An analysis of demographic processes which presently represent important policy areas in Australian cities and regions Graeme J Hugo ARC Australian Professorial Fellow, Professor of Geography and Director of the Australian Population and Migration Research Centre, The University of Adelaide Kevin R Harris Australian Population and Migration Research Centre The University of Adelaide Prepared for National Growth Areas Alliance August 213 Australian Population and Migration Research Centre (APMRC) Incorporating GISCA Geography, Environment and Population School of Social Sciences Ground Floor, Napier Building, North Terrace University of Adelaide, SA 55 Ph: 61 8 8313 39 Fax: 61 8 8313 3498 Email: apmrc@adelaide.edu.au www.adelaide.edu.au/apmrc
3 CONTENTS 3 CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES... 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY... 8 CHAPTER 1. Introduction... 15 CHAPTER 2. Population change and ageing... 17 2.1 INTRODUCTION... 17 2.2 TOTAL POPULATION CHANGE, 21-211... 17 2.3 AGEING... 34 2.4 SUMMARY... 48 CHAPTER 3. International migration... 49 3.1 INTRODUCTION... 49 3.2 AUSTRALIAN AND OVERSEAS BORN... 49 3.3 MAIN BIRTHPLACE COUNTRIES OF MIGRANTS... 52 3.4 AGE STRUCTURE OF AUSTRALIAN BORN AND OVERSEAS BORN... 54 3.5 MULTICULTURAL DIVERSITY... 64 3.6 MIGRATION BY VISA CATEGORY... 69 3.7 COUNTRY OF BIRTH BY VISA CATEGORY... 8 3.8 SETTLEMENT TARGET GROUP... 91 3.9 VISA SUB CLASS... 93 3.1 SUMMARY... 93 CHAPTER 4. Internal migration... 96 4.1 INTRODUCTION... 96 4.2 MOBILITY 21-26... 96 4.3 SUMMARY... 99 CHAPTER 5. Households and families... 1 5.1 INTRODUCTION... 1 5.2 HOUSEHOLDS AND POPULATION GROWTH... 1 5.3 FAMILY COMPOSITION... 12 5.4 TENURE CHARACTERISTICS... 19 5.5 SUMMARY... 114 CHAPTER 6. POPULATION TRENDS WITH POLICY IMPLICATIONS... 116 APPENDICES... 117
4 LIST OF TABLES Table 2:1: Population change, Alliance LGAs, 26-211... 18 Table 2:2: Proportion of population by cohort, NGAA LGAs, 21, 26 & 211... 28 Table 2:3: Population change by age, NGAA LGAs, 21-26 and 26-211... 29 Table 2:4: Average annual change by age, NGAA LGAs, 21-26 and 26-211... 31 Table 2:5: Change in cohort representation, Alliance LGAs, 21-26 & 26-211... 44 Table 2:6: Dependent and Independent segments of the pop. 21, 26 & 211... 47 Table 3:1: Australian born and overseas born, NGAA LGAs, 21-211... 5 Table 3:2: Net overseas migration, NGAA LGAs, 21-211... 51 Table 3:3: Top Ten Birthplace Countries of Migrants, Alliance, 21-211... 52 Table 3:4: Age structure, Australian born and overseas born, NGAA LGAs, 26... 58 Table 3:5: Age structure, Australian born and overseas born, NGAA LGAs, 211... 63 Table 3:6: Australian, MES and NES born concentrations, NGAA LGAs, 211... 65 Table 3:7: Selected regions of birth, Persons, 211... 66 Table 3:8: Persons born in selected regions, 211... 67 Table 3:9: Australian born persons with overseas born parent, 211... 68 Table 3:1: Data maintained on DIAC Settlement Reporting Facility... 69 Table 3:11: Migration stream by visa category, Alliance LGAs, 21-212... 7 Table 3:12: Skilled migration entrants, Alliance LGAs, 21-212... 71 Table 3:13: Family migration entrants, Alliance LGAs, 21-212... 71 Table 3:14: Humanitarian migration entrants, Alliance LGAs, 21-212... 72 Table 3:15: Total Skilled, Family & Humanitarian Visas, Alliance LGAs, 21-212... 72 Table 3:16: Alliance LGAs ranked by skilled entrants, 21, 26, 212, 21-212... 77 Table 3:17: Alliance LGAs ranked by family entrants, 21, 26, 212, 21-212... 77 Table 3:18: Alliance LGAs ranked by humanitarian, 21, 26, 212, 21-212... 78 Table 3:19: Alliance LGAs ranked by total entrants, 21, 26, 212 and 21-212... 78 Table 3:2: Migration intakes compared with LGA share of state population, 211... 79 Table 3:21: Birthplace by visa category, NSW Alliance LGAs, 21-212... 8 Table 3:22: Birthplace by visa category, Victoria Alliance LGAs, 21-212... 82 Table 3:23: Birthplace by visa category, Queensland Alliance LGAs, 21-212... 85 Table 3:24: Birthplace by visa category, WA Alliance LGAs, 21-212... 86 Table 3:25: Birthplace by visa category, SA Alliance LGAs, 21-212... 9 Table 3:26: Settlement Target Group, Alliance LGAs, 212... 92 Table 4:1: Internal mobility, Alliance LGAs, 21-26... 97 Table 4:2: Internal mobility, Alliance LGAs, 26-211... 98
5 Table 5:1: Household and Population growth, NGAA LGAs, 21-211... 11 Table 5:2: Average household size, NGAA LGAs, 21-211... 12 Table 5:3: Couple families with no children, NGAA LGAs, 21-211... 13 Table 5:4: Couple families with children, NGAA LGAs, 21-211... 15 Table 5:5: Single parent families, NGAA LGAs, 21-211... 16 Table 5:6: Lone households, NGAA LGAs, 21-211... 17 Table 5:7: Group households, NGAA LGAs, 21-211... 19 Table 5:8: Households in fully owned dwellings, NGAA LGAs, 21-211... 11 Table 5:9: Households in mortgaged dwellings, NGAA LGAs, 21-211... 112 Table 5:1: Households in rented accommodation, NGAA LGAs, 21-211... 113
6 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: Intercensal Population Change, Age & Sex, NSW, 21 and 26... 19 Figure 2.2: Intercensal Population Change, Age and Sex, Victoria, 21 and 26... 2 Figure 2.3: Intercensal Population Change, Age and Sex, Queensland, 21 and 26... 21 Figure 2.4: Intercensal Population Change, Age and Sex, WA, 21 and 26... 21 Figure 2.5: Intercensal Population Change, Age and sex, SA, 21 and 26... 22 Figure 2.6: Intercensal Population Change, Age and Sex, Australia, 21 and 26... 23 Figure 2.7: Intercensal Population Change, Age and Sex, NSW, 26 and 211... 23 Figure 2.8: Intercensal Population Change, Age and Sex, Victoria, 26 and 211... 24 Figure 2.9: Intercensal Population Change, Age and Sex, Queensland, 26 and 211... 25 Figure 2.1: Intercensal Population Change, Age and Sex, WA, 26 and 211... 25 Figure 2.11: Intercensal Population Change, Age and Sex, SA, 26 and 211... 27 Figure 2.12: Intercensal Population Change, Age and sex, Australia, 26 and 211... 27 Figure 2.13: Age and Sex Structure, Alliance LGAs, NSW, 21 and 26... 35 Figure 2.14: Age and Sex Structures, Alliance LGAs, Victoria, 21 and 26... 36 Figure 2.15: Age and Sex Structures, Alliance LGAs, Queensland, 21 and 26... 37 Figure 2.16: Age and Sex Structures, Alliance LGAs, WA, 21 and 26... 37 Figure 2.17: Age and Sex Structures, Alliance LGAs, SA, 21 and 26... 38 Figure 2.18: Age and Sex Structures, Australia, 21 and 26... 39 Figure 2.19: Age and Sex Structures, Alliance LGAs, NSW, 26 and 211... 39 Figure 2.2: Age and sex structures, Alliance LGAs, Victoria, 26 and 211... 4 Figure 2.21: Age and Sex Structures, Alliance LGAs, Queensland, 26 and 211... 41 Figure 2.22: Age sex structures, Alliance LGAs, Western Australia, 26 and 211... 41 Figure 2.23: Age and Sex Structures, Alliance LGAs, South Australia, 26 and 211... 42 Figure 2.24: Age and sex structures, Australia, 26 and 211... 43 Figure 3.1: Australian and Overseas born age structure, Alliance LGAs, NSW, 26... 54 Figure 3.2: Australian and Overseas born age structure, Alliance LGAs, Vic, 26... 55 Figure 3.3: Australian and Overseas born age structure, Alliance LGAs, Qnslnd, 26... 56 Figure 3.4: Australian and Overseas born age structure, Alliance LGAs, WA, 26... 56 Figure 3.5: Australian and Overseas born age structure, Alliance LGAs, SA, 26... 57 Figure 3.6: Australian and Overseas born age structure, Alliance LGAs, NSW, 211... 59 Figure 3.7: Australian and Overseas born age structure, Alliance LGAs, Vic, 211... 6 Figure 3.8: Australian and Overseas born age structure, Alliance LGAs, Qnslnd, 211... 61 Figure 3.9: Australian and Overseas born age structure, Alliance LGAs, WA, 211... 61 Figure 3.1: Australian and Overseas born age structure, Alliance LGAs, SA, 211... 62
7 Figure 3.11: Entrants by visa category, NSW Alliance members, 21-212... 73 Figure 3.12: Entrants by visa category, Victoria Alliance members, 21-212... 73 Figure 3.13: Entrants by visa category, Queensland Alliance members, 21-212... 74 Figure 3.14: Entrants by visa category, SA Alliance members, 21-212... 75 Figure 3.15: Entrants by visa category, WA Alliance members, 21-212... 75
8 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The 26-11 period was one of unprecedented population growth in Australia the population increased by 1.89 million or 9.2 percent compared with 1.18 million (6.1 percent) between 21-6 (ABS, 213). This growth brought with it a number of challenges and opportunities for Australia. However, this growth is not randomly distributed across Australia. One of the main areas to have experienced this growth is the outer metropolitan areas of Australia s mainland capital cities. This report summarises some major dimensions of recent population dynamics in the local government areas located in these zones in Australian capitals which are part of the National Growth Areas Alliance. Understanding these population dynamics within Alliance LGAs is vital as they present a number of challenges and opportunities with important policy implications: The LGAs are absorbing a disproportionately large share of national growth in both population and households twice their proportionate share on average but greater in several LGAs. They are absorbing a disproportionate share of growth in the dependent children and youth groups. While they have a lower share of the nation s rapidly growing aged population, it is growing faster in Alliance LGAs than in the nation as a whole. Alliance LGAs absorb a disproportionately large share of new immigrants settling in Australia this is especially notable for humanitarian migrants, almost 1 in 3 of whom settle in these LGAs. Since these groups have especially significant needs of support in the early years of settlement, this represents an important feature of several of the LGAs. Alliance LGAs are characterised by immigrant settlement of particular groups including those from Mainly English Speaking backgrounds (especially young families), Indian background, Fijian and Philippines-born. More than half of residents in these areas are a migrant or the child of a migrant. Alliance LGAs have a disproportionately large share of persons who moved within Australia during the 26-11 period. This is an important part of the changing dynamics of these areas and can create challenges for infrastructure and service provision. There is a dominance of working families with mortgages in these areas. There is a disproportionate representation of couples and single parent families with children. This Report aims to provide the NGAA with background information and data as a tool that can inform their representations to various levels of government on the need for appropriate infrastructure to accommodate changing population compositions with its membership group. Accordingly, the principal task for the Report is to prepare a narrative around a range of data relating to five key demographic processes: Population Change and Growth Ageing Ethnic Diversity Internal Mobility Households and Families
9 Population Increase and Growth Rates In 26 the NGAA council areas contained 14.7 percent of Australia s total population, however over the 26-11 period they absorbed 3.4 percent of the nation s population growth. By 211 its share of the entire national population was 15.9 percent. The total NGAA population increased from 2.6 million in 21 to 3.4 million in 211. This represents an important mismatch because many allocations of resources are based on the census population rather than on growth. It is important to note that there is some variation between the NGAA council areas in their growth rates. Overall they grew at twice the rate (3.2 percent per annum) as the nation as a whole (1.6 percent per annum) over the 26-11 period. While there were some areas which grew at below the national average growth rate, there were a number which grew at more than three times the national rate. Whereas the total population within the NGAA LGAs increased by around 321, persons between 21 and 26, the size of the increase in the ensuing period(26 to 211) was 57 percent greater than that for 21-26. In terms of reasons for this, fertility and migration, both international and internal, are probably significant. With respect to fertility, in absolute terms, the years cohort increased nearly four times more during 26-211 than in the previous five year period and, as would be expected, we also saw large increases in the 25-44 years cohort, the group most likely responsible for the growth in the years cohort. Almost one in five Australian children aged in 211 live in the Alliance LGAs and indeed this is the case for all dependent age children and has major implications for the growth in demand for child care, education, recreation opportunities and other services. Ageing of the population The growth of the older population is both a challenge and an opportunity for any community. It is a challenge in terms of the greatly increased numbers of older people who will place pressure on a range of services at a time when workforce growth is slowing. However, it is an opportunity to harness the talents of older people in a way which can add to any area s sustainability, prosperity and equity goals. The ageing crunch in most areas will not hit until the 22s when the last of the baby boomers moves into older age - around a decade from now - but if the crunch is to be met successfully there must be appropriate planning and policy development now to put in place measures to accommodate the pressures generated by an ageing population. However it must also be remembered that increasingly older people are remaining in the workforce longer - particularly those engaged in the service industry and white collar employment- and this will slightly delay the shift in the dependency ratios as this group continue to work and pay taxes. It should be noted that the 65+ population are under-represented in the region as a whole with 11.5 percent of the nation s older people living in those areas. Nevertheless, there are some LGAs where there is an overrepresentation of older persons. Moreover there was a growth of the 65+ in all of the LGAs. It needs to be noted that the 65+ can face particular challenges. This means that accessibility to public transport and to services is sometimes more difficult than it is in middle and inner suburbs, and housing needs and preference may change over time. This can present challenges to older people who are living alone, who do not have access to a motor vehicle and/or who are still living in the large family home.
1 Two evolving elements associated with the growth of the older population in NGAA LGAs should be especially noted: There has been especially rapid growth of the years early baby boomers age group in Alliance LGAs. This presages an impending rapid expansion of the 65+ population as these residents potentially age in place in the future. There is an increasing pattern for aged care institutions to locate in NGAA LGAs to take advantage of availability of greenfield sites and cheaper land costs. The number of such institutions in the LGAs increased from 252 in 26 to 273 in 211. International Migration In Australia international migration has been a significant contributor to population growth from the 195s onwards. In 211, the number of overseas born in Australia was close to 5.3 million, representing 26 percent of the total Australian population. Between 21 and 26, net international migration to Australia was 311, 435, while in the following five year period to 211, net international migration was over 876,. In 211, at the Alliance level, 3.7 percent of the total population, almost one million people, were born overseas. This representation had increased from 27.2 percent of total population or almost 67,, in 21. Significantly, the overseas born in the total population, at the Alliance level, is around four percent higher than the levels of overseas born in the total Australian population. Therefore, at the total level, overseas born persons are a significant proportion of communities in most NGAA LGAs. It must be remembered though that the overseas-born population includes many people who have been living in Australia for a very long time, this is not related only to new migrants. However, it does show a representation of Australia s diversity. Between 21 and 26, net international migration within all the NGAA LGAs was just over 93, migrants. In the following period, 26-211, the significance of international migration in the Alliance LGAs increased enormously, with net international migration increasing by 15 percent to 233,52. Significantly, no LGA experienced net international migration loss indicating that migration plays a considerable role in population dynamics for Alliance LGAs and four LGAs, Wyndham, Casey, Wanneroo and Blacktown had increases of over 2, migrants between 26 and 211. At the Alliance level, the Australian born population comprised just short of two thirds of the total population, with Mainly English Speaking countries (MES) born migrants comprising 21.8 percent and persons from Non-English Speaking countries (NES) representing 12.5 percent of total population. Compared with the situation prevailing at the national level, the NGAA LGAs have a greater concentration than might be expected of MES born persons, while for the Australian and NES born populations, the Alliance levels are less than those prevailing within the greater Australian context. What this suggests is that MES born persons are attracted to Alliance LGAs in greater proportions than might be expected based on their share of the Australian population. However, this overconcentration of MES born persons is confined to Alliance LGAs situated in Queensland, Western Australia and South Australia. All the Alliance LGAs in New South Wales and Victoria have MES born concentrations less than the Australian level. In terms of NES born persons, most Alliance LGAs are above the national concentration, and in this case they are distributed more uniformly among the states. When the overall situation prevailing at the Alliance level is compared with that for Australia, it can be seen that in terms of where migrants come from, the Alliance situation is
11 fairly representative of the situation prevailing at the Australia level, with any difference being less than one percent. Generally Alliance LGAs had higher than expected levels of Australian born persons with an overseas born parent(s) second generation migrants. For the Alliance LGAs this represented 51.4 per cent of the Australian born population, compared to 39.1 per cent of the total Australian born population. This suggests that for most Alliance LGAs there is a strong and sustained connection to Australia s migration program, and that it is highly likely that this will have policy implications for these LGAs and potentially migration rates in the future as migrant settlement is often related to existing social networks and the development or existence of ethnic communities. In the 21 to 212 period, some 24,486 migrants with a skilled visa settled in the various member LGAs. This was nearly double the number of migrants arriving under the family reunion scheme. During the same period there were 19, migrants arriving in Australia indicating an intention to settle in an Alliance LGA. Finally, numbers arriving into Alliance LGAs under the government s humanitarian refugee scheme amounted to some 45,536 immigrants during the 21-212 period In the report an estimate is also made of the share of the burden of settling migrants from different visa categories that is undertaken by Alliance LGAs. Each Alliance LGA s share of its state population in 211 is compared with its share of each of the three migration streams Humanitarian, Family and Skilled visa - arriving in their state for 211. The argument here is that if an LGA has a certain proportion of its state population it might be expected to receive a similar proportion of the state s migration intake. Where this does not occur, it indicates that certain processes are at work to cause an imbalance between proportion of state population and proportion of migration intake received. These imbalances can be an indication of the significant role LGAs carry in settling migrants into their areas. LGAs which received a share of family migration greater than might be expected on the basis of their share of state population were Blacktown, Liverpool, Casey, Hume, Whittlesea, Wanneroo, Cockburn and Kwinana. For skilled migration, LGAs receiving more immigrants with this visa category were Wyndham, Whittlesea, Wanneroo, Cockburn and Rockingham. In the case of humanitarian stream migrants, LGAs which appear to be shouldering the burden of this group, relative to their share of state population, are Blacktown, Liverpool, Casey, Wyndham, Hume, Logan, Wanneroo and Playford. Three LGAs had shares of each migration stream above their share of their state s population. These LGAs Wyndham, Whittlesea and Wanneroo are clear migrant reception centres within the Alliance, and in their strong migrant populations may raise a number on planning and policy issues within these jurisdictions. The mix of visa categories among immigrants settling in an area can have an important impact on demand for services. The data presented shows the mix of visa categories of permanent migrants arriving in Australia between 26 and 211 and settling in the Alliance LGAs. This shows an overall overrepresentation with one in five permanent migrants arriving in Australia over the 26-11 period settling in the Alliance LGAs. Especially significant, however, is that 28.7 percent of all humanitarian arrivals settled in Alliance LGAs. This is particularly important because they are heavily dependent on assistance in their early years of settlement in Australia. Again, there are important variations between Alliance LGAs especially in relation to humanitarian migrant settlement.
12 Internal Mobility Australians are the most mobile society in the contemporary world. The 211 Census indicated that 15.8 percent of Australians had moved their permanent place of residence during the previous five years, the highest rate of residential mobility of any country. The data shows that, during the 21-26 period, a group of LGAs Blacktown, Campbelltown, Liverpool, Penrith, Logan and Armadale which experienced net migration losses during the period. In these LGAs, net migration losses ranged from 2,115 (Armadale) to 1,741 (Blacktown). A second group of LGAs experienced substantial net migration gains. In these LGAs net gains from internal migration ranged from 11,56 in Casey to 17,386 in Moreton Bay. LGAs with gains between these extremes were Wyndham, Melton, Ipswich and Wanneroo. A third group of LGAs had only moderate to small growth from net internal migration, and included Whittlesea, Serpentine-Jarrahdale, Kwinana and Playford Any analysis of internal mobility will identify sinks and sources - areas that are attractive to people and areas that are unattractive for a variety of reasons. LGAs which experience gains are considered sinks - they have people pouring into them to take advantage of what they offer. These LGAs are attractive in a variety of ways and indicators of the reasons for population increase lies partly in examining the social characteristics (such as age, income, education) of the increasing population. In the same way, source LGAs are areas that experience population losses. These LGAs may have various drivers behind population loss such as loss of employment opportunities, lack of higher education options, poor commuter routes to cities, escalating property prices and so forth. In order for any community to understand their role as a sink or source location it is important to examine the social and demographic characteristics of population change over time. This will give some indication of who is leaving and/or who is arriving. Households and Families When Alliance data are compared with the situation prevailing at the Australia level, the comparisons are revealing. Household growth during the 21-26 period was twice the rate which occurred at the Australia level, while in the following five year period to 212 average annual household growth was more than twice the rate prevailing in Australia. The same observations can be made in respect to average annual change in population. The clear conclusion is that in the NGAA LGAs population growth and household growth has been occurring at levels around twice those occurring at the wider Australia level. The NGAA membership comprises, therefore, LGAs that are accommodating huge population and associated household growth. Couple families with children are the dominant family type in Australian communities. While there was a slight downturn in the proportion of couple families with children across the Alliance LGAs when benchmarked against the situation prevailing in Australia the levels in the Alliance group are considerably higher than those prevailing at the Australia level. This shows the significance of this household type within the Alliance, and it is therefore an element of the LGAs demography that demands policy attention of various kinds. In the 21-26 period, average annual growth in this family type was 1.4 percent, rising to 2.9 percent in the 26-211 period. These levels are considerably higher than the levels prevailing for Australia as a whole at.3 and 1.4 percent respectively. In the NGAA LGAs lone households represented 17.6 percent of all households in 211, an increase of one percent on the concentration in 21. These levels are low when benchmarked against the situation for Australia, where the concentration of lone households
13 has remained fairly steady at around 23 percent between 21 and 211. Again, this is indicative of the strong representation of young families in the NGAA LGAs, with lower numbers of older people who predominate in the single person household category. However, the growth rate for this household type has been similar to that for couple only families. At the aggregate level, lone households grew by 3.8 percent between 21 and 26, declining marginally to 3.4 percent in the 26-211 period. Compared with growth rates of the household type in Australia, those occurring in the Alliance are significant. Australia reported average annual growth of just 1.5 percent in the 21-26 period, and 1.7 percent in the following five year period. It means that this household type is a developing phenomenon within the Alliance LGAs and one that may attract the attention of planners and policy makers within the various jurisdictions. At the aggregate level, it is clear that within the Alliance LGAs, the proportions of households living in fully owned housing has fallen from almost one third in 21 to just under a quarter in 211. This tendency has occurred in every LGA within the Alliance during the ten years to 211. The main driving factor in this trend has been an expanding housing market in these growth areas in which increasing numbers of households are in the mortgage repayment phase of their housing careers. The same tendencies can be noted at the Australia level, although nationally there are higher proportions of households owning their dwelling outright. This is to be expected because the Alliance comprises growth LGAs where outright ownership will be less than the number of relatively new households in the process of paying off their mortgage. It also points to the higher levels of young families (who are less likely to have paid off a mortgage) in Alliance LGAs compared to Australia as a whole. In Summary The following table highlights the key population figures that are impacting and shaping the Alliance LGAs today. Alliance LGAs as a Percent of Australia s Population as a Whole Source: ABS 211 Census Total population 15.9 Population growth 26-11 35.4 Household Growth 26-11 31.6 All migrants 19. Recent migrants 17.5 Persons aged 65+ 11.5 Persons aged less than 15 19. Single parent families 18.3 Internal migrants 16.5 Persons aged 19.4 Data are presented in this report, together with an accompanying narrative, to inform future policy analysis and strategies by the member LGAs of the NGAA. The report does not, therefore, have a key aim of necessarily providing policy and planning direction. Rather, it has been prepared as a tool that should be useful to planners in defining policy and direction within their respective jurisdictions.
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15 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION This report is a response to the National Growth Areas Alliance s (variously referred to as the NGAA or the Alliance) need for background information that can used as a tool to inform their representations to various levels of government on the need for appropriate infrastructure to accommodate changing population compositions in its member local government areas that have occurred as a result of a number of developing social and demographic processes. In the report, data collection has been confined to the 25 NGAA member LGAs (see Box 1). Box 1: The National Growth Alliance (NGAA) Local Government Areas New South Wales Victoria Queensland Western Australia South Australia Blacktown, Camden, Campbelltown, Liverpool and Penrith Casey, Cardinia, Wyndham, Melton, Hume and Whittlesea Moreton Bay, Logan and Ipswich Gosnells, Wanneroo, Swan, Cockburn, Mandurah, Serpentine-Jarrahdale, Kwinana, Armadale and Rockingham Mount Barker and Playford All data presented in this report is based on ABS Census data, both 211 Census data and Time Series data to indicate population trends from 21, 26 and 211 1. The report is based around a range of data relating to four key demographic processes which presently represent important policy areas in Australian cities and regions, including areas embraced by the NGAA membership. These are: Ageing Ethnic Diversity Internal mobility Households and Families These data are presented, together with an accompanying narrative, to inform future policy analysis and strategies by the member LGAs of the NGAA. The report does not, therefore, have a key aim of necessarily providing policy and planning direction. Rather, it has been prepared as a tool that should be useful to planners in defining policy and direction within their respective jurisdictions. While providing a reasonably comprehensive commentary to accompany the data that have been assembled, it is not the role of the report to indicate areas of policy reforms, or approaches that might be taken to achieve these. However, that is not to 1 Please note that ABS Time Series data (using Place of Enumeration) and 211 Census data (through ABS Table Builder using Usual Place of Residence and excluding overseas visitors) is not available for Estimated Resident Population (ERP) data and therefore some population figures may be lower than those cited by the ABS for ERP. ERP population figures are based on census counts by place of usual residence (excluding overseas visitors in Australia), with an allowance for net census undercount, to which are added the number of Australian residents estimated to have been temporarily overseas at the time of the census. ERP figures are calculated as of the 3 th of June, not from the Census night figures in August.
16 say that some of the commentary may intuitively indicate areas demanding policy attention, either presently, or at some future time. The report begins with a consideration of population change during the 21-211 period, including some commentary on the developing issue of ageing in Australia, Chapter Two. It then moves on in Chapter Three to a presentation of material related to international migration, because it is a significant contributor to population change in any area. In this section issues associated with multicultural diversity, the age structure of the overseas born, and the ageing process within this group is considered. This includes a comprehensive array of data relating to international migration, and the characteristics of migrants, collected by the Census. However, data on the migration, or visa, status of migrants cannot be gained from Census data. However, these migrant characteristics can have huge implications for planners and policy makers who want to meet the needs of migrants with particular social and economic characteristics associated with their visa status. Recognising this, the report has accessed data maintained by the Department of Immigration and Citizenship (DIAC) on its Settlement Reporting Facility (SRF). In Chapter Four the report explores how population in the member LGAs has changed through internal mobility, for both the 21-26 and 26-211 periods. Chapter Five provides an exploration of the social processes currently at work in Australia which significantly impact on the structure of households and families within communities. In this section, the report will identify a number of developing tendencies for households and families, based on evidence from the 21, 26 and 211 Censuses. Finally, Chapter Six presents a short précis of significant policy issues that Alliance LGHAs may wish to consider for future planning and resource allocation.
