution 1820 - $2.00 to $1.25 per acre 1840 5 million acres west of Appalachians Land Policies Transportation Turnpikes Roads Roads National Road 1811-1852 Canals Erie Canal - 1817 363 miles completed 1825 immigrant workers 5 mph 8
cheap shipping 20 days to 6 cities grew Benefits farming in NW canal-building boom Robert Fulton 1807 Clermont Fulton s Folly Steamboat Results interregional transportation travel time cut in ½ benefit post office 1860 over 1000 on Miss. River Canals, Steamboats, Railroads Railroads 1828 1 st RR in US benefits over canals problems 1860 30,000 miles 9
Erie RR PA RR NY Central RR RR Lines Baltimore & Ohio (B & O) Increased Trade lumber from NW wheat to Chicago to East livestock (hogs) manufactured goods to West Impact of RR s John Deere steel plow (1837) mass production (Midwest) national system of commerce South commitment to slavery Growth of Cities commercial hubs Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, New Orleans St. Louis, Detroit, Chicago, Buffalo New York City immigrants manufacturing / trade 1. New York 2. Philadelphia 3. St. Louis 4. Chicago Largest Cities 10