17 CHAPTER 2. POPULATION CHANGE AND AGEING 2.1 INTRODUCTION The principal aim in this chapter is to present a series of data relating to population change in the Alliance LGAs, along with a narrative designed to show and explain the main population trends occurring in each of the member LGAs. Wherever possible, the data are benchmarked against the situation prevailing in both the Alliance as a whole and for Australia. The emphasis is on trends through temporal change within each of the LGAs. The aim is to allow readers to identify any implications the data may present for them in their own contexts. In this chapter: We show absolute intercensal population change by age cohort within each Alliance LGA for both the 21-26 and 26-211 periods. Absolute numbers are often useful in determining whether or not policy action is necessary. Intercensal change data are also presented as proportions of total population to show the situation in each LGA with the impact of areal size of LGA eliminated. We look closely at change in various cohorts the very young, school aged children, the upper school/university/tafe and early workforce group, the early career workforce, the mature aged workforce, older workforce/early retirement group, young-old, old-old and the very old. Population ageing is examined, looking at cohorts whose representation in the total population has either increased, decreased or remained steady. This is important information in terms of understanding the ageing process in any area. 2.2 TOTAL POPULATION CHANGE, 21-211 Table 2:1 shows total population numbers in each of the Alliance LGAs for each of 21, 26 and 211, as well as population change for the 21-26 and 26-211 periods. Data for population change are also compared with rates prevailing within the total Alliance membership and for Australia. The table shows that most LGAs have experienced substantial population change at each of the Censuses since 21. Three LGAs, Campbelltown, Penrith and Armadale experienced decline during the 21-26 period, while all LGAs experienced growth in the following period to 211. In terms of average annual growth, there are a number of key points emerging from this table. Firstly, in the 21-26 period 15 LGAs had growth rates that exceeded the level for all Alliance members. Further, all but four had growth rates greater than that prevailing for Australia. Hence, significant population growth was a feature of Alliance LGAs during the 21-26 period. In the subsequent period, 26-211, 13 LGAs experienced growth at rates greater than that prevailing within the Alliance membership. Relative to growth at the Australia level, only two LGAs, Campbelltown and Penrith, had lower rates of growth in the 26-211 period. Hence, during the 26-211 period, Alliance LGAs generally experienced high rates of total population growth.
18 Table 2:1: Population change, Alliance LGAs, 26-211 Source: ABS Time Series Profile, 21-211 Local Government Area Population Population change Average annual change, % 21 26 211 21-26 26-211 21-26 26-211 Blacktown (C) 255195 27748 299892 15553 29144 1.2 2.1 Camden (A) 43779 4926 56181 5427 6975 2.4 2.7 Campbelltown (C) 145294 142383 145799-2911 3416 -.4.5 Liverpool (C) 153633 16444 179864 187 15424 1.4 1.8 Penrith (C) 17187 171567 177981-33 6414..7 Casey (C) 17555 212795 2569 3729 37274 3.9 3.3 Cardinia (S) 4535 56152 72834 1847 16682 4.4 5.3 Wyndham (C) 84861 111653 1695 26792 48442 5.6 7.5 Melton (S) 51685 78275 18564 2659 3289 8.7 6.8 Hume (C) 131182 14783 167184 1591 211 2.3 2.6 Whittlesea (C) 113784 123997 153997 1213 3 1.7 4.4 Moreton Bay (R) 279319 32221 373159 42882 5958 2.9 3. Logan (C) 231449 248984 275234 17535 2625 1.5 2. Ipswich (C) 122344 13893 165279 15749 27186 2.5 3.7 Gosnells (C) 79782 9251 14964 1469 14713 2.5 3.1 Wanneroo (C) 88 18779 148993 28771 4214 6.3 6.5 Swan (C) 82126 92161 16958 135 14797 2.3 3. Cockburn (C) 65996 73367 8862 7371 14695 2.1 3.7 Mandurah (C) 44883 53555 66885 8672 1333 3.6 4.5 Serpentine-Jarrahdale (S) 1162 12598 17212 1536 4614 2.6 6.4 Kwinana (T) 2765 2288 28657 2115 5777 2. 4.6 Armadale (C) 49893 49725 6169-168 11344 -.1 4.2 Rockingham (C) 78 82293 11365 12285 1972 3.3 4.3 Mount Barker (DC) 2278 25829 2995 349 3266 2.5 2.4 Playford (C) 66758 69419 7859 2661 9171.8 2.5 Total 2599266 2918434 3417982 319168 499548 2.3 3.2 Australian population 18733485 19821128 2146682 187643 1645674 1.1 1.6 When comparing absolute population numbers it may be that large LGAs may contain a bigger population. Comparing absolute population numbers across LGAs that vary in size may not necessarily be constructive or informative. However, it is the case that absolute population numbers may be of critical importance in terms of determining community need and the level of service provision required to meet this need. Hence, the series of age and sex structures below show, in absolute terms, the intercensal change by age cohort for each of the Alliance LGAs for the 21 to 26 period. The series is useful in terms of: Identifying the extent of population growth, or decline, in any cohort. Developing hypotheses to account for these trends. Generating policy to accommodate these trends. Comparing tendencies between member LGAs Benchmarking the situation in Alliance LGAs and that prevailing in Australia.
19 Figure 2.1: Intercensal Population Change, Age and Sex, New South Wales, 21 and 26 Source: ABS Time Series Profile, 21-211 Blacktown, 21 and 26 21 shaded Liverpool 21 and 26 21 shaded 3, 2, 1, 1, 2, 3, 2, 15, 1, 5, 5, 1, 15, 2, Penrith 21 and 26 21 shaded Campbelltown, 21 and 26 21 shaded 2, 15, 1, 5, 5, 1, 15, 2, 15, 1, 5, 5, 1, 15, Camden, 21 and 26 21 shaded 6, 4, 2, 2, 4, 6,
Figure 2.2: Intercensal Population Change, Age and Sex, Victoria, 21 and 26 Source: ABS Time Series Profile, 21-211 Casey 21 and 26 21 shaded Melton 21 and 26 21 shaded 3, 2, 1, 1, 2, 3, 8, 6, 4, 2, 2, 4, 6, 8, 1, Cardinia 21 and 26 21 shaded Hume 21 and 26 21 shaded 6, 4, 2, 2, 4, 6, 15, 1, 5, 5, 1, 15, Wyndham 21 and 26 21 shaded Whittlesea 21 and 26 21 shaded 15, 1, 5, 5, 1, 15, 15, 1, 5, 5, 1, 15,
21 Figure 2.3: Intercensal Population Change, Age and Sex, Queensland, 21 and 26 Source: ABS Time Series Profile, 21-211 Moreton Bay 21 and 26 21 shaded Ipswich 21 and 26 21 shaded 3, 2, 1, 1, 2, 3, 15, 1, 5, 5, 1, 15, Logan 21 and 26 21 shaded 3, 2, 1, 1, 2, 3, Figure 2.4: Intercensal Population Change, Age and Sex, Western Australia, 21 and 26 Source: ABS Time Series Profile, 21-211 Gosnells 21 and 26 21 shaded Swan 21 and 26 21 shaded 8, 6, 4, 2, 2, 4, 6, 8, 1, 5, 5, 1, Wanneroo 21 and 26 21 shaded Cockburn 21 and 26 21 shaded 15, 1, 5, 5, 1, 15, 8, 6, 4, 2, 2, 4, 6, 8,
22 Mandurah 21 and 26 21 shaded Armadale 21 and 26 21 shaded 6, 4, 2, 2, 4, 6, 6, 4, 2, 2, 4, 6, Serpentine-Jarrahdale 21 and 26 21 shaded Rockingham 21 and 26 21 shaded 1,5 1, 5 5 1, 1,5 8, 6, 4, 2, 2, 4, 6, 8, Kwinana 21 and 26 21 shaded 2, 1,5 1, 5 5 1, 1,5 2, Figure 2.5: Intercensal Population Change, Age and sex, South Australia, 21 and 26 Source: ABS Time Series Profile, 21-211 Mount Barker 21 and 26 21 shaded Playford 21 and 26 21 shaded 3, 2, 1, 1, 2, 3, 8, 6, 4, 2, 2, 4, 6, 8,
23 Figure 2.6 allows each of the preceding age sex intercensal change structures to be compared with the situation prevailing for Australia during the same period. Figure 2.6: Intercensal Population Change, Age and Sex, Australia, 21 and 26 Source: ABS Time Series Profile, 21-211 Australia 21 and 26 21 shaded 2. 1.5 1..5..5 1. 1.5 2. (million) In the following graph series, the same approach as above is used to show actual intercensal change for each cohort for the 26 to 211 period. The series can be used in the same way as suggested for the pervious series, namely: Identifying the extent of population growth, or decline, in any cohort. Developing hypotheses to account for these trends. Generating policy to accommodate these trends. Comparing tendencies between member LGAs Benchmarking the situation in Alliance LGAs and that prevailing in Australia. However, in addition, the two series can be compared to determine the nature of population change in each of the cohorts between the 21-26 and 26-211 periods. For example, you can see in Figure 2.7 that while Blacktown and Camden have experienced population increases in all ages between 26 and 211, for Penrith and Campbelltown this growth has been in the older age cohorts only. Figure 2.7: Intercensal Population Change, Age and Sex, New South Wales, 26 and 211 Source: ABS Time Series Profile, 21-211 Blacktown 26 and 211 26 shaded Camden 26 and 211 26 shaded 3, 2, 1, 1, 2, 3, 6, 4, 2, 2, 4, 6,
24 Campbelltown 26 and 211 26 shaded 15, 1, 5, 5, 1, 15, Penrith 26 and 211 26 shaded 15, 1, 5, 5, 1, 15, Liverpool 26 and 211 21 shaded 2, 15, 1, 5, 5, 1, 15, 2, Figure 2.8: Intercensal Population Change, Age and Sex, Victoria, 26 and 211 Source: ABS Time Series Profile, 21-211 Casey 26 and 211 26 shaded Wyndham 26 and 211 26 shaded 25,2,15,1, 5, 5, 1,15,2,25, 2, 15, 1, 5, 5, 1, 15, 2, Cardinia 26 and 211 26 shaded 8, 6, 4, 2, 2, 4, 6, 8, Hume 26 and 211 26 shaded 15, 1, 5, 5, 1, 15,
25 Melton 26 and 211 26 shaded Whittlesea 26 and 211 26 shaded 15, 1, 5, 5, 1, 15, 15, 1, 5, 5, 1, 15, Figure 2.9: Intercensal Population Change, Age and Sex, Queensland, 26 and 211 Source: ABS Time Series Profile, 21-211 Moreton Bay 26 and 211 26 shaded Ipswich 26 and 211 26 shaded 4, 3, 2, 1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 15, 1, 5, 5, 1, 15, Logan 26 and 211 26 shaded 3, 2, 1, 1, 2, 3, Figure 2.1: Intercensal Population Change, Age and Sex, Western Australia, 26 and 211 Source: ABS Time Series Profile, 21-211 Gosnells 26 and 211 26 shaded 1, 5, 5, 1, Serpentine-Jarrahdale 26 and 211 26 shaded 2, 1,5 1, 5 5 1, 1,5 2,
26 Wanneroo 26 and 211 26 shaded Kwinana 26 and 211 26 shaded 15, 1, 5, 5, 1, 15, 3, 2, 1, 1, 2, 3, Swan 26 and 211 26 shaded 1, 5, 5, 1, Armadale 26 and 211 26 shaded 6, 4, 2, 2, 4, 6, Cockburn 26 and 211 26 shaded 8, 6, 4, 2, 2, 4, 6, 8, Rockingham 26 and 211 26 shaded 1, 5, 5, 1, Mandura 26 and 211 26 shaded 6, 4, 2, 2, 4, 6,
27 Figure 2.11: Intercensal Population Change, Age and Sex, South Australia, 26 and 211 Source: ABS Time Series Profile, 21-211 Mount Barker 26 and 211 26 shaded Playford 26 and 211 26 shaded 3, 2, 1, 1, 2, 3, 8, 6, 4, 2, 2, 4, 6, 8, Figure 2.12 allows each of the preceding age sex intercensal change structures to be compared with the situation prevailing for Australia during the same period. Figure 2.12: Intercensal Population Change, Age and sex, Australia, 26 and 211 Source: ABS Time Series Profile, 21-211 Australia 26 and 211 26 shaded 2. 1.5 1..5..5 1. 1.5 2. (million) While comparing numbers over time within one LGA offers insight into population trends and change comparing absolute numbers between LGAs is usually not appropriate, due mainly to the varying areal sizes of LGAs. Appendix One shows population numbers for each of the NGAA LGAs by each age cohort at the 21, 26 and 211 Censuses. The table is essentially for reference, with its main intention to provide an indication of the magnitude of numbers in each cohort at each Census, and to give an initial indication of the nature of any change through time in any cohort. Accordingly, Table 2:2 converts the actual numbers in any cohort as a percentage of the LGA s total population. In the process, the concentrations in one LGA can properly be compared with those in other LGAs. The key attributes of Table 2:2 are that it allows for an indication of: the dominant cohorts in any LGA. the size of the young, school aged, youth, early workforce, pre-retirement, young-old and old-old cohorts to be gauged how these relative concentrations vary between the various Alliance LGAs. how these relative concentrations are changing temporally.
28 Table 2:2: Proportion of population in each cohort, NGAA LGAs, 21, 26 and 211 Source: ABS Time Series Profile, 21-211 Local Government Area 25-44 21 26 211 21 26 211 21 26 211 21 26 211 21 26 211 Blacktown (C) 8.7 8.2 8.4 16.6 16.4 15.2 14.9 14.6 14.1 31.6 3.5 3.3 13. 12.9 12.9 Camden (A) 9.1 8.5 8.1 17.4 17.1 16.3 13.2 13.5 13.7 33.2 31. 29.3 12.6 12.7 13.1 Campbelltown (C) 8. 7.5 7.5 18.1 16.4 14.5 16.6 16.6 15.5 29.6 27.4 27.2 14.3 14.6 13.9 Liverpool (C) 8.8 8.2 7.8 16.5 16.5 15.6 14.5 14.5 14.6 33.6 31.1 29.6 11.8 12.7 13.7 Penrith (C) 8.1 7.5 7.6 16.4 15.5 14.1 16. 15.6 14.8 31.5 29.4 28.9 13.7 14. 13.6 Casey (C) 8.7 7.8 7.9 17.8 16.8 15.4 13.8 14.3 14.4 33.5 31.2 3.2 12.6 13.6 13.8 Cardinia (S) 7.8 7.6 8.2 18. 17.3 15.5 12.7 13.3 13.8 3.2 28.7 28.9 13.7 13.7 13.5 Wyndham (C) 7.9 8.2 9.2 17.7 15.9 14.4 14.4 14. 13.5 33.7 33.5 35.1 13.2 13.3 12.4 Melton (S) 8.2 8.9 9.2 17.4 15.8 15.5 15.9 14.3 13.4 32.8 34.1 34. 14.6 13. 12. Hume (C) 8.4 7.5 7.5 17.8 16.8 15.2 14.6 15.2 15.4 32.1 3.2 29.4 12.6 13.2 13.8 Whittlesea (C) 7.5 7.1 7.4 15.6 14.7 13.4 15.1 14.6 13.9 32.2 3.4 31.5 13.3 13.6 12.9 Moreton Bay (R) 7.3 7.1 7.5 16.4 15.5 14.6 13.2 12.8 13.1 28.4 27.2 26.8 14.1 13.6 13.3 Logan (C) 8. 7.6 8.2 17.6 16.5 15.2 15.6 15.2 14.9 3. 28.6 28.3 14.2 13.7 13. Ipswich (C) 8. 7.9 8.7 16.7 16.2 15.3 14.8 14.7 14.9 29.9 28.8 29.2 12.8 13. 12.7 Gosnells (C) 7.7 7.4 7.5 15.9 14.9 13.9 15.5 15.1 14.9 3.1 29.2 3.2 14.4 13.5 12.5 Wanneroo (C) 8.8 8.2 8.6 17.8 17.2 16.2 13.8 13.8 14.2 31.7 31. 31. 12.5 12.2 12.6 Swan (C) 8.4 7.7 7.5 17.5 16.5 15.1 13.7 14.2 14.5 32.7 3.1 29.2 12.5 13.5 14. Cockburn (C) 7.8 7.1 7.6 15.4 14.5 13.5 14.2 14.2 13.7 32.4 31.1 31.6 13.1 13.6 13.3 Mandurah (C) 6.2 5.6 6.6 15.7 13.9 13. 11.7 11.6 12.5 25. 22.2 22.7 12.7 13.3 12.8 Serpentine-Jarrahdale (S) 6.8 6.2 7.9 18.3 17.6 16.3 12.3 12.3 13.7 3.2 27.5 27.4 15.6 15.5 14.5 Kwinana (T) 8.1 7.5 9. 17.1 15.7 14.2 13.7 13.9 14.1 31.3 31.4 32.6 12. 12. 11.7 Armadale (C) 7.3 6.9 8. 16.7 15.3 13.7 15. 14.9 14.6 27.7 25.7 28.1 14.6 14.2 13.1 Rockingham (C) 7.5 7.2 8.1 17.5 16.4 15.1 13. 14. 14.7 29.4 28. 27.9 12.1 12.7 13.3 Mount Barker (DC) 7.6 7. 7.2 16.7 15.9 14.9 12.5 13. 12.7 3.1 27.7 26.3 14.9 14.8 14.7 Playford (C) 8.2 7.5 8.4 17. 16.1 14.6 14. 14.7 15.5 29.9 27.6 27.1 11.3 12.8 13.2 Total 8.1 7.6 8. 17. 16.1 14.9 14.5 14.4 14.3 31. 29.5 29.4 13.3 13.4 13.2 Total Population 21 26 211 21 26 211 21 26 211 21 26 211 21 26 211 Blacktown (C) 7.6 9.2 1. 4.7 4.8 5.4 2.3 2.7 2.8.6.7.9 1 1 1 Camden (A) 6.9 8.7 9.8 4.1 4.5 5.5 2.7 2.9 2.9.9 1.1 1.3 1 1 1 Campbelltown (C) 7.2 1.1 12. 3.7 4.3 5.7 2.1 2.4 2.6.5.7.9 1 1 1 Liverpool (C) 7.4 8.6 9.5 4.6 4.9 5.4 2.2 2.7 2.9.6.7.9 1 1 1 Penrith (C) 7.3 9.8 11.4 4. 4.5 5.7 2.5 2.8 2.8.6.8 1.1 1 1 1 Casey (C) 6.8 8.5 9.5 4.1 4.4 5.1 2.1 2.6 2.8.6.7 1. 1 1 1 Cardinia (S) 8.5 9.9 1. 5. 5.1 6. 3.1 3.3 3.1 1. 1.1 1.1 1 1 1 Wyndham (C) 6.7 8.3 8.5 3.7 3.9 4.1 2.1 2.2 1.9.5.6.7 1 1 1 Melton (S) 6.3 8.3 9.4 2.9 3.2 4.1 1.6 1.8 1.9.4.6.6 1 1 1 Hume (C) 7.6 9. 9.8 4.5 5. 5.5 2. 2.5 2.8.5.6.7 1 1 1 Whittlesea (C) 8.4 9.9 1.3 5.2 6. 6.1 2.1 3. 3.5.6.7 1. 1 1 1 Moreton Bay (R) 9.4 11.6 11.6 6.2 6.7 7.6 3.9 4.1 3.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 1 1 1 Logan (C) 8.1 1.5 1.9 4. 4.8 6. 2.1 2.4 2.6.6.7.9 1 1 1 Ipswich (C) 8.2 9.5 9.5 5.3 5.5 5.7 3.2 3.3 3. 1.1 1.1 1.1 1 1 1 Gosnells (C) 8.4 1.5 1.7 4.8 5.4 6.1 2.6 3.1 3.1.7.9 1. 1 1 1 Wanneroo (C) 7.8 8.9 8.6 4.8 5.2 5.2 2.3 2.8 2.7.6.8 1. 1 1 1 Swan (C) 7.6 9.2 1.1 4.6 5. 5.7 2.4 2.8 2.9.7.8.9 1 1 1 Cockburn (C) 8.3 9.5 1.1 5.4 5.8 5.9 2.6 3.2 3.3.7 1. 1. 1 1 1 Mandurah (C) 11.1 13.1 12.6 1.5 11. 1.7 5.6 7.3 6.8 1.5 2. 2.3 1 1 1 Serpentine-Jarrahdale (S) 9.6 12. 11.3 4.8 5.7 6. 1.9 2.5 2.3.5.7.7 1 1 1 Kwinana (T) 8.7 9.4 8.9 5.7 6.1 5.5 2.8 3.1 2.9.6.9.9 1 1 1 Armadale (C) 9.3 11.7 11.4 5.6 6.4 6.5 2.9 3.7 3.4.9 1.2 1.1 1 1 1 Rockingham (C) 8.9 9.6 9.4 6.9 6.8 6.5 3.7 4.2 3.8 1. 1.2 1.2 1 1 1 Mount Barker (DC) 8.4 11.1 12.2 5.4 5.2 6.9 3.3 3.8 3.5 1. 1.4 1.6 1 1 1 Playford (C) 8.1 9.1 9.3 7.1 6.8 6.3 3.4 4.3 4.2.9 1.1 1.2 1 1 1 Total 8. 9.7 1.3 4.9 5.3 5.9 2.6 3. 3.1.7.9 1. 1 1 1 Temporal change (change over time) within each cohort can provide insights into the presence and extent of one or more social processes that may be occurring in any LGA. For example, increases in numbers aged years will indicate high fertility levels in the population, which should be matched by increases in the number of young persons in the early family formation stage of the life cycle. On the other hand, increasing proportions in
29 the older age cohorts will indicate that population ageing is occurring, along with a range of implications associated with this process. Hence, Table 2:3 shows the actual change of population in each cohort for the 21-26 and 26-211 periods. Table 2:3: Population change by age, NGAA LGAs, 21-26 and 26-211 Source: ABS Time Series Profile, 21-211 Local Government Area 25-44 21-26 26-211 21-26 26-211 21-26 26-211 21-26 26-211 21-26 26-211 Blacktown (C) 16 352 2115 1463 1449 268 1988 8645 187 3754 Camden (A) 27 358 84 724 862 136 78 123 717 1146 Campbelltown (C) -97 33-296 -2198-497 -995-429 687 14-544 Liverpool (C) 36 51 1862 913 1535 2464-61 2213 274 3855 Penrith (C) -986 677-1559 -155-718 -412-3746 978 423 167 Casey (C) 136 3239 4482 282 627 5566 7777 9276 6827 5512 Cardinia (S) 72 177 1567 1545 1718 2586 2471 4916 1465 2136 Wyndham (C) 2452 5652 285 5438 3493 623 8872 19147 366 5197 Melton (S) 2759 387 3393 4432 2947 3395 9795 1315 2645 2918 Hume (C) 19 149 1326 755 3248 3334 2419 478 2788 3754 Whittlesea (C) 273 2747 466 2438 946 3294 176 1912 1775 312 Moreton Bay (R) 2344 54 4322 4337 455 7599 8425 1224 449 5843 Logan (C) 54 3586 354 74 1788 3193 1856 6523 1248 1837 Ipswich (C) 138 3569 274 2796 2333 4227 3254 8522 228 313 Gosnells (C) 549 127 8 1213 136 279 2428 5432 628 151 Wanneroo (C) 1897 3889 4535 5432 445 621 838 12534 3333 556 Swan (C) 265 956 878 98 1854 2392 87 3523 221 2516 Cockburn (C) 14 1532 526 1246 123 1657 1469 518 1314 178 Mandurah (C) 259 1397 411 1277 991 2185 658 3316 1436 1464 Serpentine-Jarrahdale (S) 3 575 193 587 177 811 129 1251 217 555 Kwinana (T) 48 863 32 51 336 877 674 2195 258 62 Armadale (C) -191 1483-752 736-65 1532-15 4435-197 937 Rockingham (C) 654 2345 1255 184 2387 348 255 5291 1997 363 Mount Barker (DC) 66 33 322 232 519 333 318 486 429 461 Playford (C) -36 1414-199 34 864 1996-86 2148 1338 1496 Total 13237 51341 2952 38992 43361 6747 55831 145878 45941 61193 Total Population 21-26 26-211 21-26 26-211 21-26 26-211 21-26 26-211 21-26 26-211 Blacktown (C) 5489 4952 145 3189 1379 992 47 838 15965 29565 Camden (A) 1294 1218 451 845 224 239 135 212 542 6981 Campbelltown (C) 3857 3174 792 2236 451 419 23 38-322 3462 Liverpool (C) 2877 2938 989 1694 118 772 229 365 1676 15724 Penrith (C) 4331 3373 914 2443 577 193 47 456-294 637 Casey (C) 6232 5767 2178 339 1831 1398 582 895 37485 37764 Cardinia (S) 1721 1751 6 1522 432 48 174 213 1868 16784 Wyndham (C) 3566 447 1225 2337 715 634 25 397 26984 49295 Melton (S) 323 373 999 1965 64 598 257 187 26629 36 Hume (C) 3297 315 1424 1976 192 126 279 267 15982 2415 Whittlesea (C) 2787 3574 1457 246 1255 174 217 652 1252 3469 Moreton Bay (R) 1194 686 474 72 2538 1367 1297 1312 43134 5115 Logan (C) 738 3873 2655 4643 1256 119 524 69 17493 26239 Ipswich (C) 37 266 117 1818 63 424 24 242 1599 27217 Gosnells (C) 286 183 194 1538 685 467 24 21 1536 1527 Wanneroo (C) 343 3178 184 284 1221 987 351 64 2932 4478 Swan (C) 2277 2343 97 1446 679 464 166 274 116 14894 Cockburn (C) 1559 1855 733 9 66 587 225 2 7469 14775 Mandurah (C) 23 1434 124 1242 139 66 38 473 8759 13448 Serpentine-Jarrahdale (S) 449 443 187 325 11 82 32 22 1524 4651 Kwinana (T) 333 418 226 189 143 113 73 6 2123 5836 Armadale (C) 1173 1181 381 757 388 255 149 94-164 1141 Rockingham (C) 1689 1662 737 978 83 422 283 269 12337 19242 Mount Barker (DC) 959 672 18 673 29 55 131 96 361 3311 Playford (C) 85 136-1 212 677 363 185 27 2593 9212 Total 7778 66642 27317 47369 294 15819 7533 9615 3292 54319 Careful perusal across the rows enables the magnitude of change for each cohort during each period to be seen. It is not within the scope of this report to provide a commentary on change for each LGA, but at the Alliance level the following tendencies seem apparent. Firstly, whereas the total population within the NGAA LGAs increased by around 321, between
3 21 and 26, the size of the increase in the ensuing period was 57 percent greater than that for 21-26. Secondly, in terms of reasons for this, fertility and migration, both international and internal, are probably significant. Within the individual cohorts, the following points at the Alliance level can be made: In absolute terms, the years cohort increased nearly four times more during 26-211 than in the previous five year period. Large increases also occurred in the 25-44 years cohort, the group most likely responsible for the growth in the years cohort. Lesser rates of change occurred for years and years cohorts, while lowest rates of change between 21-26 and 26-211 occurred in the, and cohorts. The growth in 26-211 was less than that for the 21-26 period for the years and years cohorts. This provides an indication of the kinds of trends and tendencies that are likely to be identified if the situation in each of the LGAs is carefully scrutinised. As can be seen in Appendix One however, actual numbers can be related to the areal size of the LGA, any real comparison between LGAs can only be made by using percentages, or other measures, that relate change to a rate of some kind. Hence, in Table 2:4, average annual change for each cohort in each LGA is shown for the two periods 21-26 and 26-211. This table can be used to provide some commentary on trends within the Alliance LGAs by age group over time. As an overview of these trends the following section looks at each age cohort within Alliance LGAs in turn. years cohort This cohort indicates the levels of fertility prevailing in any area. There were four LGAs which had negative average annual growth in the 21-26 period Penrith, Campbelltown, Armadale and Playford. This did not occur in any of the LGAs in the following five year period. For all LGAs, average annual growth in this cohort was greater in the 26-211 period than in the earlier period. Average annual growth rates of seven percent or greater during 26-211 were reported in Cardinia, Armadale, Wanneroo, Melton, Mandurah, Kwinana, Wyndham and Serpentine-Jarrahdale. In the latter two LGAs, average annual growth was 1. and 11.6 percent respectively. Lowest growth rates during 26-211 occurred in Campbelltown, Liverpool and Penrith. years cohort This cohort represents school aged children. Negative growth occurred during 21-26 in Campbelltown, Penrith, Armadale and Playford. For Campbelltown and Penrith, negative growth continued during the following five years to 211. Unlike the situation for the years cohort, average annual growth in 26-211 was not universally greater than that for the previous period. In more than half the LGAs, growth in 26-211 was less than that in the 21-26 period. In 26-211, the highest average annual growth rate was 6.3 percent in Melton, with rates slightly lower in Wyndham and Wanneroo. Rates less than one percent were reported for Logan, Playford, Hume, Blacktown and Liverpool.
31 Table 2:4: Average annual change by age, NGAA LGAs, 21-26 and 26-211 Source: ABS Time Series Profile, 21-211 Local Government Area 25-44 21-26 26-211 21-26 26-211 21-26 26-211 21-26 26-211 21-26 26-211 Blacktown (C).1 2.6 1..6.7 1.3.5 2. 1.1 2.1 Camden (A) 1. 1.6 2. 1.7 2.8 2.9 1. 1.5 2.5 3.4 Campbelltown (C) -1.7.6-2.4-2. -.4 -.9-1.9.3.1 -.5 Liverpool (C).1.7 1.4.7 1.3 2. -.2.8 2.8 3.4 Penrith (C) -1.5 1. -1.1-1.2 -.5 -.3-1.4.4.4.1 Casey (C) 1.6 3.6 2.7 1.5 4.7 3.4 2.5 2.6 5.5 3.5 Cardinia (S) 3.8 7. 3.6 3. 5.4 6.1 3.4 5.5 4.3 5. Wyndham (C) 6.4 1. 3.5 5.5 5.1 6.7 5.5 8.6 5.7 6.2 Melton (S) 1.6 7.6 6.6 6.3 6.3 5.4 9.5 6.7 6.2 5.2 Hume (C).2 2.6 1.1.6 3.2 2.8 1.1 2. 3.2 3.6 Whittlesea (C).6 5.6.5 2.5 1.1 3.4.6 5.2 2.2 3.4 Moreton Bay (R) 2.2 4.3 1.8 1.7 2.4 3.4 2. 2.6 2.2 2.5 Logan (C).5 3.5.2.3 1. 1.6.5 1.8.7 1.1 Ipswich (C) 2. 5.8 2. 2.4 2.5 3.8 1.7 3.9 2.7 3.1 Gosnells (C) 1.7 3.4 1.2 1.7 2. 2.9 1.9 3.8 1.1 1.7 Wanneroo (C) 4.9 7.5 5.7 5.2 6.4 7.1 5.8 6.5 5.9 7.2 Swan (C).8 2.5 1.2 1.2 3.1 3.4.6 2.4 4. 3.7 Cockburn (C).1 5.3 1. 2.2 2.1 3. 1.3 4. 2.8 3.3 Mandurah (C) 1.8 7.9 1.1 3.2 3.5 6.2 1.1 5. 4.6 3.8 Serpentine-Jarrahdale (S).8 11.6 1.8 4.8 2.5 8.8.8 6.3 2.4 5.1 Kwinana (T).6 8.4.2 2.6 2.2 5. 2. 5.5 2. 4.1 Armadale (C) -1.1 7.4-1.9 1.9 -.2 3.8-1.6 6.1 -.5 2.5 Rockingham (C) 2.4 6.9 2. 2.5 4.7 5.3 2.3 4.2 4.3 5.3 Mount Barker (DC).7 3.1 1.6 1.1 3.4 1.9.9 1.3 2.4 2.3 Playford (C) -1.1 4.9 -.4.6 1.8 3.6 -.8 2.1 3.3 3.1 Total 1.2 4.2 1.3 1.6 2.2 3. 1.3 3.2 2.5 2.9 Total Population 21-26 26-211 21-26 26-211 21-26 26-211 21-26 26-211 21-26 26-211 Blacktown (C) 5.1 3.7 1.7 4.4 4.2 2.6 5.7 7.4 1.2 2.1 Camden (A) 7.4 5.1 4.6 6.6 3.5 3.2 5.9 6.8 2.3 2.7 Campbelltown (C) 6.4 4.1 2.8 6.4 2.8 2.3 5.4 6.7 -.4.5 Liverpool (C) 4.6 3.8 2.6 3.9 5.4 3.3 4.4 5.5 1.3 1.8 Penrith (C) 6.1 3.7 2.5 5.6 2.6.8 8.1 5.6..7 Casey (C) 8.8 5.7 5.4 6.2 8.3 4.6 9.5 9.3 3.9 3.3 Cardinia (S) 7.6 5.6 4.8 8.9 5.5 4.1 6.9 6.1 4.4 5.4 Wyndham (C) 1.1 8.2 6.8 9. 7. 4.6 9.2 9.4 5.7 7.6 Melton (S) 14.7 9.4 1.7 12.3 11.7 7.3 18. 7.1 8.6 6.8 Hume (C) 5.9 4.3 4.4 4.9 7.3 5.1 7.8 5.4 2.3 2.6 Whittlesea (C) 5.2 5.2 4.5 5. 8.7 7.9 5.6 11.4 1.7 4.5 Moreton Bay (R) 7.3 3.1 4.3 5.8 4.3 2. 7.5 5.5 2.9 3. Logan (C) 6.7 2.8 5.2 6.8 4.7 3.6 7.1 6.7 1.5 2. Ipswich (C) 5.5 3.7 3.2 4.4 3. 1.8 2.9 3. 2.5 3.6 Gosnells (C) 7.2 3.6 5.1 5.6 5.9 3.2 7.1 4.7 2.5 3.1 Wanneroo (C) 9.1 5.8 8.1 6.4 1.8 5.8 11.5 11.5 6.4 6.5 Swan (C) 6.4 5. 4.4 5.5 6.2 3.3 5.2 6.5 2.3 3. Cockburn (C) 5.1 4.8 3.8 3.9 6.1 4.5 7.8 5. 2.2 3.7 Mandurah (C) 7.1 3.8 4.6 3.9 9.2 3.2 9.4 7.7 3.6 4.6 Serpentine-Jarrahdale (S) 7.3 5.3 6.2 7.8 8.8 4.7 8.9 4.4 2.6 6.5 Kwinana (T) 3.4 3.6 3.6 2.6 4.5 3. 9.8 5.5 2. 4.6 Armadale (C) 4.6 3.8 2.6 4.3 4.9 2.6 6. 3. -.1 4.2 Rockingham (C) 4.9 3.9 2.9 3.3 5.7 2.3 7.3 5.1 3.3 4.3 Mount Barker (DC) 8.4 4.3 1.7 8.4 5. 1.1 9.5 4.9 2.5 2.4 Playford (C) 2.9 3.1..9 5.3 2.3 5.8 5..8 2.5 Total 6.6 4.3 4. 5.5 5.5 3.3 7.1 6.5 2.3 3.2
32 years cohort This cohort represents upper school, university and TAFE students and early workforce entrants. This group reported negative growth in both intercensal periods in Campbelltown and Penrith, while in Armadale negative growth occurred in the 21-26 period. Lower growth in 26-211 than in 21-26 occurred in Casey, Melton, Hume and Mount Barker. In the 26-211 period average annual growth of five percent or greater occurred in Kwinana, Rockingham, Melton, Cardinia, Mandurah, Wyndham, Wanneroo and Serpentine-Jarrahdale. The highest average annual growth rates of 7.1 and 8.8 percent respectively were in Wanneroo and Serpentine-Jarrahdale. 25-44 years cohort This cohort mainly represents early career workforce and family formation. Negative growth occurred in Campbelltown, Liverpool, Penrith, Armadale and Playford between 21 and 26. However, no LGAs reported negative growth in this cohort during the following period. With the exception of Melton and Campbelltown, average annual growth in the 26-211 period was greater than in the earlier period. Moreover, in this cohort, average annual growth was usually considerably more in the 26-211 period than during the 21-26 period. Growth rates greater than five percent per annum occurred in Mandurah, Whittlesea, Cardinia, Kwinana, Armadale, Serpentine-Jarrahdale, Wanneroo, Melton and Wyndham. Average annual growth of less than one percent between 26 and 211 occurred in Liverpool, Penrith and Campbelltown. years cohort Essentially, this group is the mature age work force of the community. In each of the two periods, only one LGA reported negative growth in this cohort. There were 17 LGAs in which growth in the 26-211 period exceeded that recorded in the previous period. Average annual growth rates of five or more percent during the five years to 211 occurred in Cardinia, Serpentine-Jarrahdale, Melton, Rockingham, Wyndham and Wanneroo. Lowest rates were seen in Penrith and Campbelltown. years cohort This group comprises persons who are in the last years of employment and/or the early years of retirement. In both reporting periods, all LGAs experienced growth in this cohort. At the Alliance level, growth in the 26-211 period was less than that for the earlier period. With the individual LGAs, this tendency was replicated in 23 of the 25 member LGAs. It means that generally there has been a slowing in the rate of growth of this cohort. In 26-211, growth rates of five percent or greater occurred in Swan, Camden. Whittlesea, Serpentine-Jarrahdale, Cardinia, Casey, Wanneroo, Wyndham and Melton. Lowest rates were in Logan, Moreton Bay and Playford.
33 As for the previous cohort, these tendencies provide a barometer of levels and rates of ageing that are likely to occur in the foreseeable future. These prevailing tendencies are an indication of the level of ageing in the community that is likely to occur as these groups age in place. years cohort This group can be defined as the retirees and young-old group in the community. At the Alliance level, average annual growth in the second period was greater than in the first, suggesting that the significance of this group in communities is increasing. Indeed, in 21 of the 25 member LGAs, growth in 26-211 exceeded that in 21-26. In 26-211, growth of five percent or greater occurred in 15 LGAs, while growth above seven percent occurred in Serpentine-Jarrahdale (7.8 percent), Mount Barker (8.4), Cardinia (8.9), Wyndham (9.) and Melton (12.3). Lowest rates were in Playford, Kwinana and Rockingham. years cohort This group represents the old-old group within any population. As noted for the years cohort, this group had, at the Alliance level, lower average annual growth in the 26-211 period than in the previous period. This tendency was replicated for all but one of the member LGAs. Whereas between 21-26 there were 16 LGAs with average annual growth of five percent or more for this cohort, in the next period only four LGAs reported growth of five percent or greater Hume, Whittlesea, Wanneroo and Melton. At face value, it would seem that the ageing process is becoming a developing phenomenon in Mount Barker, Playford, Liverpool, Cardinia, Rockingham, Gosnells, Cockburn, Swan, Wyndham, Hume, Casey, Whittlesea, Serpentine-Jarrahdale, Mandurah, Wanneroo and Melton. This observation is based on growth rates, but these need to be checked against actual values to determine whether the growth rate is off a low population base. The years cohort This group represents the oldest persons in any community. As was noted for the years and the years age cohorts, this group, at the Alliance level, had lower rates of growth in the second period than in the first. Within the LGAs, there were 16 LGAs where lower growth occurred during 26-211 than in the earlier period. These observations notwithstanding, a particularly significant point with this cohort, not noticed in any of the preceding cohorts, is that growth rates of five percent or greater during the 21-26 period occurred in 23 of the 25 member LGAs. In the following period, five percent or greater growth occurred in 2 of the member LGAs. In 26-211, growth rates of six percent or above occurred in Cardinia, Swan, Campbelltown, Logan, Camden, Melton, Blacktown, Mandurah, Casey, Wyndham, Whittlesea and Wanneroo. There is an important caveat that must be attached to any discussion about, or implications derived from, average annual growth rates: high rates of annual growth do not necessarily indicate the presence of significant processes that might be areas of interest for decision makers requiring policy responses or development. Therefore, if a tendency appears to be significant, based on growth rates, then its significance should be confirmed by looking at the
34 population numbers that created the rate. If the numbers are substantial, then the significance of the tendency can be confirmed and, if need be, addressed through policy development. 2.3 AGEING Australia s population, along with most of the Western world, is ageing. However, as with most population trends the ageing of our population is not evenly distributed. Careful scrutiny of the data presented in this section will allow aspects of population ageing to be identified. In some locations, the ageing process is more progressed, in others it is developing and will not be a planning or policy issue for some years to come. This section begins with a contextual discussion on a number of aspects of the ageing process in Australia. Then detailed data are presented to illustrate the extent of ageing in the Alliance LGAs at the total level, and within the Australian born and overseas born segments of the population. In relation to ageing, there are a number of key points that need to be made at the outset: Ageing is an important process of change in the structure of population, along with fertility, mortality and migration. It occurs when there is an increase in the proportion, and therefore numbers, of persons in older age cohorts and a converse reduction in the proportion of total population in the younger age groups. Thus ageing of the population has as much to do with fertility as it does with the number of people in the older age cohorts. For any jurisdiction, including the Alliance LGAs, anticipating future growth in the older population does not require any crystal ball gazing on the part of decision makers and policy makers. In most areas, most of their older population are already resident in the area which makes anticipation of future growth in older cohorts relatively simple. There is a tendency among decision makers, the general public and the media that ageing is a problem to be dealt with. However, the fact is that the ageing population in most areas will bring with them a wealth of talent, resources and social capital, and developing ways and means to harness this resource represents an opportunity for decision makers and policy development. During the next 25 years the proportion of persons aged 65 years and older will increase significantly within Australia, up to two time their current numbers, as will the their ratio to the population of working age. That is, ageing is going to have a huge impact on any community s dependency ratio the ratio of independent persons (generally workers) to dependent persons (school aged children, retired persons and persons otherwise not in the workforce). The growth of the older population is both a challenge and an opportunity for any community. It is a challenge in terms of the greatly increased numbers of older people who will place pressure on a range of services at a time when workforce growth is slowing. However, it is an opportunity to harness the talents of older people in a way which can add to any area s sustainability, prosperity and equity goals. The ageing crunch in most areas will not hit until the 22s when the last of the baby boomers moves into older age around a decade from now but if the crunch is to be met successfully there must be appropriate planning and policy development now to put in place measures to accommodate the pressures generated by an ageing population. In the following section, the change in the proportion of various age groups in each of the Alliance LGAs is presented for 21, 26 and 211. In this way, cohorts that are growing can be identified, as can those that are waning or remaining static. This approach allows also for a close examination of the situation in the older cohorts, which can indicate the state of
35 the ageing process in each LGA. The approach employed is a graphic one, which should enable readers to see the situation in the various Alliance LGAs. In Figure 2.13 to Figure 2.17 inclusive, males and females in each cohort is computed as a percentage of total population. The 21 age and sex structure is superimposed on that for 26, with the 21 structure shaded. Careful scrutiny of these structures will show cohorts whose representation in the total population has either increased, decreased or remained stagnant between the 21 and 26 Censuses. Figure 2.13: Age and Sex Structure, Alliance LGAs, New South Wales, 21 and 26 Source: ABS Time Series Profile, 21-211 Blacktown 21 and 26 (21 shaded) Liverpool 21 and 26 (21 shaded) 1 5 5 1 Percent 1 5 5 1 Percent Camden 21 and 26 (21 shaded) Penrith 21 and 26 (21 shaded) 1 5 5 1 Percent 1 5 5 1 Percent Campbelltown 21 and 26 (21 shaded) 1 5 5 1 Percent Note in particular the increase in the proportion of population aged 55 to 65 years as the baby boomer cohort move into older age. This is particularly noticeable here for Penrith and Campbelltown.
36 Figure 2.14: Age and Sex Structures, Alliance LGAs, Victoria, 21 and 26 Source: ABS Time Series Profile, 21-211 Casey 21 and 26 (21 shaded) Melton 21 and 26 (21 shaded) 1 5 5 1 Percent 1 5 5 1 Percent Cardinia 21 and 26 (21 shaded) Hume 21 and 26 (21 shaded) 1 5 5 1 Percent 1 5 5 1 Percent Wyndham 21 and 26 (21 shaded) Whittlesea 21 and 26 (21 shaded) 1 5 5 1 Percent 1 5 5 1 Percent Again, Figure 2.14 shows that it is the baby boomer cohort moving into the late working life and early retirement years in the 211 to 26 census period that is domination the ageing of the Victorian Alliance LGAs. For some of these LGAs this increase is exacerbated by losses in younger age cohorts over the same period.
Cohrot 37 Figure 2.15: Age and Sex Structures, Alliance LGAs, Queensland, 21 and 26 Source: ABS Time Series Profile, 21-211 Moreton Bay 21 and 26 (21 shaded) Ipswich 21 and 26 (21 shaded) 1 5 5 1 Percent 1 5 5 1 Percent Logan 21 and 26 (21 shaded) 1 5 5 1 Percent Figure 2.16: Age and Sex Structures, Alliance LGAs, Western Australia, 21 and 26 Source: ABS Time Series Profile, 21-211 Gosnells 21 and 26 (21 shaded) Swan 21 and 26 (21 shaded) 1 5 5 1 Percent 1 5 5 1 Percent Wanneroo 21 and 26 (21 shaded) Cockburn 21 and 26 (21 shaded) 1 5 5 1 Percent 1 5 5 1 Percent
38 Mandurah 21 and 26 (21 shaded) Armadale 21 and 26 (21 shaded) 1 5 5 1 Percent 1 5 5 1 Percent Serpentine-Jarrahdale 21 and 26 (21 shaded) Rockingham 21 and 26 (21 shaded) 1 5 5 1 Percent 1 5 5 1 Percent Kwinana 21 and 26 (21 shaded) 1 5 5 1 Percent Figure 2.17: Age and Sex Structures, Alliance LGAs, South Australia, 21 and 26 Source: ABS Time Series Profile, 21-211 Mount Barker 21 and 26 (21 shaded) Playford 21 and 26 (21 shaded) 1 5 5 1 Percent 1 5 5 1 Percent Note the significant increase in the proportion of the population in the 55 to 64 year age cohort for the Mount Barker LGA in South Australia and the Serpentine-Jarrahdale LGA in Western Australia.
39 Figure 2.18 allows each of the preceding age sex structures to be compared with the situation prevailing for Australia during the same period. Note the similar pattern as the baby boomer cohort moves into early older age. Figure 2.18: Age and Sex Structures, Australia, 21 and 26 Source: ABS Time Series Profile, 21-211 Australia 21 and 26 (21 shaded) 1 5 5 1 Percent Using the same approach employed to prepare the age and sex structures for 21 and 26, the following series of age and sex structures shows the situation in each of the NGAA LGAs for the 26 to 211 period. As in the previous series, the 26 structure is superimposed on that for 211, with the 26 structure shaded to show differences between cohorts at each year. Figure 2.19: Age and Sex Structures, Alliance LGAs, New South Wales, 26 and 211 Source: ABS Time Series Profile, 21-211 Blacktown 26 and 211 (26 shaded) Campbelltown 26 and 211 (26 shaded) 1 5 5 1 1 5 5 1 Percent Percent Camden 26 and 211 (26 shaded) Liverpool 26 and 211 (26 shaded) 1 5 5 1 Percent 1 5 5 1 Percent
4 Penrith 26 and 211 (26 shaded) 1 5 5 1 Percent Note the continued passage of the baby boomers into older age as the proportion of the population in the 55 to 64 years group continues to increase and is now added to by an increase in the 65 to 74 year age cohort. Figure 2.2: Age and sex structures, Alliance LGAs, Victoria, 26 and 211 Source: ABS Time Series Profile, 21-211 Casey 26 and 211 (26 shaded) Melton 26 and 211 (26 shaded) 1 5 5 1 1 5 5 1 Percent Percent Cardinia 26 and 211 (26 shaded) Hume 26 and 211 (26 shaded 1 5 5 1 1 5 5 1 Percent Percent Wyndham 26 and 211 (26 shaded) Whittlesea 26 and 211 (26 shaded) 1 5 5 1 1 5 5 1 Percent Percent
41 Figure 2.21: Age and Sex Structures, Alliance LGAs, Queensland, 26 and 211 Source: ABS Time Series Profile, 21-211 Moreton Bay 26 and 211 (26 shaded) Ipswich 26 and 211 (26 shaded) 1 5 5 1 Percent 1 5 5 1 Percent Logan 26 and 211 (26 shaded) 1 5 5 1 Percent It is interesting to note that the Ipswich LGA does not reflect the general population trends and has no increase in the proportion of people in the older cohorts. However there is evidence of increases in both the 25 to 34 year age cohort and the age cohort (these are often linked due to the timing of family formation in Australia). Figure 2.22: Age sex structures, Alliance LGAs, Western Australia, 26 and 211 Source: ABS Time Series Profile, 21-211 Gosnells 26 and 211 (26 shaded) Wanneroo 26 and 211 (26 shaded) 1 5 5 1 Percent 1 5 5 1 Percent Cockburn 26 and 211 (26 shaded) Swan 26 and 211 (26 shaded) 1 5 5 1 Percent 1 5 5 1 Percent
42 Mandurah 26 and 211 (26 shaded) Armadale 26 and 211 (26 shaded) 1 5 5 1 Percent 1 5 5 1 Percent Serpentine-Jarrahdale 26 and 211 (26 shaded) Rockingham 26 and 211 (26 shaded) 1 5 5 1 Percent 1 5 5 1 Percent Kwinana 26 and 211 (26 shaded) 1 5 5 1 Percent Again, Western Australian Alliance LGAs appear to be going against the national trend with little evidence of growth in the proportion of older people but continued growth in the younger age groups. This may reflect W.A. s continued boom town population trends. A similar situation can be seen in Playford SA below; that may be linked to international migration in the region. Figure 2.23: Age and Sex Structures, Alliance LGAs, South Australia, 26 and 211 Source: ABS Time Series Profile, 21-211 Mount Barker 26 and 211 (26 shaded) Playford 26 and 211 (26 shaded) 1 5 5 1 Percent 1 5 5 1 Percent
43 Figure 2.24 allows the age sex structures for 26 and 211 to be compared with the situation prevailing in Australia for the same time. Figure 2.24: Age and sex structures, Australia, 26 and 211 Source: ABS Time Series Profile, 21-211 Australia 26 and 211 (26 shaded) 1 5 5 1 Percent Careful analysis of the structures in Figure 2.19 to Figure 2.23 will show those cohorts whose representation in the total population has either increased, decreased or remained stagnant between the 26 and 211 Censuses. While a commentary could be provided for each of the 25 LGAs in the Alliance which detailed changes in each cohort for each of the two intercensal periods, this would be lengthy, with similar processes being mentioned many times as they occurred in a number of LGAs. Hence, we have left the development of any summary statements on changes in age and sex structures between 21 and 211 to the individual LGAs. Instead we have opted to summarise the changes for each of the LGAs in tabular form. In Table 2:5, the change in representation of each cohort between 21-26 and 26-211 are presented. In the table, a classification has been used for LGAs where the representation of any cohort has increased between Censuses, while cohorts whose representation has remained static, or decreased have been left in an unclassified state. That is, the table easily allows the identifications of cohorts whose representation in the total population has decreased or remained unchanged between 21-26 and 26-211, while cohorts that have increased their representation in the total population have been graded in terms of the size of the change, with the orange shading representing the largest increases in population proportions. The following pertinent points can be made from the table for the 21-26 period: During this period, the share of cohorts, and in the total population reduced significantly across most LGAs. The reduced representation of children aged - 4 years is due to lowered fertility, while the reduced presence of young children aged 5-14 years, and the other two cohorts may be due to reduced immigrant intakes during this period or the out-migration of family units. In the years cohort, 16 LGAs experienced either no change or a reduction in this cohort s proportion of total LGA population. The representation of the years cohort in the total population grew in more LGAs than not. This is the mature aged workforce, and its relative concentrations in 26 compared with 21 contrast with the trends in the younger workforce aged 25-44 years. Between 21 and 26, the proportion of persons aged years in the total population increased substantially. In all Alliance LGAs, the increase in representation was.6 percent or greater, with the highest increase being 2.7 in Mount Barker. LGAs
44 with a change between 21 and 26 of two percent or greater were Campbelltown, Penrith, Melton, Moreton Bay, Logan, Gosnells, Mandurah, Serpentine-Jarrahdale, Armadale and Mount Barker. This cohort represented much of the baby boomer generation at this time and contains persons in either pre-retirement or early retirement ages, and in many respects changes in this cohort presages the development of an older population in the coming decades and the implications associated with the ageing process in these LGAs needs to be thoughtfully considered. Table 2:5: Change in cohort representation, Alliance LGAs, 21-26 and 26-211 Source: ABS Time Series Profile, 21-211 Local government area 21-26 26-211 21-26 26-211 21-26 26-211 21-26 26-211 21-26 26-211 Blacktown (C) -.4.2 -.2-1.1 -.3 -.5 -.9.2 -.3 -.3 Camden (A) -.6 -.4 -.3 -.8.3.2-2.7-1.5.5 -.2 Campbelltown (C) -.5. -1.7-1.9. -1.1 -.5.6-1.7 -.8 Liverpool (C) -.5 -.4.1 -.9..1-2.2 -.4 -.3-1. Penrith (C) -.6.1 -.9-1.4 -.4 -.8-1. -.2-1.1 -.3 Casey (C) -.9.1-1. -1.4.5.1-1.5 -.2 -.7 -.8 Cardinia (S) -.2.6 -.7-1.9.6.5-1.4 1.4 -.1-1.2 Wyndham (C).3 1. -1.7-1.5 -.3 -.6. 2.3 -.2 -.6 Melton (S).7.3-1.6 -.4-1.6 -.9 1.4-1.2. 1.1 Hume (C) -.8. -1. -1.6.6.1-1.7.7 -.1-1.6 Whittlesea (C) -.4.4 -.9-1.3 -.5 -.8-1.7 1.5 -.1 -.5 Moreton Bay (R) -.2.5 -.8-1. -.3.3-1. -.1 -.2 -.4 Logan (C) -.4.6-1.1-1.3 -.4 -.3 -.8.1 -.5 -.5 Ipswich (C) -.2.9 -.4-1...1 -.7 1.1 -.4 -.7 Gosnells (C) -.3.1-1. -1. -.4 -.2 -.4.9 -.4.1 Wanneroo (C) -.6.4 -.6-1...4-1.3.4.6 -.4 Swan (C) -.6 -.2-1. -1.4.5.3-2.2 -.1 -.5 -.8 Cockburn (C) -.8.6 -.8-1. -.1 -.5-1.2.6 -.1 -.1 Mandurah (C) -.5 1. -1.8 -.9 -.1.9-1.4 1.1-1.5 -.6 Serpentine-Jarrahdale (S) -.6 1.7 -.7-1.3 -.1 1.4-2.2 1.3 -.4-1.5 Kwinana (T) -.5 1.5-1.4-1.4.2.2 -.4 1.7.4 -.4 Armadale (C) -.4 1.1-1.5-1.6 -.1 -.3-1.2 3.1 -.8 -.6 Rockingham (C) -.3.9-1.1-1.3.9.7-1.1.6 -.3 -.7 Mount Barker (DC) -.6.2 -.7-1..5 -.3-1.7 -.9 -.6 -.6 Playford (C) -.7.9 -.9-1.5.7.8-1.7 1.2 -.6-1.8 Alliance total -.4.4 -.8-1.2 -.1 -.1-1.1.4 -.4 -.5 Australia -.3.3 -.7 -.8 -.1 -.3-1..3 -.5 -.6 Local government area 21-26 26-211 21-26 26-211 21-26 26-211 21-26 26-211 21-26 26-211 Blacktown (C) -.1. 1.6.7.1.6.4.1.1.2 Camden (A).1.5 1.9 1.1.5.9.2.1.2.2 Campbelltown (C).4 -.7 2.9 1.9.6 1.4.4.2.2.2 Liverpool (C).9 1. 1.3.9.3.5.5.2.1.1 Penrith (C).3 -.4 2.5 1.5.5 1.2.3..3.2 Casey (C) 1..1 1.7 1..3.7.5.2.2.2 Cardinia (S). -.2 1.4.1.1.9.2 -.2.1. Wyndham (C). -.8 1.6.2.2.3.1 -.3.1.1 Melton (S) -1.6-1. 2. 1.1.3.9.2..2. Hume (C).5.6 1.4.8.5.6.5.3.1.1 Whittlesea (C).3 -.7 1.6.4.7.1.8.5.1.3 Moreton Bay (R) -.5 -.3 2.2..4 1..3 -.2.3.2 Logan (C) -.5 -.6 2.4.4.8 1.2.4.2.2.2 Ipswich (C).2 -.3 1.3..2.2.1 -.3.. Gosnells (C) -1. -.9 2.1.2.6.7.5..2.1 Wanneroo (C) -.3.4 1.1 -.3.4..5 -.1.2.2 Swan (C) 1..5 1.6.9.5.6.5..1.1 Cockburn (C).5 -.3 1.3.5.4..6.1.2.1 Mandurah (C).6 -.5 2. -.5.5 -.4 1.7 -.5.5.3 Serpentine-Jarrahdale (S) -.2-1. 2.4 -.7.9.4.6 -.2.2 -.1 Kwinana (T). -.3.6 -.4.5 -.6.4 -.2.3. Armadale (C) -.3-1.1 2.4 -.2.8..8 -.3.3 -.1 Rockingham (C).6.6.7 -.2 -.1 -.3.4 -.4.2. Mount Barker (DC) -.1 -.1 2.7 1. -.2 1.7.4 -.2.4.2 Playford (C) 1.5.4.9.3 -.3 -.5.8..2.1 Alliance total.1 -.2 1.8.5.4.6.4..2.1 Australia.2 -.2 1.7.6.1.6.4 -.2.2.2
45 In the young-old group, aged, most LGAs experienced a moderate increase in their representation in the total population between 21 and 26. Only Rockingham, Mount Barker and Playford had a reduced representation of this cohort in total population in 26 compared with 21. Again, the increased representation between 21 and 26 is an indicator of the increasing phenomenon of ageing and the range of implications associated with it. This conclusion is reinforced by the trends between 21 and 26 for the years and the 85 years and older cohorts. For these two cohorts, every LGA had a higher representation in 26 than was the case five years earlier. The following tendencies can be discerned for the 26-211 period: For most LGAs, the proportion of year olds in the total population was greater in 211 than had been the case in 26, reflecting chiefly an increase in the level of international migration during the previous five years (which consist mainly of younger cohorts of people at the family formation period in the life course). The only LGAs which did not experience an increase in relative concentrations were Camden, Campbelltown, Liverpool, Hume and Swan. The parents of young children are usually in the years cohort. Increases in the group were often matched with an increase in 211 of the concentration of persons aged in the total population. In the case of the years cohort, whereas between 21 and 26 only one LGA had a greater representation in the total population in 26 than in 21, in 211 there were eight LGAs which had a higher concentration of the cohort than was the case in 26. In the 26-211 period there were fewer LGAs with higher concentrations of persons aged years than had been the case in the earlier 21-26 period. This is indicative of the impact of lower numbers of younger persons born after the baby boom generation now moving through the age structure over time. This is also a time of career, housing and family consolidation for a lot of Australians and therefore is a less mobile population, hence historically there are not usually high numbers attributed to inmigration from other regions in this cohort. With the years and years cohorts, most LGAs experienced an increase in the relative concentrations of these age groups. However, whereas every LGA experienced relative growth in the years cohort during 21-26, there were eight LGAs in which a reversal occurred in the 26-211 period. Similarly, during 21-26 only three LGAs experienced relative decline in the proportion of people aged years, during 26-211 this phenomenon occurred in seven LGAs. This trend may be indicative of people moving to new areas upon retirement, particularly re-location to high amenity sea change and tree change locations. The movement of people through the population age structure can be illustrated by the fact that in 15 LGAs, the change in relative concentration of persons aged years between 26 and 211 was greater than that recorded during the 21-26 period. In terms of the two oldest cohorts, which recorded relative growth between 21 and 26 in all the Alliance LGAs, 16 LGAs reported a relative decline in the presence of persons aged years between 26 and 211, while nine reported the same tendency for the 85 years and older cohort. Growth in these age cohorts is expected to increase in future decades as the baby boomer cohort move into much older age and this needs to be considered in terms of future service provision. While the data presented above illustrates aspects of the changes that are occurring in the Australian age structure, especially in terms of reduced numbers of younger persons and
46 increased numbers of older persons associated with ageing of the population, the data in Table 2:6 gives a better impression of the proportions of various cohorts in the total population. It aggregates the population into three broad groups: Young children, school aged children and university/tafe students persons aged -19 years. It is understood that some persons aged 19 years may be in the workforce, but generally this group can be regarded as part of the dependent population. The working population, aged 2-64 years. Again, there are some qualifications associated with this group some persons in the group may still be full time students, and others may be retired. However, for all intents and purposes, this group can be regarded as the group in the community that is independent. Persons aged 65 years and older are generally regarded as retired, and therefore represent another component of the population that is considered dependent. Perusal of the table can identify LGAs where the young population is increasing. Where this is the case it will probably be due to a combination of migration, both international and internal, and increased fertility. It will also show those areas where the size of the working population is increasing. Where this is occurring it will be due to the presence of strong employment activity in the area. Alternatively, the area may be a dormitory or commuter regions with people working in other regions but residing here. Finally, the trends in the numbers and percentages of persons aged 65 years and over will give insights into any developing tendency to an ageing population. As has been mentioned earlier, this is a process that is going to increase over the next 2 years as the baby boomer generation, born between 1946 and 196, moves into the retirement stage of the life cycle. Table 2:6 presents dependency ratios for each of the Alliance LGAs at each of 21, 26 and 211. These ratios indicate the relationship between the dependent population (children, students and retirees) and the independent population (the workforce). The dependency ratio is the number of dependent persons for every 1 independent persons. Clearly, a high dependency ratio indicates a smaller workforce relative to greater numbers of young children, students and retired persons. In 211, there are a number of points that can be made in relation to dependency ratios during the 21-211 period: At the Alliance level, dependency ratios have been trending downwards, from 69.6 percent in 21, through to 68.2 percent in 26 and to 67.4 in 211. This is the same kind of trend that can be identified for Australia as a whole. However, the levels of dependency within the Alliance are at slightly higher levels than those occurring for Australia. In 211, there were 11 LGAs with dependency ratios above the Alliance wide level Serpentine-Jarrahdale, Logan, Cardinia, Wanneroo, Mount Barker, Ipswich, Camden, Moreton Bay, Rockingham, Playford and Mandurah. The high dependency ratio of five of these LGAs is also linked to the highest levels of persons aged 65 years and older. In these cases there is a link between ageing and increasing dependency. In eight of the LGAs with dependency levels above that prevailing at the Alliance level, the corresponding proportion of persons aged -19 is above the prevailing proportion at the Alliance level. Here, therefore, there is a link between dependency proportions and the prevailing numbers of children and/or school and tertiary students. It is important to note that dependency ratios are mainly considered in terms of economic development and may not reflect the contributions dependent populations groups (such as
47 retirees) make to their communities in terms of volunteering, care giving, and independence (both economically and in terms of service needs). Table 2:6: Dependent and Independent segments of the population, 21, 26 & 211 Source: ABS Time Series Profile, 21-211 21 26 211 Local government area Total Total Total -19 2-64 65+ -19 2-64 65+ -19 2-64 65+ population population population Blacktown (C) 845 151769 19376 255195 8694 161676 22168 27748 9346 179837 279 299892 Camden (A) 14677 25737 3365 43779 16341 28685 418 4926 17916 3281 5464 56181 Campbelltown (C) 51123 8577 994 145294 46182 85628 1573 142383 43748 88493 13558 145799 Liverpool (C) 5 92214 11419 153633 52816 97966 13658 16444 55934 17498 16432 179864 Penrith (C) 56359 13425 1286 17187 536 14526 1435 171567 51859 18995 17127 177981 Casey (C) 59753 1398 11844 17555 68565 127836 16394 212795 77714 15452 2193 2569 Cardinia (S) 1589 2695 4121 4535 18243 32594 5315 56152 2251 42852 7472 72834 Wyndham (C) 28155 51357 5349 84861 3525 6893 7518 111653 48745 1635 1715 1695 Melton (S) 17547 31621 2517 51685 25116 48797 4362 78275 34149 67378 737 18564 Hume (C) 44558 7762 922 131182 4792 87365 11798 14783 51176 1983 1525 167184 Whittlesea (C) 34969 69768 947 113784 3617 7594 1195 123997 42343 95382 16272 153997 Moreton Bay (R) 86819 161314 31186 279319 9623 187184 38994 32221 19497 21524 48638 373159 Logan (C) 78976 1373 15173 231449 8172 149238 19574 248984 865 16319 2675 275234 Ipswich (C) 3998 7719 11717 122344 4371 8751 13632 13893 5226 96991 1682 165279 Gosnells (C) 25383 4794 6459 79782 26895 5487 8486 9251 341 63928 1635 14964 Wanneroo (C) 27359 46536 6113 88 35688 63597 9494 18779 48289 876 1314 148993 Swan (C) 27452 48426 6248 82126 29494 54677 799 92161 3258 6431 114 16958 Cockburn (C) 2186 437 5773 65996 21251 44793 7323 73367 24463 54592 97 8862 Mandurah (C) 12997 23975 7911 44883 141 28584 1871 53555 17764 35899 13222 66885 Serpentine-Jarrahdale (S) 3591 6674 797 1162 3985 7485 1128 12598 542 124 1552 17212 Kwinana (T) 6728 12168 1869 2765 6792 13782 236 2288 8638 1735 2669 28657 Armadale (C) 16196 2917 468 49893 1557 2969 5599 49725 1772 36647 672 6169 Rockingham (C) 22723 39159 8126 78 2571 46624 9959 82293 31434 58328 1163 11365 Mount Barker (DC) 7218 13335 2227 2278 7872 15279 2678 25829 8517 1779 3499 2995 Playford (C) 21931 3723 7597 66758 21577 39396 8446 69419 2417 45189 9231 7859 Alliance total 853747 153243 213116 2599266 914731 1735272 268431 2918434 136217 241592 34173 3417982 Australia 5237775 111667 237937 18769319 529419 11916817 2644367 19855293 5549815 12945596 312286 2157697 21 26 211 Local government area Dependency Dependency Dependency -19 2-64 65+ -19 2-64 65+ -19 2-64 65+ ratio ratio ratio Blacktown (C) 32.9 59.5 7.6 68.1 32.1 59.7 8.2 67.5 31. 6. 9. 66.8 Camden (A) 33.5 58.8 7.7 7.1 33.2 58.3 8.5 71.5 31.9 58.4 9.7 71.3 Campbelltown (C) 35.2 58.6 6.3 7.8 32.4 6.1 7.4 66.3 3. 6.7 9.3 64.8 Liverpool (C) 32.5 6. 7.4 66.6 32.1 59.6 8.3 67.9 31.1 59.8 9.1 67.3 Penrith (C) 32.8 6.2 7. 66.2 3.9 6.9 8.2 64.1 29.1 61.2 9.6 63.3 Casey (C) 34. 59.2 6.7 68.9 32.2 6.1 7.7 66.5 31.1 6.2 8.8 66.2 Cardinia (S) 33.3 57.6 9.1 73.6 32.5 58. 9.5 72.3 3.9 58.8 1.3 7. Wyndham (C) 33.2 6.5 6.3 65.2 31.5 61.7 6.7 62. 3.4 62.9 6.7 59.1 Melton (S) 33.9 61.2 4.9 63.5 32.1 62.3 5.6 6.4 31.5 62.1 6.5 61.1 Hume (C) 34. 59.2 6.9 69. 32.6 59.4 8. 68.4 3.6 6.4 9. 65.6 Whittlesea (C) 3.7 61.3 8. 63.1 29.1 61.2 9.6 63.3 27.5 61.9 1.6 61.5 Moreton Bay (R) 31.1 57.8 11.2 73.2 29.8 58.1 12.1 72.1 29.3 57.6 13. 73.5 Logan (C) 34.1 59.3 6.6 68.6 32.2 59.9 7.9 66.8 31.3 59.3 9.5 68.7 Ipswich (C) 32.6 57.8 9.6 73. 31.7 58.5 9.9 71. 31.6 58.7 9.7 7.4 Gosnells (C) 31.8 6.1 8.1 66.4 29.8 6.8 9.4 64.5 29. 6.9 1.1 64.2 Wanneroo (C) 34.2 58.2 7.6 71.9 32.8 58.5 8.7 71. 32.4 58.8 8.8 7.1 Swan (C) 33.4 59. 7.6 69.6 32. 59.3 8.7 68.6 3.4 6.1 9.5 66.3 Cockburn (C) 3.6 6.7 8.7 64.8 29. 61.1 1. 63.8 27.8 62. 1.2 61.3 Mandurah (C) 29. 53.4 17.6 87.2 26.3 53.4 2.3 87.4 26.6 53.7 19.8 86.3 Serpentine-Jarrahdale (S) 32.5 6.3 7.2 65.7 31.6 59.4 9. 68.3 31.5 59.5 9. 68.1 Kwinana (T) 32.4 58.6 9. 7.7 29.7 6.2 1.1 66. 3.1 6.5 9.3 65.2 Armadale (C) 32.5 58.2 9.4 71.9 3.3 58.5 11.3 71.1 29. 6. 11. 66.6 Rockingham (C) 32.5 55.9 11.6 78.8 31.2 56.7 12.1 76.5 31. 57.5 11.4 73.8 Mount Barker (DC) 31.7 58.5 9.8 7.8 3.5 59.2 1.4 69. 29.3 58.7 12. 7.4 Playford (C) 32.9 55.8 11.4 79.3 31.1 56.8 12.2 76.2 3.8 57.5 11.7 73.9 Alliance total 32.8 59. 8.2 69.6 35.2 66.8 1.3 68.2 3.3 59.7 1. 67.4 Australia 27.9 59.5 12.6 68.2 28.2 63.5 14.1 66.6 25.8 6.2 14. 66.1
48 2.4 SUMMARY The underlying purpose of the analysis in this chapter has been to show that temporal change within each cohort can provide insights into the presence and extent of one or more social processes that may be occurring in any LGA. For example, increases in numbers aged years will indicate high fertility levels in the population, which should be matched by increases in the number of young persons in the early family stage of the life cycle. On the other hand, increasing proportions in the older age cohorts will indicate that population ageing is occurring, either at the early stages or more advanced, along with a range of implications associated with this process. Significantly, at the Alliance level, the years cohort increased in population numbers nearly four times more during 26-211 than in the previous five year period and large increases also occurred in the 25-44 years cohort, the group most likely responsible for the growth in the years cohort. Almost one in five Australian children aged in 211 live in the Alliance LGAs and indeed this is the case for all dependent age children and has major implications for the growth in demand for child care, education and other services. Among the other cohorts: Lesser rates of change occurred for years and years cohorts, while lowest rates of change between 21-26 and 26-211 occurred in the, and cohorts. The growth in 26-211 was less than that for the 21-26 period for the years and years cohorts. In terms of ageing, the chapter has provided data for each of the Alliance LGAs in the context that population ageing is an increasing phenomenon within the Australian population. In any jurisdiction, anticipating future growth in the older population does not require any crystal ball gazing on the part of decision makers and policy makers. In most areas, most of their older population are already resident in the area which makes anticipation of future growth in older cohorts are relatively simple process. With this in mind, the analysis provides policy makers in Alliance LGAs with a number of insights into the state of the ageing process in their jurisdiction, and a number of implications for policy determinations to meet this impending phenomenon. It should be noted that the 65+ population are under-represented in the region as a whole with 11.5 percent of the nation s older people living in those areas. Nevertheless, there are some LGAs where there is an overrepresentation of older persons. Moreover there was a growth of the 65+ in all of the LGAs. It needs to be noted that the 65+ can face particular challenges in these areas because they generally have relatively low population density. This means that accessibility to public transport and to services is more difficult than it is in middle and inner suburbs. This can present challenges to older people who do not have access to a motor vehicle. Two evolving elements associated with the growth of the older population in NGAA LGAs should be especially noted: There has been especially rapid growth of the years early baby boomers age group. This presages an impending rapid expansion of the 65+ population as these residents potentially age in place. There is an increasing pattern for aged care institutions to locate in NGAA LGAs to take advantage of availability of greenfield sites and cheaper land costs. The number of such institutions in the LGAs increased from 252 in 26 to 273 in 211.
49 3.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 3. INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION In Australia international migration has been a significant contributor to population growth from the 195s onwards. In 211, the number of overseas born in Australia was close to 5.3 million, representing 26 percent of the total Australian population. Between 21 and 26, net international migration to Australia was 311, 435, while in the following five year period to 211, net international migration was over 876,. It is likely that these national tendencies have also occurred, to varying degrees, within the member LGAs of the NGAA. In the following sections, a number of aspects of international migration are examined in the context of the Alliance LGAs. In this chapter: The balance between Australian born and overseas born is examined. The distribution of overseas born in the Alliance LGAs and their temporal changes are presented. We look at net overseas migration and temporal change in the LGAs. The birthplace country of migrants in Alliance LGAs is examined. The top ten countries are indicated. This analysis shows the importance of the UK and New Zealand as the main countries of origin in Alliance LGAs, as well as the developing size of Indian migration after 26. The age structure of Australian born and overseas born persons in each LGA is presented for both 26 and 211. This is particularly significant because it shows how sizeable the overseas born population is in each LGA, as well as their position, vis-a-vis ageing, in the age structure. These tendencies identify LGAs where ageing is a developing phenomenon, as well as LGAs where migrants are a significant component of the ageing process. It also identifies LGAs where fertility levels are high. We look at the concept of multicultural diversity using measures of Australian born, persons from Mainly English Speaking (MES) countries and Non English Speaking (NES) countries, as well as discussing data related to region of birth, and the extent of Australian born persons with a mother and/or father born overseas. Data from the Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs Settlement Reporting Facility is used to show for each LGA the numbers in each visa category (family, skilled and humanitarian), the main source countries for migrants in each visa category, numbers of arrivals who are in the Settlement Target Group migrants who are eligible for settlement services from funding provided by the Settlement Grants Programme, and a comprehensive breakdown of migrants by visa sub class in each LGA for the 27-212 period. We estimate the share of the migrant population each Alliance LGA undertakes in terms of accommodating Australia s migrant intake. 3.2 AUSTRALIAN AND OVERSEAS BORN In many parts of Australia international migration has made significant impacts on population change during the last decade. Table 3:1 shows the extent of this impact in each of the Alliance LGAs between 21 and 211. In 211, at the Alliance level, 3.7 percent of the total population was born overseas. This representation had increased from 27.2 percent of total population in 21. Significantly, the overseas born in the total population, at the
5 Alliance level, is around four percent higher than the levels of overseas born in the total Australian population. Therefore, at the total level, overseas born persons are a significant proportion of communities in most NGAA LGAs. Table 3:1: Australian born and overseas born, NGAA LGAs, 21-211 LGA Name Australian born Overseas born Overseas born as % Total population 21 26 211 21 26 211 21 26 211 Blacktown (C) 156793 159978 173254 82248 92847 112884 34.4 36.7 39.5 Camden (A) 34935 3931 4518 6936 763 8911 16.6 16.3 16.5 Campbelltown (C) 99451 95155 96266 36536 37291 4165 26.9 28.2 29.9 Liverpool (C) 85484 88454 96784 58463 62158 71617 4.6 41.3 42.5 Penrith (C) 1256 126711 132366 3656 35286 3719 22.6 21.8 21.9 Casey (C) 115822 13519 152164 5351 6478 8754 3.3 32.4 36.5 Cardinia (S) 36689 457 57745 6398 798 1221 14.8 15.1 17.2 Wyndham (C) 6133 76415 97835 19176 28175 54117 23.8 26.9 35.6 Melton (S) 3888 54529 72815 1919 19129 3289 22.3 26. 29.4 Hume (C) 8578 93993 138 37777 4376 53853 3.6 31.4 34.2 Whittlesea (C) 69686 76542 9524 38277 4642 5184 35.5 34.7 35.3 Moreton Bay (R) 223278 251581 28568 44955 53956 7945 16.8 17.7 19.9 Logan (C) 166364 173563 188114 5444 58732 7263 24.6 25.3 27.7 Ipswich (C) 97835 18127 12594 18266 21352 3135 15.7 16.5 19.8 Gosnells (C) 558 5666 58791 25532 28563 39697 33.6 33.8 4.3 Wanneroo (C) 49245 63264 82145 2763 38562 59439 35.5 37.9 42. Swan (C) 54654 6135 68891 23451 25494 32346 3. 29.8 32. Cockburn (C) 43777 47376 55652 19433 21122 28653 3.7 3.8 34. Mandurah (C) 3362 37779 45886 878 11443 16953 2.6 23.2 27. Serpentine-Jarrahdale (S) 7934 913 1238 2673 2963 4146 25.2 24.6 25.1 Kwinana (T) 13795 14828 17957 5833 585 8477 29.7 28.1 32.1 Armadale (C) 32415 32344 396 14911 13998 18346 31.5 3.2 32. Rockingham (C) 44964 52962 6425 2831 23194 31915 31.7 3.5 33.2 Mount Barker (DC) 18661 21124 2436 3131 357 4234 14.4 14.5 15. Playford (C) 46568 49217 57399 16948 15396 1752 26.7 23.8 22.9 Alliance total 1792592 1968744 2249279 669726 76372 996592 27.2 27.9 3.7 Australia 136472 1448492 14989525 4997 44155 528679 23.2 23.9 26.1 Among the individual LGAs, in 211 the highest proportion of overseas born persons in the total population occurred in Liverpool, where overseas born persons represented 42.5 percent of the population. Proportions greater than 4 percent also occurred in Wanneroo and Gosnells. These represent very high levels of overseas born presence in LGAs. However, significantly high proportions 32 percent or greater occurred in Blacktown, Casey, Wyndham, Whittlesea, Hume, Cockburn, Rockingham, Kwinana, Armadale and Swan. During the 21-211 period, the largest increase in the representation of overseas born persons occurred in Wyndham. There, the overseas born proportion of total population was 23.8 percent in 21, which increased to 35.6 percent in 211. LGAs whose absolute percentage increase was more than five percent in the ten years from 21 were Melton, Gosnells, Wanneroo, Mandurah, Casey and Blacktown. These are LGAs where processes are at work within them to attract increasing numbers of overseas born, relative to the total population. Table 3:2 shows the extent of changes in net international migration in the Alliance LGAs between 21 and 211. Overseas born persons are heavily represented in the NGAA LGAs. In 21, there were just on 67, overseas born persons present, and this number increased to just over 763, in 26, settling on 997, in 211. In 211, the highest proportion of overseas born in the
51 Alliance was located in Blacktown (11.3 percent). Concentrations of six percent or greater occurred in Casey, Logan, Liverpool, Moreton bay and Wanneroo. Between 21 and 26, net international migration within all the NGAA LGAs was just over 93, migrants. Net international migration exceeded 1, migrants in Casey, Wanneroo and Blacktown LGAs, while more than 5, international migrants arrived in Moreton Bay, Wyndham, Melton and Hume. Of these seven LGAs, four are in Victoria, with one in each of New South Wales, Queensland and Western Australia. Net international migration decline occurred in Kwinana, Armadale, Penrith and Playford. Table 3:2: Net overseas migration, NGAA LGAs, 21-211 In the following period, 26-211, the significance of international migration in the LGAs increased enormously. At the total Alliance level, net international migration increased 15 percent, from 93,346 to 233,52. Within the Alliance, the following key points emerged: LGA Name Overseas born Net International migration Average annual change, % 21 26 211 21-26 26-211 21-26 26-211 Blacktown (C) 82248 92847 112884 1599 237 2.5 4. Camden (A) 6936 763 8911 694 1281 1.9 3.2 Campbelltown (C) 36536 37291 4165 755 3774.4 1.9 Liverpool (C) 58463 62158 71617 3695 9459 1.2 2.9 Penrith (C) 3656 35286 3719-122 194 -.7 1.1 Casey (C) 5351 6478 8754 14357 22832 5.1 6.2 Cardinia (S) 6398 798 1221 1582 441 4.5 8.5 Wyndham (C) 19176 28175 54117 8999 25942 8. 13.9 Melton (S) 1919 19129 3289 821 1116 11.9 9.6 Hume (C) 37777 4376 53853 5299 1777 2.7 4.6 Whittlesea (C) 38277 4642 5184 2365 11162 1.2 5. Moreton Bay (R) 44955 53956 7945 91 16989 3.7 5.6 Logan (C) 5444 58732 7263 4328 13331 1.5 4.2 Ipswich (C) 18266 21352 3135 386 9683 3.2 7.8 Gosnells (C) 25532 28563 39697 331 11134 2.3 6.8 Wanneroo (C) 2763 38562 59439 11499 2877 7.3 9. Swan (C) 23451 25494 32346 243 6852 1.7 4.9 Cockburn (C) 19433 21122 28653 1689 7531 1.7 6.3 Mandurah (C) 878 11443 16953 2735 551 5.6 8.2 Serpentine-Jarrahdale (S) 2673 2963 4146 29 1183 2.1 6.9 Kwinana (T) 5833 585 8477-28 2672 -.1 7.9 Armadale (C) 14911 13998 18346-913 4348-1.3 5.6 Rockingham (C) 2831 23194 31915 2363 8721 2.2 6.6 Mount Barker (DC) 3131 357 4234 439 664 2.7 3.5 Playford (C) 16948 15396 1752-1552 1656-1.9 2.1 Alliance total 669726 76372 996592 93346 23352 2.6 5.5 Australia 4997 44155 528679 311435 87624 1.5 3.7 Net international migration increased by more than 2, migrants in Wyndham, Casey, Wanneroo and Blacktown between 26 and 211. Net migration increases greater than 1, migrants occurred in Moreton Bay, Logan, Whittlesea, Melton, Gosnells and Hume. Increases greater than 5, occurred in six other LGAs. Significantly, no LGA experience net international migration loss indicating that migration plays a considerable role in population dynamics for Alliance LGAs.
52 Table 3:2 also indicates average annual growth in net international migration in each of the LGAs. Average annual growth is not always directly related to absolute change in net international migration numbers. The following points are relevant for the 21-26 period: In Melton, the average annual growth in net international migration was 11.9 percent, although its absolute net growth, at 11,16, was less than half the absolute growth reported in Casey. Average annual growth rates greater than five percent occurred in Wyndham, Wanneroo, Mandurah and Casey. In the following 26-211 period, the highest growth rate of 13.9 percent occurred in Wyndham. Slightly lower rates occurred in Melton (9.6 percent), Wanneroo (9.), Cardinia (8.5), Mandurah (8.2), Kwinana (7.9) and Ipswich (7.8). In a further eight LGAs, average annual growth in net international migration during this period was five percent or greater. The lowest growth rates in this period occurred in Penrith and Campbelltown. At the Alliance level, average annual growth rates in net international migration are higher than those prevailing at the Australia level 1.7 times higher in the 21-26 period and 1.5 times greater in the following period. There are many member LGAs with average annual change in net international migration considerably above the national levels. 3.3 MAIN BIRTHPLACE COUNTRIES OF MIGRANTS Australia draws it migration intake from a very large number of countries. Within the group of source countries, there are a number, such as the UK, New Zealand and a number of southeast Asian countries, which tend to dominate. However, further down the ranking, there is a marked mixture of countries contributing migrants to the various NGAA LGAs. Accordingly, it is not the intention here to detail the top ten migrant birthplace countries for each of the member LGAs. Rather, Table 3:3 shows the top ten birthplace countries for the Alliance as a whole. Table 3:3: Top Ten Birthplace Countries of Migrants, Alliance, 21-211 21 26 211 United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom New Zealand New Zealand New Zealand Philippines Philippines India Italy India Philippines India Italy South Africa Vietnam Fiji Italy Fiji Vietnam Fiji Germany South Africa Vietnam Netherlands Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Malta Germany China, excl SARs and Taiwan In 21, the UK born proportion in the total population was 7.1 percent, nearly three times the concentration of next ranked NZ. Concentrations of the next ranked birthplace countries, Philippines and Italy, were marginally above one percent. At the individual LGA level, the UK remains the dominant birthplace country in 21 of the 25 member LGAs, with NZ born persons ranked second in 14 of the LGAs. LGAs where UK born residents were not dominant were Blacktown (Philippines), Liverpool (Fiji), Hume (Turkey) and Whittlesea (Italy). LGAs where UK and/or NZ born were not second ranked were Liverpool (Vietnam), Casey (Sri Lanka), Cardinia (Netherlands), Wyndham (Italy),
53 Melton (Malta), Whittlesea (FYROM 2 ), Cockburn (Italy), Mount Barker (Germany) and Playford (Italy). Countries of birth ranked lower than third represent a myriad of countries, and the detail, presented in Appendix 2, is worthy of close scrutiny. At the 26 Census, the rankings remained unchanged, except that Italy and India exchanged rankings, with India moving to fourth rank. At the macro level, this is an indication of increasing migration from India, and Indian born persons locating in growth areas of major cities. At the individual LGA level, the situation identified for 21 remained largely unchanged for birthplace countries near the top of the rankings. The main changes occurring between 21 and 26 were that in Cardinia, where New Zealanders replaced persons from the Netherlands, with NZ born persons moving to second rank. In Wyndham, NZ moved up to second rank, while Italy, previously second ranked, dropped to fourth rank. Elsewhere: In Melton, the Philippines and Malta swapped rankings, although their relative concentrations were very similar. In Hume, the concentration of persons born in Iraq pushed each of UK and Italy down a ranking, with Iraq moving to second rank. In Logan, NZ born persons become the dominant birthplace group, replacing the UK. In summary, changes between 21 and 26 showed an increased presence of birthplace groups which have constituted an increasing proportion of the Australian migration stream in recent years. As well, the presence of New Zealand born persons is becoming more significant, especially in Logan, where it is the top ranked birth place group. Full details of the situation prevailing in each of the Alliance LGAs for 21 and 26 can be seen in Appendices 2 and 3. It can be seen in Table 3:3 that the general tendencies evident in 26 were again present in 211. However, the increasing dominance of India in the rankings is noteworthy. At the Alliance level, India s ranking increased from fourth in 26 to third in 211. Within the individual LGAs, the rise of India as a significant country of birth has been phenomenal. In Wyndham, it was the top ranked birthplace country, up from fifth ranking in 26. In virtually all the LGAs, it increased its ranking from 26. In the case of Moreton Bay, Logan, Ipswich and Playford, it did not rank among the top ten in 26. Only in Rockingham did its relative presence decline between 26 and 211. Details for the individual LGAs in 211 can be seen in Appendix 4, which shows that: In most of the LGAs, the United Kingdom remained the major country of origin. Generally, New Zealand ranked second in most of the LGAs. In Logan and Ipswich, New Zealand was the top ranked country of birth, displacing UK born persons to second rank. In Blacktown, the dominant birthplace groups were Philippines and India, relegating UK and New Zealand born to third and fourth rank respectively. In Liverpool, Fiji, Iraq, Vietnam, India, Lebanon and Philippines birthplaces ranked higher than persons from New Zealand and the UK. In Whittlesea, UK born persons ranked fifth behind Italy, FYROM, India and Greece born persons, while in Hume Iraq, Turkey and India born persons outnumbered those born in the UK. In Wyndham, persons born in India ranked number 1, ahead of those born in UK and New Zealand. 2 The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
Percent total population Percent total population Percent total population Percent total population 54 In summary, the general dominance of migrants from the UK in 211 is understandable as this country has been the traditional main source of migrants since the early post war years. New Zealand is consistently ranked highly because of the open door migration policy we have with NZ where visas are not required. Perusal of the table shows the influence of recent migration by a number of the Asian groups, especially those born in India and China. The rankings of some of the European groups Italians, Germans, Dutch and Greeks that were important in the early post war migration to Australia are now beginning to slip behind those of the newer groups as their numbers erode by death and emigration. The top ranking birthplace groups, outside the UK and New Zealand born, essentially represent the new face of immigration to Australia. 3.4 AGE STRUCTURE OF AUSTRALIAN BORN AND OVERSEAS BORN The impact of international migration on communities in Australia has been shown in the preceding sections. In this section, the age structure of overseas born population is examined, in comparison with the age structure of the Australian born. In the following graph series, the proportion of overseas born and Australian born in the total population for each age cohort is displayed, based on 26 Census data. The figure series show: The Australian born: overseas born ratios in each LGA. LGAs with a large overseas born component in their total population. The proportion of Australian born and overseas born in each age cohort. The age distribution of Australian born and overseas born. The impact of ageing in the Australian born and overseas born. While it is beyond the scope of this Report to prepare a commentary on the graph series for each LGA, a summary is presented in Table 3:4. Figure 3.1: Australian and Overseas born age structure, Alliance LGAs, New South Wales, 26 Source: ABS Census Data 26, Table Builder 2 Blacktown 2 Campbelltown 15 Overseas born 15 Overseas born Australian born Australian born 1 1 5 5 2 15 Camden Overseas born 2 15 Liverpool Overseas born Australian born Australian born 1 1 5 5
Percent total population Percent total population Percent total population Percent total population Percent total population Percent total population Percent total population 55 2 15 1 Penrith Overseas born Australian born 5 Figure 3.2: Australian and Overseas born age structure, Alliance LGAs, Victoria, 26 Source: ABS Census Data 26, Table Builder 2 Casey 2 Melton 15 Overseas born 15 Overseas born Australian born Australian born 1 1 5 5 2 2 Cardinia Hume 15 Overseas born 15 Overseas born Australian born Australian born 1 1 5 5 2 Wyndham 2 Whittlesea 15 Overseas born 15 Overseas born Australian born Australian born 1 1 5 5
Percent total population Percent total population Percent total population Percent total population Percent total population Percent total population Percent total population 56 Figure 3.3: Australian and Overseas born age structure, Alliance LGAs, Queensland, 26 Source: ABS Census Data 26, Table Builder 2 2 Moreton Bay Ipswich 15 Overseas born 15 Overseas born Australian born Australian born 1 1 5 5 2 15 1 Logan Overseas born Australian born 5 Figure 3.4: Australian and Overseas born age structure, Alliance LGAs, Western Australia, 26 Source: ABS Census Data 26, Table Builder 2 Gosnells 2 Swan 15 Overseas born 15 Overseas born Australian born Australian born 1 1 5 5 2 2 Wanneroo Cockburn 15 Overseas born 15 Overseas born Australian born Australian born 1 1 5 5
Percent total population Percent total population Percent total population Percent total population Percent total population Percent total population Percent total population 57 2 15 Mandurah Overseas born Australian born 2 15 Armadale Overseas born Australian born 1 1 5 5 2 Serpentine-Jarrahdale 2 Rockingham 15 Overseas born 15 Overseas born Australian born Australian born 1 1 5 5 2 15 1 Kwinana Overseas born Australian born 5 Figure 3.5: Australian and Overseas born age structure, Alliance LGAs, South Australia, 26 Source: ABS Census Data 26, Table Builder 2 Mount Barker 2 Playford 15 Overseas born 15 Overseas born Australian born Australian born 1 1 5 5 Table 3:4 shows the top ten LGAs in each age cohort for both the Australian born and overseas born populations in each LGA. These percentages are the proportion of each age group in the LGAs total population. The table shows that there are a number of LGAs which are dominated by Australian born population in all, or most age cohorts. These are Camden,
58 Campbelltown, Penrith, Cardinia, Moreton Bay, Ipswich and Mount Barker. It is also possible to identify LGAs which are in the top ten in the younger cohorts for the Australian born, including Melton, Hume, Swan, Cockburn, Kwinana and Armidale. There are also several LGAs that fall into the top ten for Australian born in the older age cohorts, in LGAs such as Mandurah, Serpentine-Jarrahdale and Rockingham. Specifically, LGAs with Australian born concentrations in the top ten for at least two of the oldest cohorts are Camden, Campbelltown, Penrith, Cardinia, Moreton Bay, Ipswich, Mandurah, Rockingham and Mount Barker. Table 3:4: Age structure, Australian born and overseas born, NGAA LGAs, 26 Source: ABS Census Data 26, Table Builder Australian born Percent Local government area Percent of total LGA population in cohort total 25-44 population Blacktown (C) 6.9 12.4 9. 15.4 5.2 3.7 1.9 1..3 55.8 Camden (A) 8. 15.5 11.7 23.9 8.5 5.3 2.6 1.8.7 77.9 Campbelltown (C) 6.6 13.6 12.6 16.2 8. 5.1 1.9 1.2.4 65.8 Liverpool (C) 7. 12.8 8.7 13.5 4. 2.7 1.7.9.3 51.5 Penrith (C) 7. 13.8 13.2 21.5 8.6 5.3 2.2 1.5.4 73.5 Casey (C) 6.5 12.9 9.5 16.8 6. 3.3 1.6 1.1.3 58. Cardinia (S) 6.6 14.9 11.1 21.4 9.1 5.9 2.9 1.9.7 74.6 Wyndham (C) 5.9 1.9 8.9 17.6 5.9 3.4 1.4.8.3 55. Melton (S) 7.1 12. 1. 19.9 6. 3.2 1.1.8.3 6.4 Hume (C) 6.4 13.4 1.9 16.7 6.1 3.4 1.7.9.3 59.8 Whittlesea (C) 6. 11.7 1.4 17.9 5.4 2.9 1.3.8.2 56.5 Moreton Bay (R) 6.1 12.8 1.4 19.6 9.1 7.4 4.1 2.5.8 72.7 Logan (C) 6.1 11.9 1.8 16.6 7.3 5.4 2.2 1.1.4 61.8 Ipswich (C) 6.7 13.4 11.6 2.3 8.7 6.1 3.5 2.2.7 73.3 Gosnells (C) 5.8 1.9 1. 15.4 5.9 4.1 1.8 1..3 55. Wanneroo (C) 5.9 1.9 7.8 13.6 4.3 2.9 1.7 1..3 48.4 Swan (C) 6.5 12.9 1. 17.5 6.6 4. 2. 1.1.3 61. Cockburn (C) 5.9 11.2 9.6 18.3 6.4 3.9 2.2 1.2.4 59. Mandurah (C) 4.4 1.3 8.7 13.9 7.9 7.3 6.3 4.1 1. 63.9 Serpentine-Jarrahdale (S) 5.3 14.4 9.8 17.5 8.9 5.6 2.3 1.1.4 65.3 Kwinana (T) 6.1 11.8 1.1 18.7 5.5 3.7 1.7.9.2 58.8 Armadale (C) 5.7 12.1 11.1 15.1 6.7 4.8 2.1 1.2.4 59.1 Rockingham (C) 5.8 12.2 9.8 15.8 5.9 4. 2.6 1.8.4 58.3 Mount Barker (DC) 6.4 14.5 11.7 22.5 1.9 7.6 3.5 2.4 1. 8.5 Playford (C) 6.8 14.6 12.7 2.4 7. 4.2 2.5 1.3.4 69.9 Overseas born Percent Local government area Percent of total LGA population in cohort total 25-44 population Blacktown (C).7 3.1 4.8 16.1 7.8 6. 3.3 1.7.6 44.2 Camden (A).4 1.1 1.5 6.5 4.4 3.9 2.4 1.3.6 22.1 Campbelltown (C) (NSW).6 2.2 3.4 1.9 6.6 5.6 3. 1.4.5 34.2 Liverpool (C).8 2.7 4.8 17.2 9.6 7. 3.8 2..6 48.5 Penrith (C).5 1.4 2.2 7.5 5.1 5. 3. 1.4.5 26.5 Casey (C).7 3.3 4.3 14.9 7.8 5.6 3.3 1.7.5 42. Cardinia (S).5 1.8 1.7 7.4 4.7 4.1 3.1 1.5.5 25.4 Wyndham (C) 1.2 4. 4.5 19.5 6.7 4.9 2.6 1.3.4 45. Melton (S).8 3. 3.5 14.8 7.1 5.9 2.9 1.3.4 39.6 Hume (C).7 2.7 4. 13.5 7.4 5.8 3.8 1.9.4 4.2 Whittlesea (C).7 2.1 3.6 13.6 7.5 7.3 5. 2.9.7 43.5 Moreton Bay (R).6 2.3 2.5 7.9 4.8 4. 2.9 1.6.6 27.3 Logan (C) 1. 3.3 4.5 12. 6.6 5.5 3.3 1.5.6 38.2 Ipswich (C).8 2.6 3.1 9.1 4.4 3.3 2. 1..3 26.7 Gosnells (C) 1. 3.7 5.1 15.1 7.5 6. 3.9 2..6 45. Wanneroo (C) 1.1 5.5 6. 17.9 9.1 5.8 3.6 1.8.6 51.6 Swan (C).7 3. 3.8 12.4 7.6 5.7 3.4 1.8.6 39. Cockburn (C).8 2.7 4. 14. 7.3 5.7 3.7 2.2.6 41. Mandurah (C).9 3. 2.9 8.5 6. 5.4 5.3 3.1 1. 36.1 Serpentine-Jarrahdale (S).5 1.8 2.5 9.5 7.9 6.3 4.1 1.5.6 34.7 Kwinana (T) 1.2 3.4 3.9 13.6 6.9 5.2 4.1 2.3.7 41.2 Armadale (C).8 2.8 3.5 11.6 7.8 6.5 4.5 2.5.8 4.9 Rockingham (C) 1. 3.7 3.9 12.1 8.2 5.4 4.2 2.4.7 41.7 Mount Barker (DC).2 1.3 1.2 4.5 4.1 3.9 2.5 1.3.5 19.5 Playford (C).6 1.9 2.3 6.3 5.9 5. 4. 3.1.9 3.1
Percent total population Percent total population Percent total population Percent total population 59 In the case of the overseas born population, there are several LGAs with top ten ranking in six or more age cohorts, including Liverpool, Whittlesea, Logan, Gosnells, Wanneroo and Rockingham. There are a number of LGAs which have top ten status for the three youngest age cohorts. These are areas where migration is contributing to high levels of fertility, and include Wyndham, Logan, Gosnells, Wanneroo and Rockingham. The table also indicates those LGAs where high proportions of overseas born are present in the older cohorts. In these LGAs, migrants are ageing and will potentially generate a range of demands that will need to be met as their ageing process continues. LGAs falling into this category are Liverpool, Whittlesea, Gosnells, Cockburn, Mandurah, Armadale, Rockingham and Playford. In the following graph series, from Figure 3.6 to Figure 3.1, data from the 211 Census have been used to show the age structure of both the Australian born and overseas born populations in each of the Alliance LGAs. In the series, the proportion of overseas born and Australian born in the total population for each age cohort, based on 211 Census data, is shown. As with the previous series using 26 data the 211 series show graphically: The Australian born: overseas born ratios in each LGA. LGAs with a large overseas born component in their total population. The proportion of Australian born and overseas born in each age cohort. The age distribution of Australian born and overseas born. The size of the older populations in each LGA, and the contribution made to these by both Australian born and overseas born. The impact of ageing in the Australian born and overseas born. Figure 3.6: Australian and Overseas born age structure, Alliance LGAs, New South Wales, 211 Source: ABS Census Data 211, Table Builder 2 15 Blacktown Overseas born 2 15 Campbelltown Overseas born Australian born Australian born 1 1 5 5 2 15 Camden Overseas born 2 15 Liverpool Overseas born Australian born Australian born 1 1 5 5
Percent total population Percent total population Percent total population Percent total population Percent total population Percent total population Percent total population 6 2 15 1 Penrith Overseas born Australian born 5 Figure 3.7: Australian and Overseas born age structure, Alliance LGAs, Victoria, 211 Source: ABS Census Data 211, Table Builder 2 2 Casey Melton 15 Overseas born 15 Overseas born Australian born Australian born 1 1 5 5 2 2 Cardinia Hume 15 Overseas born 15 Overseas born Australian born Australian born 1 1 5 5 2 2 Wyndham Whittlesea 15 Overseas born 15 Overseas born Australian born Australian born 1 1 5 5
Percent total population Percent total population Percent total population Percent total population Percent total population Percent total population Percent total population 61 Figure 3.8: Australian and Overseas born age structure, Alliance LGAs, Queensland, 211 Source: ABS Census Data 211, Table Builder 2 Moreton Bay 2 Ipswich 15 Overseas born 15 Overseas born Australian born Australian born 1 1 5 5 2 15 1 Logan Overseas born Australian born 5 Figure 3.9: Australian and Overseas born age structure, Alliance LGAs, Western Australia, 211 Source: ABS Census Data 211, Table Builder 2 Gosnells 2 Swan 15 Overseas born 15 Overseas born Australian born Australian born 1 1 5 5 2 Wanneroo 2 Cockburn 15 Overseas born 15 Overseas born Australian born Australian born 1 1 5 5
Percent total population Percent total population Percent total population Percent total population Percent total population Percent total population Percent total population 62 2 2 Mandurah Armadale 15 Overseas born 15 Overseas born Australian born Australian born 1 1 5 5 2 2 Serpentine-Jarrahdale Rockingham 15 Overseas born 15 Overseas born Australian born Australian born 1 1 5 5 2 15 1 Kwinana Overseas born Australian born 5 Figure 3.1: Australian and Overseas born age structure, Alliance LGAs, South Australia, 211 Source: ABS Census Data 211, Table Builder 2 2 Mount Barker Playford 15 Overseas born 15 Overseas born Australian born Australian born 1 1 5 5 Table 3:5 shows the top ten LGAs in each age cohort for both the Australian born and overseas born populations in each LGA. These percentages are the proportion of each age group in the LGAs total population. The table shows that there are five LGAs with top ten status in eight or more cohorts Australian born. These are Camden, Penrith, Cardinia, Ipswich and Mount Barker. LGAs which are in the top ten for two or more of the younger cohorts for the Australian born are Camden, Penrith, Cardinia, Melton, Hume, Ipswich, and serpentine- Jarrahdale. There are nine LGAs that fall into the top ten for Australian born in two or more
63 of the older age cohorts, including Camden, Penrith, Cardinia, Moreton Bay, Ipswich, Cockburn, Mandurah, Rockingham and Mount Barker. Table 3:5: Age structure, Australian born and overseas born, NGAA LGAs, 211 Source: ABS Census Data 211, Table Builder Australian born Percent Local government area Percent of total LGA population in cohort total 25-44 population Blacktown (C) 7.7 12.3 9.4 15.1 5.4 4.1 2.2 1.1.3 57.7 Camden (A) 7.7 15.2 12.3 23.5 9.2 6.4 3.3 1.8.8 8.2 Campbelltown (C) 6.8 12.3 12.1 16.4 7.4 6.5 2.8 1.2.4 66. Liverpool (C) 7.1 13. 1. 13.3 4.6 2.8 1.8 1..3 53.8 Penrith (C) 7.2 12.7 12.7 21.6 8.7 6.6 2.9 1.4.6 74.3 Casey (C) 7.2 12.3 1.4 16.3 6.6 4.3 2.1 1.2.5 6.8 Cardinia (S) 7.7 13.8 12.2 22.5 9.6 6.9 3.7 1.9.7 79. Wyndham (C) 8.2 11.1 9.6 18.3 6.7 4.2 1.9.8.3 61.1 Melton (S) 8.6 13. 1.4 21.8 6.1 4.4 1.6.8.3 67. Hume (C) 6.8 12.7 11.6 16.6 6.8 4.3 2. 1.1.3 62.1 Whittlesea (C) 6.8 11.5 1.6 19.6 6.3 3.8 1.8.9.4 61.7 Moreton Bay (R) 6.9 12.5 1.8 2. 9.3 8.2 5.1 2.5.9 76.3 Logan (C) 7.4 12.4 11. 18.4 7.7 6.4 3.3 1.3.4 68.2 Ipswich (C) 8. 12.8 12. 21.1 8.7 6.6 3.8 2.1.8 76. Gosnells (C) 6.4 1.2 9.8 15.9 5.4 4.9 2.4 1.1.4 56.4 Wanneroo (C) 7.5 11.1 8.9 15.7 4.8 3.5 2. 1.1.4 54.9 Swan (C) 6.9 12.3 1.8 18.1 7.2 4.8 2.5 1.2.3 64.3 Cockburn (C) 6.8 1.9 9.8 19.3 6.8 4.8 2.5 1.4.5 62.8 Mandurah (C) 5.5 9.9 9.6 15.1 7.7 8.2 6.6 4.2 1.3 68.2 Serpentine-Jarrahdale (S) 7.2 14.5 11.6 2. 8.4 6.5 2.7 1.1.3 72.2 Kwinana (T) 7.9 11.1 1.7 2.9 5.8 4.5 2.1.9.2 64.1 Armadale (C) 7.2 11. 11.4 17.9 6.3 5.6 2.5 1.2.4 63.6 Rockingham (C) 7.1 11.4 1.9 17.5 6.3 4.7 2.8 1.7.5 62.8 Mount Barker (DC) 6.9 13.5 11.4 22.2 11.1 8.9 4.8 2.4 1.1 82.4 Playford (C) 7.8 12.9 13.3 21.5 8. 4.9 2.7 1.4.4 73. Overseas born Percent Local government area Percent of total LGA population in cohort total 25-44 population Blacktown (C).7 3. 4.6 15.4 7.5 5.8 3.1 1.6.6 42.3 Camden (A).4 1. 1.3 5.8 4. 3.5 2.2 1.2.5 19.8 Campbelltown (C).6 2.2 3.4 1.8 6.6 5.5 3. 1.4.5 34. Liverpool (C).8 2.6 4.5 16.4 9.2 6.6 3.6 1.9.6 46.2 Penrith (C).4 1.3 2.1 7.3 4.9 4.8 2.9 1.4.5 25.7 Casey (C).7 3. 4. 13.9 7.2 5.2 3. 1.6.5 39.2 Cardinia (S).4 1.5 1.4 6.1 3.9 3.4 2.6 1.3.4 21. Wyndham (C) 1. 3.4 3.9 16.9 5.8 4.2 2.2 1.1.4 38.9 Melton (S).7 2.5 2.9 12.3 5.9 4.9 2.4 1.1.3 33. Hume (C).7 2.6 3.8 12.7 7. 5.5 3.6 1.8.4 37.9 Whittlesea (C).6 1.9 3.2 11.9 6.6 6.5 4.4 2.6.6 38.3 Moreton Bay (R).5 2. 2.2 6.8 4.2 3.5 2.5 1.4.5 23.7 Logan (C).8 2.7 3.8 1. 5.5 4.5 2.7 1.3.5 31.8 Ipswich (C).7 2.4 2.8 8.2 4. 3. 1.8.9.3 24. Gosnells (C) 1. 3.6 4.9 14.6 7.3 5.8 3.8 2..6 43.6 Wanneroo (C) 1. 4.8 5.2 15.7 7.9 5.1 3.2 1.6.6 45.1 Swan (C).6 2.7 3.5 11.3 7. 5.2 3.2 1.6.6 35.7 Cockburn (C).7 2.4 3.6 12.7 6.7 5.2 3.3 2..6 37.2 Mandurah (C).8 2.6 2.5 7.5 5.2 4.8 4.7 2.7.9 31.8 Serpentine-Jarrahdale (S).4 1.4 2. 7.6 6.3 5. 3.3 1.2.5 27.8 Kwinana (T) 1. 3. 3.4 11.9 6. 4.5 3.5 2..7 35.9 Armadale (C).7 2.5 3.2 1.4 7. 5.8 4. 2.2.7 36.4 Rockingham (C).9 3.3 3.5 1.8 7.3 4.8 3.8 2.1.6 37.2 Mount Barker (DC).2 1.2 1.1 4. 3.7 3.5 2.2 1.2.4 17.6 Playford (C).6 1.7 2.1 5.6 5.3 4.5 3.6 2.8.8 27.
64 In the case of the overseas born population, there are several LGAs with top ten ranking in six or more age cohorts Blacktown, Liverpool, Hume, Gosnells, Cockburn and Rockingham. There are a number of LGAs which have top ten status for two or more of the youngest cohorts. These are areas where migration is contributing to high levels of fertility, and include Blacktown, Liverpool, Casey, Wyndham, Logan, Gosnells, Wanneroo, Swan, Cockburn, Mandurah, Kwinana and Rockingham. The table also indicates those LGAs where high proportions of overseas born are present in the older cohorts, and where migrants are ageing and will generate a range of demands that will need to be met as their ageing process continues. LGAs falling into this category are Liverpool, Hume, Whittlesea, Gosnells, Cockburn, Mandurah, Kwinana, Armadale, Rockingham and Playford. The tendencies identified are not exclusive, and scrutiny of the table is likely to reveal more, especially in terms of each specific LGA, and temporal changes can also be determined by close comparison of the results presented in Table 3:4 and Table 3:5. 3.5 MULTICULTURAL DIVERSITY There are a number of indicators of multicultural diversity available from the Census. A first approach is to examine the balance in any area between persons born in Australia, and those born in mainly English speaking (MES) countries and non-english speaking (NES) countries. Table 3:6 shows the situation existing within the Alliance, and its individual LGAs, at the 211 Census. While this analysis could be undertaken using time series data prepared from the 21, 26 and 211 censuses, this has not been done because all the MES countries are not represented in this data set. Hence, the analysis is restricted to 211 data based on Place of Usual Residence. At the Alliance level, Australian born population comprised just short of two thirds of the total population, with MES born migrants comprising 21.8 percent and persons from NES countries representing 12.5 percent of total population. Compared with the situation prevailing at the national level, the NGAA LGAs have a greater concentration than might be expected of MES born persons, while for the Australian and NES born populations, the Alliance levels are less than those prevailing within the greater Australian context. What this suggests is that MES born persons are attracted to Alliance LGAs in greater proportions than might be expected based on their share of the Australian population. However, from Table 3:6 above, it is clear that this overconcentration of MES born persons is confined to Alliance LGAs situated in Queensland, Western Australia and South Australia. All the Alliance LGAs in New South Wales and Victoria have MES born concentrations less than the Australian level. In terms of NES born persons, most Alliance LGAs are above the national concentration, and in this case they are distributed more uniformly among the states. Among the individual LGAs, it is striking that 19 of the 25 member LGAs have concentrations of NES migrants greater than the Alliance average, and 18 have concentrations greater than the level prevailing in Australia. Concentrations greater than 3 percent occur in Liverpool (42.3 percent), Blacktown (36.3), Whittlesea (34.9), Hume (33.7), Casey (31.) and Wyndham (3.8). A further six LGAs have representations of NES migrants greater than 2 percent. The lowest levels occur in Serpentine-Jarrahdale and Mount Barker, which are among the more rural, or regional, of the Alliance LGAs.
65 Table 3:6: Australian, MES and NES born concentrations, NGAA LGAs, 211 Source: ABS Census Data 211, Table Builder Local Government Area Persons born in MES countries Australian born Persons born in NES countries Total population Persons born in MES countries Australian born Persons born in NES countries s Percent Blacktown (C) 18144 173765 1919 3199 6. 57.7 36.3 Camden (A) 4169 4558 743 5672 7.4 8.2 12.4 Campbelltown (C) 11191 96284 38492 145967 7.7 66. 26.4 Liverpool (C) 6976 96915 76252 18143 3.9 53.8 42.3 Penrith (C) 13456 13267 3234 178466 7.5 74.3 18.1 Casey (C) 2635 153516 78231 252382 8.2 6.8 31. Cardinia (S) 6548 58632 8996 74176 8.8 79. 12.1 Wyndham (C) 1328 98654 49713 161575 8.2 61.1 3.8 Melton (S) 658 73251 2995 19259 5.5 67. 27.4 Hume (C) 7165 13992 5645 167562 4.3 62.1 33.7 Whittlesea (C) 5257 95568 5455 15488 3.4 61.7 34.9 Moreton Bay (R) 49278 28838 4459 37845 13. 76.3 1.7 Logan (C) 423 189684 48136 2785 14.5 68.2 17.3 Ipswich (C) 17486 126868 2255 16694 1.5 76. 13.5 Gosnells (C) 16584 613 29871 16585 15.6 56.4 28. Wanneroo (C) 37231 83491 31355 15277 24.5 54.9 2.6 Swan (C) 15987 69698 22776 18461 14.7 64.3 21. Cockburn (C) 13131 56359 2193 89683 14.6 62.8 22.5 Mandurah (C) 13467 4772 8734 6993 19.3 68.2 12.5 Serpentine-Jarrahdale (S) 3219 1282 178 17747 18.1 72.2 9.6 Kwinana (T) 5226 1874 5261 29227 17.9 64.1 18. Armadale (C) 12168 39617 1511 62296 19.5 63.6 16.9 Rockingham (C) 26423 65429 12253 1415 25.4 62.8 11.8 Mount Barker (DC) 31 24532 2225 29767 1.1 82.4 7.5 Playford (C) 1413 57731 1971 79115 13.2 73. 13.9 Alliance total 75332 2269864 4311 3454194 21.8 65.7 12.5 Australia 191884 14989525 3375825 2276234 9.4 73.9 16.6 In terms of the MES migrants, only two LGAs Rockingham and Wanneroo have concentrations greater than that prevailing at the Alliance level. It is interesting that the top ten MES migrant concentrations occur in LGAs located in Western Australia and Queensland. It is likely that these migrants, with their English speaking skills, may be responding to opportunities provided by resource development activities in these states. In the next section a number of additional indicators of multicultural diversity are examined, including proportion of the population born in Europe, Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. In Table 3.7, actual numbers are presented for the various regions of birth. These tables allow the reader to see the variation between North-West Europe and Southern and Eastern Europe in relation to any consideration of persons born in Europe. The discussion, however, will be restricted to the variation between the broad regions of birth.
66 Table 3:7: Selected regions of birth, Persons, 211 Source: ABS Census Data 211, Table Builder Local Government Area North-West Europe Southern and Eastern Europe South-East Asia North-East Asia Southern and Central Asia Sub- Saharan Africa At the Alliance level, 11.2 percent of the population was drawn from European countries in 211, compared with 8.4 percent from Asia and 1.7 percent from sub-saharan Africa. In relation to migrants from Asia, there were eight LGAs with proportions greater than that prevailing at the Alliance level. The highest concentrations occurred in Blacktown (18.3 percent), Wyndham (15.5), Gosnells (15.1) and Casey (14.6). Perhaps more significant is the fact that in Blacktown, Liverpool, Casey, Wyndham and Gosnells the proportion of the total population from Asia is greater than that from Europe. Table 3:8 looks at the concentrations of persons from two of the major source regions for Australia s migrants Europe and Asia with Asia being a region which is supplying an increasing number of migrants to Australia. At the Alliance level, 11.2 percent of the population was drawn from European countries in 211, compared with 8.4 percent from Asia and 1.7 percent from sub-saharan Africa. In relation to migrants from Asia, there were eight LGAs with proportions greater than that prevailing at the Alliance level. The highest concentrations occurred in Blacktown (18.3 percent), Wyndham (15.5), Gosnells (15.1) and Casey (14.6). Perhaps more significant is the fact that in Blacktown, Liverpool, Casey, Wyndham, and Gosnells, the proportion of the total population from Asia is greater than that from Europe. Total Total population Blacktown (C) 1445 11317 24749 5371 256 4541 81483 3199 Camden (A) 3616 1489 644 375 45 483 712 5672 Campbelltown (C) 7339 3832 6738 1486 6293 1977 27665 145967 Liverpool (C) 4222 13971 13717 2422 649 1985 42726 18143 Penrith (C) 11121 5661 447 1132 413 141 2787 178466 Casey (C) 15243 1219 9877 336 2374 6558 7833 252382 Cardinia (S) 689 1359 77 25 959 656 9975 74176 Wyndham (C) 868 7757 1496 3515 1119 321 43876 161575 Melton (S) 4436 7584 5843 965 421 1138 24176 19259 Hume (C) 5285 127 4821 8 7346 1249 29528 167562 Whittlesea (C) 399 2424 654 2511 7882 1384 42695 15488 Moreton Bay (R) 2978 3165 4499 1592 1885 512 45933 37845 Logan (C) 19249 5191 753 2942 2661 3996 4192 2785 Ipswich (C) 9284 1286 3477 864 1337 1543 17791 16694 Gosnells (C) 1222 1598 92 2215 4857 3493 33385 16585 Wanneroo (C) 28578 463 7242 911 2472 7613 51446 15277 Swan (C) 11236 3261 5584 823 2433 3139 26476 18461 Cockburn (C) 9544 5374 4273 1471 1319 2556 24537 89683 Mandurah (C) 1611 567 189 236 436 1414 14353 6993 Serpentine-Jarrahdale (S) 2717 151 181 32 63 287 3431 17747 Kwinana (T) 3762 464 885 194 329 598 6232 29227 Armadale (C) 135 788 1922 251 141 1547 15584 62296 Rockingham (C) 2627 1381 148 231 526 2319 26564 1415 Mount Barker (DC) 2986 245 192 75 75 28 3781 29767 Playford (C) 1482 1498 1498 169 793 121 15461 79115 Total 26947 125129 136961 3494 117563 59148 733842 3454194
67 Table 3:8: Persons born in selected regions, 211 Source: ABS Census Data 211, Table Builder Local Government Area Europe Sub- Asia Saharan Africa Total Sub- Europe Asia Saharan Africa Percent Blacktown (C) 21762 5518 4541 81483 7.2 18.3 1.5 27.1 3199 Camden (A) 515 1424 483 712 9. 2.5.9 12.4 5672 Campbelltown (C) 11171 14517 1977 27665 7.7 9.9 1.4 19. 145967 Liverpool (C) 18193 22548 1985 42726 1.1 12.5 1.1 23.7 18143 Penrith (C) 16782 9615 141 2787 9.4 5.4.8 15.6 178466 Casey (C) 27352 36923 6558 7833 1.8 14.6 2.6 28.1 252382 Cardinia (S) 7448 1871 656 9975 1. 2.5.9 13.4 74176 Wyndham (C) 15825 253 321 43876 9.8 15.5 1.9 27.2 161575 Melton (S) 122 1118 1138 24176 11. 1.1 1. 22.1 19259 Hume (C) 15312 12967 1249 29528 9.1 7.7.7 17.6 167562 Whittlesea (C) 24414 16897 1384 42695 15.8 1.9.9 27.6 15488 Moreton Bay (R) 32945 7976 512 45933 8.7 2.1 1.3 12.2 37845 Logan (C) 2444 12656 3996 4192 8.8 4.6 1.4 14.8 2785 Ipswich (C) 157 5678 1543 17791 6.3 3.4.9 1.7 16694 Gosnells (C) 138 1692 3493 33385 12.9 15.1 3.3 31.3 16585 Wanneroo (C) 3328 1625 7613 51446 21.8 7. 5. 33.8 15277 Swan (C) 14497 884 3139 26476 13.4 8.2 2.9 24.4 18461 Cockburn (C) 14918 763 2556 24537 16.6 7.9 2.9 27.4 89683 Mandurah (C) 11178 1761 1414 14353 16. 2.5 2. 2.5 6993 Serpentine-Jarrahdale (S) 2868 276 287 3431 16.2 1.6 1.6 19.3 17747 Kwinana (T) 4226 148 598 6232 14.5 4.8 2. 21.3 29227 Armadale (C) 1823 3214 1547 15584 17.4 5.2 2.5 25. 62296 Rockingham (C) 228 2237 2319 26564 21.1 2.1 2.2 25.5 1415 Mount Barker (DC) 3231 342 28 3781 1.9 1.1.7 12.7 29767 Playford (C) 1198 246 121 15461 15.1 3.1 1.3 19.5 79115 Alliance total 38676 288618 59148 733842 11.2 8.4 1.7 21.2 3454194 Australia 213961 1737421 27259 414891 1.5 8.6 1.3 2.4 2276234 Total Total population As for migrants from sub-saharan Africa, there were nine LGAs in which levels were above that recorded for the Alliance as a whole. With the exception of Casey, these LGAs are all located in Western Australia. The highest representations of migrants from sub-saharan Africa were in Wanneroo (5. percent), Gosnells (3.3), Swan and Cockburn (each 2.9), Casey (2.6) and Armadale (2.5). When the overall situation prevailing at the Alliance level is compared with that for Australia, it can be seen that in terms of where migrants come from, the Alliance situation is fairly representative of the situation prevailing at the Australia level, with any difference being less than one percent. Another indicator of multicultural diversity within communities is the extent to which Australian born persons have a mother and/or father born overseas. Table 3:9 shows the prevalence of this phenomenon at the 211 Census.
68 Table 3:9: Australian born persons with overseas born parent, 211 Source: ABS Census Data 211, Table Builder Loca l Government Area The first point to note from the table is that within the Alliance there are some 1.17 million Australian born persons with an overseas born mother and/or father. Australian born persons with an overseas born father represent 27.3 percent of all Australian born persons, compared with 24.1 percent of Australian born persons with an overseas born mother. Each of the NGAA LGAs has a higher proportion of Australian born persons with an overseas born father than an overseas born mother. For Australian born persons with an overseas born father, the following points can be made: Australian born with: Father born overseas Mother born overseas Father born overseas Mother born overseas Parents born overseas Total Australian born population Percent Bl a cktown (C) 59287 53685 34.1 3.9 65. 173766 Ca mden (A) 9791 88 21.5 17.6 39.1 4551 Ca mpbel l town (C) (NSW) 26153 2313 27.2 24. 51.2 96284 Li verpool (C) 4554 4846 46.5 42.1 88.6 96914 Penri th (C) 357 25668 23. 19.3 42.3 132674 Ca s ey (C) 5176 453 32.7 29.3 62. 153515 Ca rdi ni a (S) 11118 949 19. 16.2 35.1 58634 Wyndha m (C) 31787 28556 32.2 28.9 61.2 98653 Mel ton (S) 25569 22779 34.9 31.1 66. 73253 Hume (C) 48 3624 39.2 34.8 74.1 1399 Whi ttl es ea (C) 37495 3329 39.2 34.7 74. 95566 Moreton Ba y (R) 4365 36448 15.1 12.6 27.8 288311 Loga n (C) 39785 35172 21. 18.5 39.5 189684 Ips wi ch (C) 2486 17468 16.1 13.8 29.9 126868 Gos nel l s (C) 19278 17297 32.1 28.8 6.8 6131 Wa nneroo (C) 28352 2569 34. 3.8 64.7 8349 Swa n (C) 2195 1842 29. 25.9 54.9 69699 Cockburn (C) 17158 14941 3.4 26.5 57. 56356 Ma ndura h (C) 952 8151 19.9 17.1 37. 4771 Serpentine-Ja rra hda l e (S) 319 2851 24.2 22.2 46.5 12821 Kwi na na (T) 4869 4269 26. 22.8 48.8 18739 Arma da l e (C) 11274 1121 28.5 25.5 54. 39619 Rocki ngha m (C) 17361 1561 26.5 23.9 5.4 65431 Mount Ba rker (DC) 3773 3197 15.4 13. 28.4 24532 Pl a yford (C) 12933 11666 22.4 2.2 42.6 57731 Al l i a nce total 619417 547564 27.3 24.1 51.4 2269872 Aus tra l i a 3143578 273555 2.9 18.2 39.1 152315 There are 11 LGAs in which the proportion of Australian born with an overseas born father is greater than the proportion at the Alliance level. Within this group, the highest proportion occurs in Liverpool, where 46.5 percent of Australian born persons had a father who was born overseas. In Whittlesea and Hume, the proportion was 39.2 percent, while in Melton, Blacktown and Wanneroo, more than one third of the Australian born population had a father who had been born overseas. Proportions greater than 3 percent occurred in Casey, Wyndham, Gosnells and Cockburn. In the case of Australian born persons with an overseas born mother, the same 11 LGAs have proportions above that prevailing at the Alliance level. Further, the top 16 LGAs are the
69 same as for Australian born with an overseas born father, except that Hume and Whittlesea exchange second and third rank. Table 3:9 also allows the situation prevailing in the Alliance to be benchmarked against that for Australia. This shows that the same five LGAs Cardinia, Moreton Bay, Ipswich, Mandurah and Mount Barker have levels of Australian born persons with an overseas born father or mother less than those prevailing at the Australian level. This means, therefore, that generally Alliance LGAs have higher than expected levels of Australian born persons with an overseas born parent(s). This suggests that for most Alliance LGAs there is a strong connection to Australia s migration program, and that it is highly likely that this will have policy implications for these LGAs and potentially migration rates in the future as migrant settlement is often related to existing social networks and the development or existence of ethnic communities. 3.6 MIGRATION BY VISA CATEGORY While the census provides a wealth of data on migration, it does not indicate the main visa category by which a migrant can enter Australia. The Department of Immigration and Citizenship (DIAC) maintains a settlement reporting facility (SRF) which provides a wealth of information provided by migrants on their visa application. Table 3:1 shows the data that is provided by the SRF. These data can be accessed at several levels of enumeration, from statistical local area, through LGAs and statistical divisions to the State. However, of all the data available from the SRF, there are only three sets which are unavailable from Census data. Table 3:1: Data maintained on DIAC Settlement Reporting Facility Source: DIAC 213 This section starts with a general overall picture of migration into the Alliance LGAs over the period 21-212, before presenting a detailed analysis for each Alliance LGA of migration stream data derived from the SRF. There are three main visa categories Family, Humanitarian and Skilled and in this section data are examined to show, for the NGAA LGAs, the type of visa that migrants used for entry into Australia. Within the Alliance, the dominant visa category in the 21-212 period has been the Skilled visa. At the overall level, Table 3:11 presents a profile for each LGA showing the mix of visa categories that have occurred in the 12 year period to December 212. The main points from the table are that, at the Alliance level, skilled migration accounts for some 57 percent of all migrants arriving into the Alliance area, compared with a little over 3 percent for family reunion migration and 12.7 percent for humanitarian migration. At this point in the analysis, what is significant is that the levels of skilled and family reunion migration into Alliance LGAs is less than the levels arriving in Australia. In contrast, the extent of the humanitarian stream into Alliance LGAs is nearly four percent above the size of the humanitarian stream
7 arriving in Australia. This means that in over half the Alliance LGAs the size of the humanitarian intake during the 21-212 period has been at levels significantly higher than the size of the humanitarian stream into Australia. Table 3:11: Migration stream by visa category, Alliance LGAs, 21-212 Source: DIAC 213 21-212 21-212 21-212 21-212 21-212 21-212 21-212 21-212 Local government area Family Skilled Human- Total Family Skilled Human- Total itarian itarian s Percentage Blacktown (C) 1466 2592 626 4864 34.4 5.4 15.2 1. Camden (A) 788 93 39 1757 44.8 52.9 2.2 1. Campbelltown (C) 4426 489 56 9876 44.8 49.5 5.7 1. Liverpool (C) 9553 7775 7 24328 39.3 32. 28.8 1. Penrith (C) 359 4185 9 8675 41.4 48.2 1.4 1. Casey (C) 11472 2177 482 37999 3.2 57.1 12.7 1. Cardinia (S) 1223 244 175 382 32.2 63.2 4.6 1. Wyndham (C) 9277 2369 3425 3371 28.1 61.6 1.4 1. Melton (S) 2859 4533 791 8183 34.9 55.4 9.7 1. Hume (C) 7133 7765 672 297 34. 37. 29. 1. Whittlesea (C) 6659 11639 1879 2177 33. 57.7 9.3 1. Moreton Bay (Estimate) 624 14419 318 2977 29.7 68.7 1.5 1. Logan (C) 4899 617 471 1514 32.4 4.8 26.9 1. Ipswich (C) 2958 4467 16 8431 35.1 53. 11.9 1. Gosnells (C) 2583 6271 1257 1111 25.5 62. 12.4 1. Wanneroo (C) 6366 24477 2683 33526 19. 73. 8. 1. Swan (C) 3411 7327 1153 11891 28.7 61.6 9.7 1. Cockburn (C) 3355 9464 517 13336 25.2 71. 3.9 1. Mandurah (C) 1363 488 85 6328 21.5 77.1 1.3 1. Serpentine-Jarrahdale ( 258 618 4 88 29.3 7.2.5 1. Kwinana (T) 824 2212 25 3286 25.1 67.3 7.6 1. Armadale (C) 175 4474 436 6615 25.8 67.6 6.6 1. Rockingham (C) 2573 1747 132 13452 19.1 79.9 1. 1. Mount Barker (DC) 365 94 1 136 27.9 72..1 1. Playford (C) 1149 1231 1756 4136 27.8 29.8 42.5 1. Total 1995 24486 45536 359117 3.4 56.9 12.7 1. Australia 565499 171357 158453 179539 31.5 59.7 8.8 1. Table 3:12 shows numbers of migrants entering each of the member LGAs for each year from 21 to 212. In the period under review, some 24,486 migrants with a skilled visa settled in the various member LGAs 3. This was nearly double the number of migrants arriving under the family reunion scheme, as shown in Table 3:13. During the 21-212 period there were 19, migrants arriving in Australia and indicating an intention to settle in an Alliance LGA. Finally, numbers arriving under the government s humanitarian refugee scheme amounted to some 45,536 immigrants during the 21-212 period, as indicated in Table 3:14. 3 An important caveat in the use of SRF data is that the location of any migrant is where they indicated they would live on their visa application. The database is not upgraded with any data after arrival. Hence, there will be cases where migrants settle in an area different from that indicated on the visa application form. It is also the case that migrants are subject to mobility from their original location at any time after their arrival.
71 Table 3:12: Skilled migration entrants, Alliance LGAs, 21-212 Source: DIAC 213 21-21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 Local government area 212 Skilled, numbers Blacktown (C) 1219 1134 1379 1652 1973 274 4431 2141 1751 1217 875 746 2592 Camden (A) 47 43 76 84 53 93 229 12 67 6 27 31 93 Campbelltown (C) 29 297 49 446 495 577 59 652 484 299 211 14 489 Liverpool (C) 478 392 612 66 674 821 161 86 642 433 353 24 7775 Penrith (C) 229 239 284 296 366 378 916 479 399 242 212 145 4185 Casey (C) 735 819 1153 1453 24 2336 5539 2886 224 1237 832 653 2177 Cardinia (S) 3 8 81 114 24 244 74 356 273 135 96 87 244 Wyndham (C) 466 572 98 1187 1874 2284 4912 2514 2137 1535 185 895 2369 Melton (S) 156 156 222 28 394 483 1161 595 442 231 225 188 4533 Hume (C) 235 34 417 427 643 822 1889 128 81 512 47 28 7765 Whittlesea (C) 261 35 458 75 923 1334 2773 1519 1294 83 754 438 11639 Moreton Bay (Estimate) 446 476 834 776 199 1348 3815 218 1498 894 77 418 14419 Logan (C) 332 298 386 465 498 641 136 681 539 421 321 228 617 Ipswich (C) 124 148 216 23 357 422 134 585 541 347 32 188 4467 Gosnells (C) 14 2 264 284 353 434 1615 895 737 534 463 352 6271 Wanneroo (C) 518 619 199 1296 1979 254 6396 3377 2333 1481 1552 1287 24477 Swan (C) 213 25 371 33 478 734 1722 94 825 598 52 49 7327 Cockburn (C) 297 248 438 496 588 756 226 1198 136 895 831 655 9464 Mandurah (C) 72 71 225 25 367 49 121 685 591 49 362 238 488 Serpentine-Jarrahdale (S) 19 4 42 29 78 63 148 68 73 31 39 24 618 Kwinana (T) 29 36 44 62 112 18 57 341 342 217 177 12 2212 Armadale (C) 95 16 151 248 295 49 199 612 545 325 272 236 4474 Rockingham (C) 213 26 513 414 693 182 2861 157 149 73 792 633 1747 Mount Barker (DC) 33 27 54 5 123 14 29 9 96 51 45 22 94 Playford (C) 5 31 49 66 14 15 299 15 137 116 41 38 1231 Total 6727 7115 1685 12273 16763 2835 4919 26387 2656 1378 11483 8673 24486 Table 3:13: Family migration entrants, Alliance LGAs, 21-212 Source: DIAC 213 21-21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 Local government area 212 Family, numbers Blacktown (C) 724 82 947 113 1152 1216 2579 1335 138 14 972 87 1466 Camden (A) 59 29 47 47 57 66 164 71 89 57 72 3 788 Campbelltown (C) 276 34 334 38 378 432 453 485 498 369 35 212 4426 Liverpool (C) 55 61 645 715 846 84 179 931 778 723 717 534 9553 Penrith (C) 182 24 244 294 257 262 71 38 35 282 251 183 359 Casey (C) 452 566 61 765 1128 995 2223 121 136 964 843 689 11472 Cardinia (S) 36 52 71 74 84 97 267 139 112 115 88 88 1223 Wyndham (C) 233 315 429 499 647 748 195 138 116 94 876 622 9277 Melton (S) 99 155 193 197 233 23 525 28 295 262 218 172 2859 Hume (C) 4 431 565 497 548 534 1278 636 623 614 559 448 7133 Whittlesea (C) 38 356 383 427 59 579 12 593 632 613 596 463 6659 Moreton Bay (Estimate) 312 39 389 485 52 517 1144 589 563 524 484 341 624 Logan (C) 251 313 277 326 359 386 926 52 465 428 355 311 4899 Ipswich (C) 131 165 177 195 213 24 54 31 295 284 22 197 2958 Gosnells (C) 85 92 131 156 169 197 467 245 29 245 284 222 2583 Wanneroo (C) 229 39 348 452 483 54 1283 675 61 62 59 326 6366 Swan (C) 147 29 22 266 249 32 69 298 321 288 284 236 3411 Cockburn (C) 133 17 196 211 243 279 618 38 322 349 39 217 3355 Mandurah (C) 41 61 86 77 96 16 244 132 162 14 137 81 1363 Serpentine-Jarrahdale (S) 8 1 18 15 25 31 43 27 22 29 17 13 258 Kwinana (T) 26 34 37 47 66 54 162 79 1 66 88 65 824 Armadale (C) 6 73 87 11 13 149 312 163 177 19 166 124 175 Rockingham (C) 93 137 14 184 215 176 476 249 235 262 231 175 2573 Mount Barker (DC) 2 16 29 45 32 29 66 33 3 2 32 13 365 Playford (C) 38 6 57 56 93 96 211 15 126 113 11 84 1149 Total 4893 598 6642 7641 8687 965 2159 1795 1482 9447 8723 6653 1995
72 Table 3:14: Humanitarian migration entrants, Alliance LGAs, 21-212 Source: DIAC 213 21-21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 Local government area 212 Humanitarian, numbers Blacktown (C) 324 44 63 689 73 514 85 52 456 358 481 34 626 Camden (A) 6 6 9 1 2 6 4 1 2 2 39 Campbelltown (C) 55 47 39 43 46 5 49 62 65 19 47 38 56 Liverpool (C) 675 55 469 415 624 38 181 76 715 334 71 341 7 Penrith (C) 5 4 79 72 11 88 17 49 95 85 73 52 9 Casey (C) 371 296 373 37 456 55 758 288 377 316 44 333 482 Cardinia (S) 2 2 8 23 42 47 19 2 6 6 175 Wyndham (C) 41 62 83 95 247 389 992 423 48 177 261 247 3425 Melton (S) 42 28 38 7 129 11 15 6 6 48 46 19 791 Hume (C) 257 59 434 279 284 534 843 465 782 43 858 397 672 Whittlesea (C) 116 136 113 123 14 19 35 174 123 18 233 199 1879 Moreton Bay (Estimate) 9 12 18 45 19 51 48 23 21 32 27 13 318 Logan (C) 123 118 98 131 36 315 758 257 474 511 479 447 471 Ipswich (C) 9 12 3 78 154 185 26 71 73 15 47 126 16 Gosnells (C) 5 47 3 63 94 153 22 91 165 15 86 126 1257 Wanneroo (C) 144 11 147 225 33 321 5 29 2 131 177 189 2683 Swan (C) 83 89 99 83 18 121 229 118 82 39 54 48 1153 Cockburn (C) 7 86 72 48 39 62 53 16 21 13 21 16 517 Mandurah (C) 1 3 4 14 23 5 11 4 15 2 1 2 85 Serpentine-Jarrahdale (S) 3 1 4 Kwinana (T) 7 11 7 16 15 27 37 23 1 6 27 64 25 Armadale (C) 13 7 12 16 26 69 118 46 6 2 36 13 436 Rockingham (C) 1 1 11 19 19 13 23 8 6 4 5 4 132 Mount Barker (DC) 1 1 Playford (C) 19 14 26 56 182 282 513 14 114 13 192 115 1756 Total 2478 2597 2787 294 4159 4318 7844 3759 4343 299 439 3129 45536 Total migration from all three visa types is shown in Table 3:15. In the 12 years to 212, total number of entrants under the three schemes was a little over 361, distributed between the 25 Alliance local government areas. Table 3:15: Total Skilled, Family and Humanitarian entrants, Alliance LGAs, 21-212 Source: DIAC 213 21-21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 Local government area 212 Total, numbers Blacktown (C) 2,275 2,364 2,934 3,478 3,863 3,85 7,824 3,982 3,64 2,612 2,348 1,932 4121 Camden (A) 113 78 123 144 111 161 399 195 157 121 14 67 1773 Campbelltown (C) 622 648 783 87 921 1,62 1,93 1,2 1,53 69 573 46 9921 Liverpool (C) 1,712 1,551 1,728 1,791 2,145 2,5 4,49 2,5 2,138 1,495 1,795 1,132 2441 Penrith (C) 462 529 68 663 734 728 1,733 98 84 613 54 389 8711 Casey (C) 1,565 1,685 2,144 2,525 3,628 3,84 8,525 4,378 3,446 2,542 2,147 1,76 38131 Cardinia (S) 7 132 155 196 311 386 1,18 514 49 257 2 175 3823 Wyndham (C) 744 956 1,42 1,781 2,769 3,422 7,858 3,978 3,569 2,637 2,24 1,819 33193 Melton (S) 297 339 453 547 76 815 1,84 939 8 542 53 393 8228 Hume (C) 94 1,248 1,419 1,23 1,475 1,892 4,14 2,132 2,28 1,562 1,832 1,146 2135 Whittlesea (C) 685 843 955 1,26 1,573 2,23 4,286 2,292 2,6 1,556 1,611 1,131 2275 Moreton Bay (Estimate) 767 883 1242 1312 1625 1918 515 2728 29 1467 1249 825 21121 Logan (C) 77 738 762 922 1,218 1,343 3,48 1,443 1,482 1,364 1,17 1,7 1524 Ipswich (C) 266 325 424 482 724 847 1,78 957 916 653 66 558 8538 Gosnells (C) 275 339 425 57 616 784 2,29 1,236 1,195 935 844 727 1173 Wanneroo (C) 895 1,48 1,595 1,977 2,795 3,43 8,196 4,275 3,16 2,234 2,295 1,924 33797 Swan (C) 443 53 675 681 839 1,157 2,568 1,364 1,229 934 852 725 1197 Cockburn (C) 52 58 76 755 87 1,97 2,73 1,527 1,39 1,269 1,188 977 13492 Mandurah (C) 114 135 319 342 49 522 1,458 823 773 557 515 47 6455 Serpentine-Jarrahdale (S) 27 14 6 44 13 94 194 96 95 61 57 38 883 Kwinana (T) 62 81 88 125 193 261 77 443 452 291 298 239 333 Armadale (C) 171 19 25 365 424 713 1,529 821 785 54 481 387 6656 Rockingham (C) 319 411 677 617 929 1,271 3,368 1,77 1,293 1,4 1,44 853 13556 Mount Barker (DC) 54 43 83 97 155 169 275 123 126 71 77 36 139 Playford (C) 18 16 137 181 379 528 1,23 395 379 333 344 237 415 Total 14159 15697 2165 22865 2965 34246 77216 4119 35613 2634 24913 19236 361119
73 In the following graph series, the data above have been presented for each LGA to show: Temporal trends within each of the LGAs. Variations between the LGAs Variations between the three visa categories Figure 3.11: Entrants by visa category, New South Wales Alliance members, 21-212 Source: DIAC 213 18, 16, 14, 12, 1, 8, 6, 4, 2, Blacktown Total Skilled Humanitarian Family 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 Year 1, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, Liverpool Total Skilled Humanitarian Family 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 Year 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Camden Total Humanitarian Skilled Family 4, 3,5 3, 2,5 2, 1,5 1, 5 Penrith Total Humanitarian Skilled Family 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 Year Year 3, 2,5 Total Skilled Campbelltown 2, 1,5 Humanitarian Family 1, 5 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 Year Figure 3.12: Entrants by visa category, Victoria Alliance members, 21-212 Source: DIAC 213 18, 16, 14, 12, 1, Casey Total Humanitarian Skilled Family 2,5 2, 1,5 Cardinia Total Humanitarian Skilled Family 8, 6, 1, 4, 2, 5 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 Year Year
74 18, 16, 14, 12, Wyndham Total Humanitarian Skilled Family 9, 8, 7, 6, Hume Total Humanitarian Skilled Family 1, 5, 8, 4, 6, 3, 4, 2, 2, 1, 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 Year 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 Year 4, 3,5 3, 2,5 2, 1,5 1, 5 Melton Total Humanitarian Skilled Family 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, Whittlesea Total Humanitarian Skilled Family 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 Year 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 Year Figure 3.13: Entrants by visa category, Queensland Alliance members, 21-212 Source: DIAC 213 12, 1, 8, Total Humanitarian Moreton Bay Skilled Family 4, 3,5 3, 2,5 Total Humanitarian Ipswich Skilled Family 6, 2, 4, 2, 1,5 1, 5 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 Year Year 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, Total Humanitarian Logan Skilled Family 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 Year
75 For 211 data distribution, the ABS has used a set of LGA boundaries developed in 211. These include the Moreton Bay (R) local government area. Census data derived for 211, and those data sets from time series profiles prepared after the 211 Census, have used the Moreton Bay (R) local government area boundary. However, the DIAC SRF data has not made this adjustment, and it continues to use boundaries based on the 21 Australian Standard Geographic Classification (ASGC). Hence, SRF data for Moreton Bay have been estimated on the basis of data available in the SRF for Redcliffe, Pine Rivers and Caboolture. Figure 3.14: Entrants by visa category, South Australia Alliance members, 21-212 Source: DIAC 213 6 Mount Barker 2,5 Playford 5 4 Total Humanitarian Skilled Family 2, 1,5 Total Humanitarian Skilled Family 3 2 1, 1 5 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 Year Year Figure 3.15: Entrants by visa category, Western Australia Alliance members, 21-212 Source: DIAC 213 5, 4,5 4, 3,5 3, Gosnells Total Humanitarian Skilled Family 6, 5, 4, Swan Total Humanitarian Skilled Family 2,5 3, 2, 1,5 2, 1, 5 1, 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 Year Year 18, 16, 14, 12, Wanneroo Total Humanitarian Skilled Family 6, 5, 4, Cockburn Total Humanitarian Skilled Family 1, 8, 3, 6, 2, 4, 2, 1, 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 Year 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 Year
76 3,5 3, 2,5 Total Humanitarian Mandurah Skilled Family 3,5 3, 2,5 Total Humanitarian Armadale Skilled Family 2, 2, 1,5 1,5 1, 1, 5 5 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 Year 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 Year 45 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 Serpentine-Jarrahdale Total Skilled Humanitarian Family 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, Rockingham Total Humanitarian Skilled Family 5 1, 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 Year 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 Year 1,8 1,6 1,4 1,2 Kwinana Total Humanitarian Skilled Family 1, 8 6 4 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 Year The graph series from Figure 3.11 to Figure 3.15 shows that all LGAs have a similar pattern, except for Campbelltown in New South Wales, in which: There is steady growth to 26. A big spike in settlement numbers occurred in 27 s declined steadily after 27 By 212, numbers of entrants are at similar levels to those prevailing in 21. In the case of Campbelltown, numbers in each of the categories increased steadily to 28, after which there was steady decline through to 212, by which time entrants numbers were similar to those prevailing in 21. It is clear from the graph series that not all LGAs have received the same number of migrants in each of the visa categories. The tables below (Table 3:16 to Table 3:19) show both the absolute differences between the LGAs and their ranking at 21, 26 and 212, and for total numbers for the 21-212 period, for each of the migration categories, and the total migrant stream from all categories. However, scrutiny of each table can reveal an interesting story for each LGA in terms of: Change in numbers through time.
77 The impact of this on their ranking. Differences in their intake numbers for difference migration categories. The total contribution that the three main migration streams have made on their jurisdiction. Table 3:16: Alliance LGAs ranked by skilled entrants, 21, 26, 212 and 21-212 Source: DIAC 213 Skilled migration programme 21 26 212 21-212 Blacktown (C) 1219 Blacktown (C) 274 Wanneroo (C) 1287 Wanneroo (C) 24477 Casey (C) 735 Casey (C) 2336 Wyndham (C) 895 Casey (C) 2177 Wanneroo (C) 518 Wanneroo (C) 254 Blacktown (C) 746 Blacktown (C) 2592 Liverpool (C) 478 Wyndham (C) 2284 Cockburn (C) 655 Wyndham (C) 2369 Wyndham (C) 466 Moreton Bay (Estimate) 1348 Casey (C) 653 Moreton Bay (Estimate) 14419 Moreton Bay (Estimate) 446 Whittlesea (C) 1334 Rockingham (C) 633 Whittlesea (C) 11639 Logan (C) 332 Liverpool (C) 821 Whittlesea (C) 438 Rockingham (C) 1747 Cockburn (C) 297 Cockburn (C) 756 Moreton Bay (Estimate) 418 Cockburn (C) 9464 Campbelltown (C) 29 Logan (C) 641 Swan (C) 49 Liverpool (C) 7775 Whittlesea (C) 261 Campbelltown (C) 577 Gosnells (C) 352 Hume (C) 7765 Hume (C) 235 Hume (C) 822 Hume (C) 28 Swan (C) 7327 Penrith (C) 229 Rockingham (C) 182 Liverpool (C) 24 Gosnells (C) 6271 Rockingham (C) 213 Swan (C) 734 Mandurah (C) 238 Logan (C) 617 Swan (C) 213 Penrith (C) 378 Armadale (C) 236 Campbelltown (C) 489 Melton (S) 156 Gosnells (C) 434 Logan (C) 228 Mandurah (C) 488 Gosnells (C) 14 Melton (S) 483 Melton (S) 188 Melton (S) 4533 Ipswich (C) 124 Mandurah (C) 49 Ipswich (C) 188 Armadale (C) 4474 Armadale (C) 95 Armadale (C) 49 Penrith (C) 145 Ipswich (C) 4467 Mandurah (C) 72 Ipswich (C) 422 Campbelltown (C) 14 Penrith (C) 4185 Playford (C) 5 Cardinia (S) 244 Kwinana (T) 12 Cardinia (S) 244 Camden (A) 47 Camden (A) 93 Cardinia (S) 87 Kwinana (T) 2212 Mount Barker (DC) 33 Playford (C) 15 Playford (C) 38 Playford (C) 1231 Cardinia (S) 3 Kwinana (T) 18 Camden (A) 31 Mount Barker (DC) 94 Kwinana (T) 29 Mount Barker (DC) 14 Serpentine-Jarrahdale (S) 24 Camden (A) 93 Serpentine-Jarrahdale (S) 19 Serpentine-Jarrahdale (S) 63 Mount Barker (DC) 22 Serpentine-Jarrahdale (S) 618 Table 3:17: Alliance LGAs ranked by family entrants, 21, 26, 212 and 21-212 Source: DIAC 213 Family migration programme 21 26 212 21-212 Blacktown (C) 724 Blacktown (C) 1216 Blacktown (C) 87 Blacktown (C) 1466 Liverpool (C) 55 Casey (C) 995 Casey (C) 689 Casey (C) 11472 Casey (C) 452 Liverpool (C) 84 Wyndham (C) 622 Liverpool (C) 9553 Hume (C) 4 Wyndham (C) 748 Liverpool (C) 534 Wyndham (C) 9277 Moreton Bay (Estimate) 312 Whittlesea (C) 579 Whittlesea (C) 463 Hume (C) 7133 Whittlesea (C) 38 Wanneroo (C) 54 Hume (C) 448 Whittlesea (C) 6659 Campbelltown (C) 276 Hume (C) 534 Moreton Bay (Estimate) 341 Wanneroo (C) 6366 Logan (C) 251 Moreton Bay (Estimate) 517 Wanneroo (C) 326 Moreton Bay (Estimate) 624 Wyndham (C) 233 Campbelltown (C) 432 Logan (C) 311 Logan (C) 4899 Wanneroo (C) 229 Logan (C) 386 Swan (C) 236 Campbelltown (C) 4426 Penrith (C) 182 Swan (C) 32 Gosnells (C) 222 Penrith (C) 359 Swan (C) 147 Cockburn (C) 279 Cockburn (C) 217 Swan (C) 3411 Cockburn (C) 133 Penrith (C) 262 Campbelltown (C) 212 Cockburn (C) 3355 Ipswich (C) 131 Ipswich (C) 24 Ipswich (C) 197 Ipswich (C) 2958 Melton (S) 99 Melton (S) 23 Penrith (C) 183 Melton (S) 2859 Rockingham (C) 93 Gosnells (C) 197 Rockingham (C) 175 Gosnells (C) 2583 Gosnells (C) 85 Rockingham (C) 176 Melton (S) 172 Rockingham (C) 2573 Armadale (C) 6 Armadale (C) 149 Armadale (C) 124 Armadale (C) 175 Camden (A) 59 Mandurah (C) 16 Cardinia (S) 88 Mandurah (C) 1363 Mandurah (C) 41 Cardinia (S) 97 Playford (C) 84 Cardinia (S) 1223 Playford (C) 38 Playford (C) 96 Mandurah (C) 81 Playford (C) 1149 Cardinia (S) 36 Camden (A) 66 Kwinana (T) 65 Kwinana (T) 824 Kwinana (T) 26 Kwinana (T) 54 Camden (A) 3 Camden (A) 788 Mount Barker (DC) 2 Serpentine-Jarrahdale (S) 31 Serpentine-Jarrahdale (S) 13 Mount Barker (DC) 365 Serpentine-Jarrahdale (S) 8 Mount Barker (DC) 29 Mount Barker (DC) 13 Serpentine-Jarrahdale (S) 258
78 Table 3:18: Alliance LGAs ranked by humanitarian entrants, 21, 26, 212 and 21-212 Source: DIAC 213 Humanitarian migration programme 21 26 212 21-212 Liverpool (C) 675 Hume (C) 534 Logan (C) 447 Liverpool (C) 7 Casey (C) 371 Blacktown (C) 514 Hume (C) 397 Blacktown (C) 626 Blacktown (C) 324 Casey (C) 55 Liverpool (C) 341 Hume (C) 672 Hume (C) 257 Wyndham (C) 389 Blacktown (C) 34 Casey (C) 482 Wanneroo (C) 144 Liverpool (C) 38 Casey (C) 333 Logan (C) 471 Logan (C) 123 Wanneroo (C) 321 Wyndham (C) 247 Wyndham (C) 3425 Whittlesea (C) 116 Logan (C) 315 Whittlesea (C) 199 Wanneroo (C) 2683 Swan (C) 83 Playford (C) 282 Wanneroo (C) 189 Whittlesea (C) 1879 Cockburn (C) 7 Ipswich (C) 185 Ipswich (C) 126 Playford (C) 1756 Campbelltown (C) 55 Gosnells (C) 153 Gosnells (C) 126 Gosnells (C) 1257 Penrith (C) 5 Swan (C) 121 Playford (C) 115 Swan (C) 1153 Gosnells (C) 5 Whittlesea (C) 19 Kwinana (T) 64 Ipswich (C) 16 Melton (S) 42 Melton (S) 11 Penrith (C) 52 Penrith (C) 9 Wyndham (C) 41 Penrith (C) 88 Swan (C) 48 Melton (S) 791 Playford (C) 19 Armadale (C) 69 Campbelltown (C) 38 Campbelltown (C) 56 Armadale (C) 13 Cockburn (C) 62 Melton (S) 19 Cockburn (C) 517 Rockingham (C) 1 Moreton Bay (Estimate) 51 Cockburn (C) 16 Armadale (C) 436 Moreton Bay (Estimate) 9 Campbelltown (C) 5 Armadale (C) 13 Moreton Bay (Estimate) 318 Ipswich (C) 9 Cardinia (S) 42 Moreton Bay (Estimate) 13 Kwinana (T) 25 Kwinana (T) 7 Kwinana (T) 27 Rockingham (C) 4 Cardinia (S) 175 Camden (A) 6 Rockingham (C) 13 Mandurah (C) 2 Rockingham (C) 132 Cardinia (S) 2 Mandurah (C) 5 Cardinia (S) Mandurah (C) 85 Mandurah (C) 1 Camden (A) 2 Camden (A) Camden (A) 39 Mount Barker (DC) 1 Mount Barker (DC) Mount Barker (DC) Serpentine-Jarrahdale (S) 4 Serpentine-Jarrahdale (S) Serpentine-Jarrahdale (S) Serpentine-Jarrahdale (S) Mount Barker (DC) 1 Table 3:19: Alliance LGAs ranked by total entrants, 21, 26, 212 and 21-212 Source: DIAC 213 All migration programmes 21 26 212 21-212 Blacktown (C) 2,275 Casey (C) 3,84 Blacktown (C) 1,932 Blacktown (C) 4121 Liverpool (C) 1,712 Blacktown (C) 3,85 Wanneroo (C) 1,924 Casey (C) 38131 Casey (C) 1,565 Wyndham (C) 3,422 Wyndham (C) 1,819 Wanneroo (C) 33797 Hume (C) 94 Wanneroo (C) 3,43 Casey (C) 1,76 Wyndham (C) 33193 Wanneroo (C) 895 Whittlesea (C) 2,23 Hume (C) 1,146 Liverpool (C) 2441 Moreton Bay (Estimate) 767 Liverpool (C) 2,5 Liverpool (C) 1,132 Moreton Bay (Estimate) 21121 Wyndham (C) 744 Moreton Bay (Estimate) 1918 Whittlesea (C) 1,131 Hume (C) 2135 Logan (C) 77 Hume (C) 1,892 Logan (C) 1,7 Whittlesea (C) 2275 Whittlesea (C) 685 Logan (C) 1,343 Cockburn (C) 977 Logan (C) 1524 Campbelltown (C) 622 Rockingham (C) 1,271 Rockingham (C) 853 Rockingham (C) 13556 Cockburn (C) 52 Swan (C) 1,157 Moreton Bay (Estimate) 825 Cockburn (C) 13492 Penrith (C) 462 Cockburn (C) 1,97 Gosnells (C) 727 Swan (C) 1197 Swan (C) 443 Campbelltown (C) 1,62 Swan (C) 725 Gosnells (C) 1173 Rockingham (C) 319 Ipswich (C) 847 Ipswich (C) 558 Campbelltown (C) 9921 Melton (S) 297 Melton (S) 815 Mandurah (C) 47 Penrith (C) 8711 Gosnells (C) 275 Gosnells (C) 784 Campbelltown (C) 46 Ipswich (C) 8538 Ipswich (C) 266 Penrith (C) 728 Melton (S) 393 Melton (S) 8228 Armadale (C) 171 Armadale (C) 713 Penrith (C) 389 Armadale (C) 6656 Mandurah (C) 114 Playford (C) 528 Armadale (C) 387 Mandurah (C) 6455 Camden (A) 113 Mandurah (C) 522 Kwinana (T) 239 Playford (C) 415 Playford (C) 18 Cardinia (S) 386 Playford (C) 237 Cardinia (S) 3823 Cardinia (S) 7 Kwinana (T) 261 Cardinia (S) 175 Kwinana (T) 333 Kwinana (T) 62 Mount Barker (DC) 169 Camden (A) 67 Camden (A) 1773 Mount Barker (DC) 54 Camden (A) 161 Serpentine-Jarrahdale (S) 38 Mount Barker (DC) 139 Serpentine-Jarrahdale (S) 27 Serpentine-Jarrahdale (S) 94 Mount Barker (DC) 36 Serpentine-Jarrahdale (S) 883
79 Finally in this section, an estimate is made of the share of the burden of settling migrants that is undertaken by Alliance LGAs. In the table below, each Alliance LGA s share of its state population in 211 is shown, together with its share of each of migration streams arriving in their state for 211. The argument here is that if an LGA has a certain proportion of its state population it might be expected to receive that proportion of the state s migration intake. Where this does not occur, it indicates that certain processes are at work to cause an imbalance between proportion of state population and proportion of migration intake received. These imbalances can be an indication of the significant role that LGAs carry in the process of settling migrants into their areas. These imbalances will have implications for the respective local authorities. Table 3:2: Migration intakes compared with LGA share of state population, 211 Source: DIAC 213 Local government area LGA population as percent of State population, 211 Family Skilled Humanitarian Total LGA intake as percent of State intake, 211 Blacktown (C) 4.4 4.9 3.9 1.7 5. Camden (A).8.4.1..2 Campbelltown (C) (NSW) 2.1 1.6.9 1. 1.2 Liverpool (C) 2.6 3.6 1.6 15.8 3.8 Penrith (C) 2.6 1.3.9 1.6 1.1 Cas ey (C) 4.8 5.7 3.7 8.7 5. Cardinia (S) 1.4.6.4.1.5 Wyndham (C) 3. 6. 4.9 5.1 5.3 Melton (S) 2.1 1.5 1..9 1.2 Hume (C) 3.2 3.8 1.8 16.9 4.3 Whittles ea (C) 2.9 4. 3.4 4.6 3.8 Moreton Bay (R) 8.6 6.3 5.2 1.2 5.2 Logan (C) 6.3 4.6 2.4 21.9 4.9 Ips wich (C) 3.8 2.9 2.2 2.1 2.4 Gos nells (C) 4.7 4.4 2.7 6.9 3.4 Wanneroo (C) 6.8 7.9 9.1 14.3 9.1 Swan (C) 4.8 4.4 3. 4.4 3.4 Cockburn (C) 4. 4.8 4.9 1.7 4.7 Mandurah (C) 3.1 2.1 2.1.1 2. Serpentine-Jarrahdale (S).8.3.2..2 Kwinana (T) 1.3 1.4 1. 2.2 1.2 Armadale (C) 2.8 2.6 1.6 2.9 1.9 Rockingham (C) 4.6 3.6 4.7.4 4.2 Mount Barker (DC) 1.9 1.2.8..7 Playford (C) 5. 4..7 1.1 3.3 LGAs which received a share of family migration greater than might be expected on the basis of their share of state population were Blacktown, Liverpool, Casey, Hume, Whittlesea, Wanneroo, Cockburn and Kwinana. For skilled migration, LGAs receiving more immigrants with this visa category were Wyndham, Whittlesea, Wanneroo, Cockburn and Rockingham. In the case of humanitarian stream migrants, LGAs which appear to be shouldering the burden of this group, relative to their share of state population, are Blacktown, Liverpool, Casey, Wyndham, Hume, Logan, Wanneroo and Playford. Three LGAs had shares of each migration stream above their share of their state s population. These LGAs Wyndham, Whittlesea and Wanneroo are clear migrant reception centres within the Alliance, and in their strong migrant populations may raise a number on planning and policy issues within these jurisdictions.
8 In a further four LGAs Blacktown, Liverpool, Casey and Cockburn intake levels were higher than these LGAs share of state population for two of the three migration streams. Clearly, these LGAs are also key reception areas for Australia s migration stream. 3.7 COUNTRY OF BIRTH BY VISA CATEGORY While the Census provides data on country of birth of migrants, and thereby gives insights into the extent of ethnic diversity in any area, the DIAC data provides data on the birthplace country of migrants who arrive via various migration streams 4. An examination of these data should indicate whether different visa categories draw their intakes from different countries. And, if this is so, there may be implications in terms of service provision and other responses in the communities in which these migrants choose to reside. In the following series of tables, the top ten source countries for each of the migration streams are presented for 21, 27 and 212. 27, rather than 26, has been selected as a midpoint year because of the huge spike in migrant arrivals into most of the Alliance LGAs in this year, compared with the years on either side. These results allow for both an identification of birthplace country, and the numbers arriving from each country. Therefore, analysis of the tables, which show the top ten birthplace countries, will indicate the mix of countries from which migrants are drawn, as well as the numbers of migrants arriving from these countries. Table 3:21: Birthplace by visa category, New South Wales Alliance LGAs, 21-212 Source: DIAC 213 Blacktown Family migration 21 27 212 PHILIPPINES 148 INDIA 268 INDIA 147 INDIA 12 PHILIPPINES 199 PHILIPPINES 127 FIJI 59 FIJI 11 CHINA PEOPLES REP 83 CHINA PEOPLES 37 PAKISTAN 87 PAKISTAN 61 SRI LANKA 36 CHINA PEOPLES REP 73 FIJI 52 LEBANON 23 BANGLADESH 48 AFGHANISTAN 33 IRAQ 22 SRI LANKA 43 SRI LANKA 28 U.S.A. 21 MALAYSIA 24 SUDAN 18 THAILAND 2 AFGHANISTAN 23 EGYPT ARAB REP OF 17 TURKEY 17 INDONESIA 21 UNITED KINGDOM 17 Humanitarian migration 21 27 212 SUDAN 55 SUDAN 83 IRAQ 114 AFGHANISTAN 49 IRAQ 36 IRAN 98 CROATIA 34 PAKISTAN 27 PAKISTAN 23 FORMER YUGOSLAV 26 AFGHANISTAN 2 AFGHANISTAN 22 BOSNIA-HERZEGOV 18 SIERRA LEONE 17 BHUTAN 12 IRAQ 18 SRI LANKA 17 SRI LANKA 12 SRI LANKA 15 IRAN 15 KUWAIT 9 IRAN 12 EGYPT ARAB REP OF 13 BURMA 8 SERBIA & MONTEN 12 CHINA PEOPLES REP 11 EGYPT ARAB REP OF 6 CHINA PEOPLES 9 LIBERIA 1 GUINEA 4 Skilled migration 21 27 212 INDIA 334 INDIA 192 INDIA 199 PHILIPPINES 26 PHILIPPINES 468 PHILIPPINES 168 FIJI 22 FIJI 77 PAKISTAN 72 STH AFRICA REP 75 STH AFRICA REP 72 SRI LANKA 42 SRI LANKA 45 SRI LANKA 69 AUSTRALIA 36 INDONESIA 42 PAKISTAN 66 FIJI 29 CHINA PEOPLES 36 CHINA PEOPLES REP 57 EGYPT ARAB REP OF 25 PAKISTAN 34 BANGLADESH 46 UNITED KINGDOM 17 KOREA REP OF 27 UNITED KINGDOM 45 CHINA PEOPLES REP 16 BANGLADESH 2 NEPAL 3 NEW ZEALAND 14 Liverpool Family migration 21 27 212 FIJI 79 VIETNAM 11 VIETNAM 95 LEBANON 69 FIJI 9 CHINA PEOPLES REP 53 VIETNAM 4 INDIA 64 FIJI 45 IRAQ 35 LEBANON 57 INDIA 45 PHILIPPINES 35 CHINA PEOPLES REP 52 IRAQ 43 INDIA 28 IRAQ 46 LEBANON 31 CHINA PEOPLES REP 25 PHILIPPINES 4 CAMBODIA 25 CAMBODIA 16 CAMBODIA 36 PHILIPPINES 21 FYR OF MACEDONIA 16 PAKISTAN 24 THAILAND 14 SERBIA & MONTENEGRO 14 INDONESIA 16 PAKISTAN 13 Humanitarian migration 21 27 212 CROATIA 25 IRAQ 26 IRAQ 229 IRAQ 192 IRAN 2 IRAN 45 FORMER YUGOSLAVIA 76 DEM REP OF CONGO 14 KUWAIT 23 BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA 48 SIERRA LEONE 14 EGYPT ARAB REP OF 12 IRAN 31 JORDAN 8 PAKISTAN 8 SUDAN 24 SUDAN 7 SYRIA 6 SERBIA & MONTENEGRO 16 AFGHANISTAN 6 AFGHANISTAN 5 AFGHANISTAN 14 AUSTRALIA 5 BURMA 4 AUSTRALIA 8 CHINA PEOPLES REP 5 CYPRUS 3 SIERRA LEONE 7 ZIMBABWE 5 TURKEY 2 Skilled migration 21 27 212 FIJI 174 INDIA 274 INDIA 8 INDIA 89 FIJI 75 PAKISTAN 42 PAKISTAN 32 PHILIPPINES 52 FIJI 36 STH AFRICA REP 19 PAKISTAN 4 PHILIPPINES 14 CHINA PEOPLES REP 18 ZIMBABWE 38 EGYPT ARAB REP OF 13 PHILIPPINES 14 CHINA PEOPLES REP 35 SRI LANKA 7 MALAYSIA 13 EGYPT ARAB REP OF 25 AUSTRALIA 6 INDONESIA 11 BANGLADESH 16 UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 6 TAIWAN 11 STH AFRICA REP 16 NEW ZEALAND 5 ENGLAND 9 UNITED KINGDOM 16 CHINA PEOPLES REP 4 4 It is important to note here that New Zealand is not represented in this data as no visa is required for New Zealanders migrating to Australia.
81 Camden Family migration 21 27 212 ENGLAND 9 UNITED KINGDOM 19 PHILIPPINES 6 UNITED KINGDOM 6 CHINA PEOPLES REP 12 UNITED KINGDOM 5 U.S.A. 5 INDIA 8 CHINA PEOPLES REP 4 IRELAND 3 LEBANON 7 IRAQ 2 KOREA REP OF 3 THAILAND 5 CAMBODIA 1 PHILIPPINES 3 U.S.A. 4 CANADA 1 THAILAND 3 ENGLAND 3 CHILE 1 FIJI 2 ROMANIA 3 FIJI 1 FMR U.S.S.R. 2 STH AFRICA REP 3 JORDAN 1 GERMANY 2 IRAN 2 LAOS 1 Humanitarian migration 21 27 212 SOMALIA 5 ZIMBABWE 2 IRAQ 1 Skilled migration 21 27 212 STH AFRICA REP 12 UNITED KINGDOM 41 KAZAKHSTAN 4 ENGLAND 4 CHINA PEOPLES REP 1 PAKISTAN 4 FIJI 4 STH AFRICA REP 9 SRI LANKA 4 INDIA 4 ENGLAND 7 FIJI 3 KENYA 3 ZIMBABWE 7 ZIMBABWE 3 SCOTLAND 3 IRELAND 6 ENGLAND 2 TAIWAN 3 INDIA 4 STH AFRICA REP 2 CHINA PEOPLES REP 2 MAURITIUS 4 UNITED KINGDOM 2 HONG KONG 2 SCOTLAND 4 AUSTRALIA 1 UNITED KINGDOM 2 AUSTRALIA 2 BANGLADESH 1 Penrith Family migration 21 27 212 PHILIPPINES 21 PHILIPPINES 64 PHILIPPINES 28 U.S.A. 17 INDIA 42 FIJI 16 FIJI 12 CHINA PEOPLES REP 24 INDIA 16 INDIA 12 UNITED KINGDOM 2 CHINA PEOPLES REP 15 UNITED KINGDOM 12 PAKISTAN 15 PAKISTAN 9 LEBANON 1 THAILAND 15 GHANA 8 CHINA PEOPLES REP 9 FIJI 7 UNITED KINGDOM 8 CANADA 7 LEBANON 7 THAILAND 6 STH AFRICA REP 7 U.S.A. 7 EGYPT ARAB REP OF 5 PAKISTAN 5 ZIMBABWE 7 NIGERIA 5 Humanitarian migration 21 27 212 AFGHANISTAN 16 SUDAN 17 IRAQ 15 IRAQ 7 IRAN 1 PAKISTAN 11 SRI LANKA 6 KENYA 6 IRAN 6 SUDAN 5 FIJI 4 SUDAN 6 AUSTRALIA 2 ZIMBABWE 4 AFGHANISTAN 5 CHINA PEOPLES REP 2 AFGHANISTAN 3 BHUTAN 4 FMR U.S.S.R. 2 DEM REP OF CONGO 3 SRI LANKA 4 FORMER YUGOSLAVIA 2 CONGO REPUBLIC 2 TURKEY 1 LEBANON 2 PAKISTAN 2 AUSTRALIA CONGO REPUBLIC 1 SRI LANKA 2 BANGLADESH Skilled migration 21 27 212 PHILIPPINES 45 INDIA 169 PHILIPPINES 26 INDIA 42 UNITED KINGDOM 45 INDIA 24 STH AFRICA REP 3 PHILIPPINES 44 PAKISTAN 2 FIJI 18 CHINA PEOPLES REP 18 UNITED KINGDOM 11 UNITED KINGDOM 1 FIJI 17 SRI LANKA 1 INDONESIA 9 NEPAL 12 AUSTRALIA 8 NEPAL 9 ZIMBABWE 12 BANGLADESH 7 ENGLAND 8 SRI LANKA 9 FIJI 5 PAKISTAN 8 STH AFRICA REP 9 NIGERIA 5 CHINA PEOPLES REP 6 PAKISTAN 8 EGYPT ARAB REP OF 4 Campbelltown Family migration 21 27 212 FIJI 31 INDIA 66 PHILIPPINES 3 PHILIPPINES 3 PHILIPPINES 64 CHINA PEOPLES REP 27 INDIA 28 FIJI 41 BANGLADESH 14 LEBANON 17 BANGLADESH 37 INDIA 14 INDONESIA 13 CHINA PEOPLES REP 29 PAKISTAN 14 BANGLADESH 12 PAKISTAN 22 FIJI 11 UNITED KINGDOM 12 LEBANON 19 SAMOA 7 U.S.A. 1 U.S.A. 17 CAMBODIA 5 CHINA PEOPLES REP 9 VIETNAM 11 LEBANON 5 PAKISTAN 8 MALAYSIA 8 NEPAL 5 Humanitarian migration 21 27 212 FORMER YUGOSLAVIA 9 PAKISTAN 8 IRAN 1 SUDAN 9 BURMA 6 IRAQ 1 AFGHANISTAN 7 IRAQ 6 EGYPT ARAB REP OF 8 IRAQ 7 AFGHANISTAN 4 PAKISTAN 4 AUSTRALIA 4 SUDAN 4 AFGHANISTAN 3 BANGLADESH 4 CHINA PEOPLES REP 3 PAPUA NEW GUINEA 2 CHINA PEOPLES REP 4 ETHIOPIA 3 CYPRUS 1 IRAN 4 DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC 2 AUSTRALIA BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA 2 EGYPT ARAB REP OF 2 BANGLADESH GERMANY 1 GUINEA 2 BELGIUM Skilled migration 21 27 212 INDIA 62 INDIA 245 INDIA 27 FIJI 34 BANGLADESH 5 PHILIPPINES 18 PHILIPPINES 34 PHILIPPINES 42 FIJI 17 STH AFRICA REP 3 FIJI 31 PAKISTAN 13 PAKISTAN 23 CHINA PEOPLES REP 3 BANGLADESH 12 BANGLADESH 18 ZIMBABWE 3 UNITED KINGDOM 1 CHINA PEOPLES REP 13 UNITED KINGDOM 22 SRI LANKA 6 INDONESIA 8 STH AFRICA REP 16 STH AFRICA REP 4 ENGLAND 6 INDONESIA 14 AUSTRALIA 3 MALAYSIA 5 PAKISTAN 14 COLOMBIA 3
82 There are a number of points emerging from Table 3:21: In Blacktown, the Philippines and India, and to a lesser extent Fiji, are the main source of family and skilled migrants Liverpool has consistently received large numbers of humanitarian migrants from Iraq, and to a lesser extent, Iran. In the other LGAs there is less of a concentration of migrants originating in two or three countries. For most LGAs, there is a difference between countries supplying humanitarian migrants and those supplying skilled migrants. Camden has a very low incidence of humanitarian migrants. Table 3:22: Birthplace by visa category, Victoria Alliance LGAs, 21-212 Source: DIAC 213 Casey Family migration 21 27 212 SRI LANKA 57 INDIA 171 INDIA 112 INDIA 49 AFGHANISTAN 125 AFGHANISTAN 91 FIJI 27 SRI LANKA 86 CHINA PEOPLES REP 75 PHILIPPINES 24 CHINA PEOPLES REP 62 SRI LANKA 59 UNITED KINGDOM 24 CAMBODIA 55 CAMBODIA 44 ROMANIA 2 PHILIPPINES 5 PAKISTAN 37 CHINA PEOPLES REP 19 UNITED KINGDOM 41 PHILIPPINES 35 U.S.A. 17 PAKISTAN 36 VIETNAM 2 AFGHANISTAN 12 VIETNAM 23 THAILAND 17 CAMBODIA 11 EGYPT ARAB REP OF 22 FIJI 13 Humanitarian migration 21 27 212 AFGHANISTAN 197 AFGHANISTAN 276 AFGHANISTAN 233 SUDAN 45 PAKISTAN 37 PAKISTAN 44 CROATIA 33 SUDAN 34 IRAN 3 FORMER YUGOSLAVIA 22 IRAN 18 EGYPT ARAB REP OF 11 BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA 19 IRAQ 16 SRI LANKA 11 EGYPT ARAB REP OF 13 KENYA 14 AUSTRALIA 2 AUSTRALIA 8 SRI LANKA 14 BURMA 1 SRI LANKA 8 BURMA 1 IRAQ 1 IRAQ 4 EGYPT ARAB REP OF 1 BURMA 3 ZIMBABWE 7 Skilled migration 21 27 212 INDIA 222 INDIA 895 SRI LANKA 156 SRI LANKA 115 SRI LANKA 382 INDIA 155 STH AFRICA REP 5 CHINA PEOPLES REP 193 UNITED KINGDOM 37 FIJI 49 PHILIPPINES 182 CHINA PEOPLES REP 33 INDONESIA 24 UNITED KINGDOM 175 STH AFRICA REP 3 MAURITIUS 22 MAURITIUS 137 PHILIPPINES 26 PHILIPPINES 2 MALAYSIA 79 AUSTRALIA 22 SINGAPORE 2 STH AFRICA REP 72 MALAYSIA 21 MALAYSIA 18 SINGAPORE 45 NEW ZEALAND 14 UNITED KINGDOM 17 FIJI 4 PAKISTAN 14 Cardinia Family migration 21 27 212 UNITED KINGDOM 6 UNITED KINGDOM 22 INDIA 13 INDIA 2 INDIA 16 THAILAND 12 PHILIPPINES 2 SRI LANKA 13 UNITED KINGDOM 1 THAILAND 2 PHILIPPINES 9 CHINA PEOPLES REP 8 U.S.A. 2 CHINA PEOPLES REP 7 PHILIPPINES 5 ZIMBABWE 2 INDONESIA 6 SUDAN 4 AFGHANISTAN 1 ENGLAND 4 U.S.A. 4 BANGLADESH 1 GERMANY 4 COLOMBIA 3 CANADA 1 MAURITIUS 4 STH AFRICA REP 3 CHILE 1 THAILAND 4 CANADA 2 Humanitarian migration 21 27 212 AFGHANISTAN 1 SUDAN 15 FIJI 1 SRI LANKA 4 ETHIOPIA 3 KENYA 2 EGYPT ARAB REP OF 1 ERITREA 1 LIBERIA 1 UGANDA 1 Skilled migration 21 27 212 STH AFRICA REP 9 UNITED KINGDOM 96 UNITED KINGDOM 14 ENGLAND 8 INDIA 75 SRI LANKA 13 KENYA 5 SRI LANKA 31 EGYPT ARAB REP OF 1 UNITED KINGDOM 3 PHILIPPINES 23 MALAYSIA 1 PHILIPPINES 2 MAURITIUS 17 INDIA 6 CYPRUS 1 MALAYSIA 13 AUSTRALIA 4 INDIA 1 BANGLADESH 12 ENGLAND 4 KOREA REP OF 1 ZIMBABWE 11 PHILIPPINES 4 STH AFRICA REP 8 SCOTLAND 4 SINGAPORE 7 GERMANY 3
83 Wyndham Family migration 21 27 212 INDIA 24 INDIA 313 INDIA 157 UNITED KINGDOM 15 CHINA PEOPLES REP 71 CHINA PEOPLES REP 113 SRI LANKA 13 PHILIPPINES 59 PHILIPPINES 39 THAILAND 12 UNITED KINGDOM 38 VIETNAM 32 CHINA PEOPLES REP 11 VIETNAM 28 PAKISTAN 24 LEBANON 11 PAKISTAN 26 THAILAND 24 U.S.A. 11 LEBANON 22 ETHIOPIA 16 VIETNAM 1 THAILAND 21 INDONESIA 16 PHILIPPINES 8 BANGLADESH 18 MALAYSIA 14 ENGLAND 6 INDONESIA 18 SRI LANKA 13 Humanitarian migration 21 27 212 FORMER YUGOSLAVIA 12 BURMA 296 BURMA 15 SUDAN 12 THAILAND 16 THAILAND 38 IRAQ 5 SUDAN 23 IRAN 35 AFGHANISTAN 4 SERBIA & MONTENEGRO 11 IRAQ 22 ETHIOPIA 2 ETHIOPIA 9 ETHIOPIA 14 SERBIA & MONTENEGRO 2 DEM REP OF CONGO 7 AFGHANISTAN 8 BURMA 1 IRAQ 7 ERITREA 5 CROATIA 1 SIERRA LEONE 7 PAKISTAN 4 ERITREA 1 SRI LANKA 7 SAUDI ARABIA 4 SRI LANKA 1 ZIMBABWE 6 EGYPT ARAB REP OF 3 Skilled migration 21 27 212 INDIA 11 INDIA 872 INDIA 272 PHILIPPINES 52 CHINA PEOPLES REP 253 CHINA PEOPLES REP 14 INDONESIA 47 PHILIPPINES 248 PHILIPPINES 69 MALAYSIA 36 UNITED KINGDOM 176 PAKISTAN 61 STH AFRICA REP 25 MALAYSIA 15 UNITED KINGDOM 6 CHINA PEOPLES REP 24 SRI LANKA 94 AUSTRALIA 38 SINGAPORE 22 SINGAPORE 73 SRI LANKA 29 FIJI 16 INDONESIA 65 MALAYSIA 28 SRI LANKA 15 STH AFRICA REP 54 SINGAPORE 28 PAKISTAN 11 PAKISTAN 48 NEW ZEALAND 27 Melton Family migration 21 27 212 INDIA 12 INDIA 52 INDIA 36 UNITED KINGDOM 8 CHINA PEOPLES REP 22 VIETNAM 16 VIETNAM 8 PHILIPPINES 2 PHILIPPINES 14 PHILIPPINES 7 VIETNAM 15 THAILAND 13 EGYPT ARAB REP OF 4 UNITED KINGDOM 12 CHINA PEOPLES REP 7 ENGLAND 4 U.S.A. 9 INDONESIA 7 FIJI 4 FYR OF MACEDONIA 8 SRI LANKA 7 INDONESIA 4 PAKISTAN 8 ALBANIA 6 LEBANON 4 SRI LANKA 8 LEBANON 6 SERBIA & MONTENEGRO 4 LEBANON 7 MALAYSIA 6 Humanitarian migration 21 27 212 FORMER YUGOSLAVIA 19 SUDAN 18 BURMA 7 SUDAN 5 INDONESIA 17 IRAN 7 CROATIA 3 BURMA 1 AFGHANISTAN 1 INDIA 3 IRAQ 9 KUWAIT 1 BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA 2 KENYA 7 PAKISTAN 1 DEM REP TIMOR-LESTE 2 EGYPT ARAB REP OF 6 STATELESS 1 IRAQ 2 ERITREA 5 SUDAN 1 AFGHANISTAN 1 LEBANON 5 GERMANY 1 IVORY COAST 3 KUWAIT 1 ETHIOPIA 2 Skilled migration 21 27 212 INDIA 49 INDIA 237 INDIA 57 PHILIPPINES 14 PHILIPPINES 14 PHILIPPINES 41 SRI LANKA 13 SRI LANKA 4 SRI LANKA 17 STH AFRICA REP 8 UNITED KINGDOM 27 PAKISTAN 12 SINGAPORE 7 CHINA PEOPLES REP 21 AUSTRALIA 1 MALAYSIA 6 MALAYSIA 14 MAURITIUS 7 NIGERIA 6 EGYPT ARAB REP OF 12 NEW ZEALAND 7 PAKISTAN 6 AUSTRALIA 9 MALAYSIA 5 UNITED KINGDOM 6 BANGLADESH 8 IRAN 4 INDONESIA 5 FIJI 8 ZIMBABWE 4 Hume Family migration 21 27 212 TURKEY 98 LEBANON 14 INDIA 65 LEBANON 61 TURKEY 94 LEBANON 53 IRAQ 41 INDIA 78 TURKEY 5 INDIA 26 IRAQ 71 IRAQ 28 PHILIPPINES 21 PHILIPPINES 31 PHILIPPINES 28 SRI LANKA 14 SRI LANKA 25 THAILAND 24 FIJI 13 SYRIA 18 SYRIA 22 SYRIA 13 PAKISTAN 17 SRI LANKA 18 UNITED KINGDOM 7 VIETNAM 17 PAKISTAN 14 CHINA PEOPLES REP 6 EGYPT ARAB REP OF 16 VIETNAM 12 Humanitarian migration 21 27 212 IRAQ 165 IRAQ 329 IRAQ 295 IRAN 24 IRAN 17 BHUTAN 2 TURKEY 18 TURKEY 1 IRAN 19 FORMER YUGOSLAVIA 13 SYRIA 6 NEPAL 17 AUSTRALIA 5 AUSTRALIA 2 EGYPT ARAB REP OF 16 ERITREA 5 ETHIOPIA 2 AFGHANISTAN 12 VIETNAM 5 LEBANON 2 SYRIA 5 BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA 4 SRI LANKA 2 TURKEY 3 SOMALIA 4 BAHRAIN 1 KUWAIT 2 CYPRUS 2 CHINA PEOPLES REP 1 PAKISTAN 2 Skilled migration 21 27 212 INDIA 49 INDIA 341 SRI LANKA 6 SRI LANKA 42 SRI LANKA 116 INDIA 58 PHILIPPINES 19 PHILIPPINES 97 PAKISTAN 27 INDONESIA 15 UNITED KINGDOM 38 AUSTRALIA 21 FIJI 13 CHINA PEOPLES REP 33 UNITED KINGDOM 2 SINGAPORE 13 PAKISTAN 24 PHILIPPINES 17 UNITED KINGDOM 1 TURKEY 24 CHINA PEOPLES REP 1 TURKEY 9 STH AFRICA REP 22 LEBANON 7 U.S.A. 7 ZIMBABWE 21 SINGAPORE 7 FINLAND 6 FIJI 19 STH AFRICA REP 7 Whittlesea Family migration 21 27 212 FYR OF MACEDONIA 42 INDIA 16 CHINA PEOPLES REP 9 VIETNAM 27 CHINA PEOPLES REP 83 INDIA 73 SRI LANKA 24 VIETNAM 42 VIETNAM 37 LEBANON 23 FYR OF MACEDONIA 35 FYR OF MACEDONIA 16 INDIA 19 SRI LANKA 27 IRAQ 16 CHINA PEOPLES REP 14 IRAQ 24 PHILIPPINES 15 IRAQ 14 LEBANON 24 SRI LANKA 12 PHILIPPINES 11 UNITED KINGDOM 17 UNITED KINGDOM 12 CAMBODIA 9 PHILIPPINES 13 GREECE 11 ITALY 7 ITALY 12 LEBANON 1 Humanitarian migration 21 27 212 IRAQ 56 IRAQ 67 IRAN 119 IRAN 1 SRI LANKA 21 IRAQ 38 SUDAN 1 IRAN 2 SRI LANKA 1 FORMER YUGOSLAVIA 9 SIERRA LEONE 4 KUWAIT 8 SRI LANKA 5 AUSTRALIA 3 SYRIA 7 AUSTRALIA 4 BURMA 2 AFGHANISTAN 6 BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA 4 ETHIOPIA 2 EGYPT ARAB REP OF 4 LEBANON 4 SUDAN 2 INDIA 3 SERBIA & MONTENEGRO 4 ZIMBABWE 2 AUSTRALIA 1 CROATIA 3 AFGHANISTAN 1 BURMA 1 Skilled migration 21 27 212 INDIA 68 INDIA 567 INDIA 15 SRI LANKA 51 CHINA PEOPLES REP 178 CHINA PEOPLES REP 91 STH AFRICA REP 18 SRI LANKA 79 SRI LANKA 41 CHINA PEOPLES REP 17 UNITED KINGDOM 53 PAKISTAN 26 FYR OF MACEDONIA 16 PHILIPPINES 42 AUSTRALIA 25 INDONESIA 12 MALAYSIA 38 PHILIPPINES 21 PHILIPPINES 1 MAURITIUS 17 EGYPT ARAB REP OF 17 BANGLADESH 7 ZIMBABWE 17 UNITED KINGDOM 17 HONG KONG 6 SINGAPORE 16 IRAN 13 NIGERIA 6 VIETNAM 14 MALAYSIA 9
84 The main points from Table 3:22 are: In Casey, the dominant source countries for family migration, especially in 27 and 212, have been India and Afghanistan, and to a lesser extent Sri Lanka and China. Afghanistan has been the standout source country for humanitarian migrants, and this would seem to be having an impact on the numbers of family migration entrants. India and Sri Lanka are the standout source countries for skilled migrants. In Cardinia, the impact of humanitarian migration is low. The Sudan was the main source region in 27, but no humanitarian migrants indicated that they were going to live in Cardinia in 212. In Wyndham, even numbers of family migrants came from each of the top ten countries in 21. However, in 27, there was a huge spike in numbers from India, more than four times the number from next ranked China. In 212, India and China continue to be the dominant source countries for family migration. Humanitarian numbers from Burma and Thailand rose significantly in 27, and while numbers from these countries are lower in 212, they are still the dominant countries for humanitarian entrants to Wyndham. In 21, India provided the largest number of skilled migrants. Its numbers increased eight fold in 27, but more than 1 skilled entrants originated from China, Philippines, the UK and Malaysia. In 212, India and China or the top two origin countries for skilled migration into Wyndham. In Melton, India is the main source country for family migration, although numbers are low. Fir humanitarian migration, there is a mix of countries occupying number 1 and 2 spots in each of the years, but numbers in this category are also low. With skilled migration, India, Philippines and Sri Lanka are the main source countries. In 27 large numbers were received from India and the Philippines. Lebanon, Turkey, and to a lesser extent India, dominate the top ten for family migration in Hume. Iraq has been a consistent supplier of migrants in this stream at each of the years reviewed. Iraq is the standout origin country for humanitarian migrants in each year, along with Iran. India, Sri Lank and Philippines supplied large numbers of skilled migrants in 27, and in 212 India and Philippines continued this dominance, but at lower levels. In 27 and 212, the largest numbers of family migrants came from India, China, Vietnam and the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia. Humanitarian migrants were drawn predominantly from Iran, Iraq and Vietnam. In the case of skilled migrants, India, China and Sri Lanka are the main sources. In 27, India provided 567 skilled migrants to Whittlesea and a further 15 in 212. The numbers from China in these years were 178 and 91 respectively.
85 Table 3:23: Birthplace by visa category, Queensland Alliance LGAs, 21-212 Source: DIAC 213 Moreton Bay (Estimate) Family migration 21 27 212 UNITED KINGDOM 46 UNITED KINGDOM 128 PHILIPPINES 55 PHILIPPINES 34 PHILIPPINES 54 UNITED KINGDOM 5 U.S.A. 25 STH AFRICA REP 33 CHINA PEOPLES REP 3 ENGLAND 23 FIJI 27 STH AFRICA REP 22 STH AFRICA REP 16 U.S.A. 27 INDIA 14 CANADA 13 INDIA 26 U.S.A. 13 FIJI 13 ENGLAND 24 PAPUA NEW GUINEA 8 SOLOMON ISLANDS 1 CHINA PEOPLES REP 18 CANADA 7 THAILAND 1 THAILAND 18 NEW ZEALAND 7 FMR U.S.S.R. 8 CANADA 16 BRAZIL 5 Humanitarian migration 21 27 212 IRAQ 3 SUDAN 5 IRAN 7 IRAN 2 ZIMBABWE 5 BURMA 2 AUSTRALIA 1 SRI LANKA 3 PAKISTAN 2 THAILAND 3 AFGHANISTAN 1 BURMA 2 THAILAND 1 IRAN 2 KENYA 2 ETHIOPIA 1 IRAQ 1 PAKISTAN 1 Skilled migration 21 27 212 STH AFRICA REP 116 UNITED KINGDOM 798 UNITED KINGDOM 14 ENGLAND 74 STH AFRICA REP 199 STH AFRICA REP 67 UNITED KINGDOM 47 ENGLAND 124 PHILIPPINES 33 ZIMBABWE 27 INDIA 11 INDIA 28 FIJI 22 PHILIPPINES 78 NEW ZEALAND 28 GERMANY 13 ZIMBABWE 55 FIJI 18 IRELAND 13 IRELAND 31 SRI LANKA 15 NETHERLANDS 9 GERMANY 29 AUSTRALIA 12 TAIWAN 7 CHINA PEOPLES REP 28 MALAYSIA 1 U.S.A. 7 NETHERLANDS 19 ZIMBABWE 8 Ipswich Family migration 21 27 212 UNITED KINGDOM 19 UNITED KINGDOM 37 PHILIPPINES 35 PHILIPPINES 17 INDIA 31 VIETNAM 24 VIETNAM 1 PHILIPPINES 25 INDIA 19 THAILAND 9 VIETNAM 25 ETHIOPIA 1 U.S.A. 9 CHINA PEOPLES REP 13 UNITED KINGDOM 9 ENGLAND 6 U.S.A. 12 SAMOA 7 CANADA 5 INDONESIA 9 U.S.A. 7 FIJI 5 JAPAN 9 CHINA PEOPLES REP 6 GERMANY 4 STH AFRICA REP 9 FIJI 6 STH AFRICA REP 4 CANADA 5 SUDAN 6 Humanitarian migration 21 27 212 SUDAN 4 SUDAN 34 DEM REP OF CONGO 85 AFGHANISTAN 2 DEM REP OF CONGO 22 CUBA 15 IRAQ 2 TANZANIA 19 MALAWI 15 FORMER YUGOSLAVIA 1 KENYA 12 SRI LANKA 2 BURUNDI 1 STH AFRICA REP 2 UGANDA 9 UGANDA 2 ZIMBABWE 6 AFGHANISTAN 1 TOGO 4 BURMA 1 IRAN 3 BURUNDI 1 LIBERIA 3 ETHIOPIA 1 Skilled migration 21 27 212 STH AFRICA REP 26 UNITED KINGDOM 126 PHILIPPINES 33 ENGLAND 12 INDIA 6 UNITED KINGDOM 31 FIJI 1 PHILIPPINES 46 INDIA 19 INDIA 8 STH AFRICA REP 29 NEW ZEALAND 15 UNITED KINGDOM 8 ZIMBABWE 23 AUSTRALIA 9 LITHUANIA 5 ENGLAND 17 STH AFRICA REP 9 SINGAPORE 5 CHINA PEOPLES REP 16 CHINA PEOPLES REP 8 CHINA PEOPLES REP 4 SRI LANKA 14 GERMANY 8 NIGERIA 4 FIJI 12 SRI LANKA 6 PHILIPPINES 4 GERMANY 8 BRAZIL 4 Logan Family migration 21 27 212 PHILIPPINES 28 PHILIPPINES 45 CHINA PEOPLES REP 31 FIJI 24 CHINA PEOPLES REP 31 CAMBODIA 27 U.S.A. 15 CAMBODIA 24 THAILAND 24 UNITED KINGDOM 15 UNITED KINGDOM 24 PHILIPPINES 23 CAMBODIA 14 FIJI 22 PAKISTAN 19 ROMANIA 13 INDIA 22 VIETNAM 18 INDIA 11 U.S.A. 19 INDIA 17 STH AFRICA REP 1 THAILAND 17 UNITED KINGDOM 16 CHINA PEOPLES REP 8 STH AFRICA REP 16 FIJI 12 ENGLAND 8 KOREA REP OF 15 TAIWAN 11 Humanitarian migration 21 27 212 FORMER YUGOSLAVIA 31 BURMA 12 AFGHANISTAN 149 PAKISTAN 2 BURUNDI 84 BURMA 117 BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA 11 TANZANIA 76 IRAN 41 IRAQ 1 DEM REP OF CONGO 49 MALAYSIA 18 SUDAN 8 THAILAND 34 PAKISTAN 17 CROATIA 7 UGANDA 32 SOMALIA 17 GERMANY 6 SUDAN 27 SRI LANKA 13 CHINA PEOPLES REP 5 RWANDA 15 THAILAND 12 ERITREA 4 AFGHANISTAN 1 ETHIOPIA 9 IRAN 4 PAKISTAN 9 KENYA 9 Skilled migration 21 27 212 STH AFRICA REP 14 UNITED KINGDOM 136 INDIA 44 ENGLAND 5 INDIA 14 UNITED KINGDOM 28 ZIMBABWE 25 PHILIPPINES 63 PHILIPPINES 21 INDIA 22 CHINA PEOPLES REP 54 CHINA PEOPLES REP 17 FIJI 15 STH AFRICA REP 48 PAKISTAN 14 CHINA PEOPLES REP 9 FIJI 25 STH AFRICA REP 12 TAIWAN 9 KOREA REP OF 18 AUSTRALIA 9 COLOMBIA 8 ROMANIA 17 KOREA REP OF 8 MALAYSIA 8 ENGLAND 15 NEW ZEALAND 8 KOREA REP OF 7 IRELAND 15 IRAN 7
86 In Table 3:23, the data for Moreton Bay have been derived by aggregating data from the three LGAs of Caboolture, Pine Rivers and Redcliffe. The reason for this has been explained earlier. Moreton Bay has predominantly drawn migrants from the family and skilled migration streams. In the former stream, the main supply countries have been the UK, Philippines, South Africa and China. In the case of the skilled migration stream, the United Kingdom and South Africa have been the main contributing countries in each of the years under review. During the more than ten years since 21, Moreton Bay has received few humanitarian migrants a handful from Iraq, Sudan and Iran. In contrast to Moreton Bay, Logan has received generally higher numbers from the humanitarian stream than from the other two streams. In 212, the main source countries for humanitarian migrants were Afghanistan and Burma, while in 27 Burma and Burundi had been the main supply countries for humanitarian migrants to Logan. The main source countries for family migrants have been varied Philippines and Fiji in 21, Philippines and China in 27 and in 212 China and Cambodia. The main source countries for skilled migrants were South Africa and England in 21, the UK and India in 27 and India, the UK and the Philippines in 212. Ipswich, too, has had a variety of countries contributing family migrants in each of the years surveyed, with the UK, Philippines, India and Vietnam featuring regularly. With skilled migration, the main countries have been the United Kingdom, India and the Philippines. With humanitarian migration, the Sudan was dominant in 21 and 27, while the Democratic Republic of the Congo was dominant in 27 and 212. In 212, 15 migrants from each of Cuba and Malawi indicated an intention to settle in Ipswich. Table 3:24: Birthplace by visa category, Western Australia Alliance LGAs, 21-212 Source: DIAC 213 Gosnells Family migration 21 27 212 PHILIPPINES 9 INDONESIA 23 INDIA 42 CHINA PEOPLES REP 8 UNITED KINGDOM 23 CHINA PEOPLES REP 4 INDONESIA 8 AFGHANISTAN 18 PHILIPPINES 25 UNITED KINGDOM 8 THAILAND 18 AFGHANISTAN 14 MALAYSIA 7 SINGAPORE 14 UNITED KINGDOM 11 INDIA 4 CHINA PEOPLES REP 13 THAILAND 8 FMR U.S.S.R. 3 MALAYSIA 11 BURMA 7 KENYA 3 BURMA 1 MALAYSIA 7 LEBANON 3 INDIA 1 INDONESIA 6 ENGLAND 2 PHILIPPINES 6 VIETNAM 6 Humanitarian migration 21 27 212 AFGHANISTAN 13 BURMA 27 AFGHANISTAN 5 CROATIA 7 THAILAND 19 BURMA 23 SUDAN 7 DEM REP OF CONGO 14 IRAN 18 SOMALIA 6 AFGHANISTAN 13 PAKISTAN 12 BURMA 5 LIBERIA 7 SRI LANKA 9 ETHIOPIA 5 RWANDA 5 ETHIOPIA 7 ERITREA 2 IRAN 4 THAILAND 5 IRAQ 2 BURUNDI 3 ERITREA 1 AUSTRALIA 1 CAMEROON REP 3 SYRIA 1 EGYPT ARAB REP OF 1 GHANA 3 ALGERIA Skilled migration 21 27 212 INDIA 21 INDIA 176 INDIA 131 INDONESIA 2 CHINA PEOPLES REP 96 PHILIPPINES 46 SINGAPORE 2 UNITED KINGDOM 93 CHINA PEOPLES REP 24 STH AFRICA REP 17 STH AFRICA REP 63 UNITED KINGDOM 17 MALAYSIA 11 PHILIPPINES 57 MALAYSIA 16 ENGLAND 1 MALAYSIA 47 SINGAPORE 15 SCOTLAND 8 SRI LANKA 22 STH AFRICA REP 15 JAPAN 4 ZIMBABWE 22 SRI LANKA 13 NORTHERN IRELAND 4 MAURITIUS 19 AUSTRALIA 9 UNITED KINGDOM 3 SINGAPORE 19 PAKISTAN 8 Wanneroo Family migration 21 27 212 UNITED KINGDOM 42 UNITED KINGDOM 169 UNITED KINGDOM 63 ENGLAND 29 VIETNAM 53 VIETNAM 4 VIETNAM 19 STH AFRICA REP 39 INDIA 23 U.S.A. 1 ENGLAND 32 THAILAND 22 THAILAND 8 INDIA 25 STH AFRICA REP 17 CANADA 7 THAILAND 25 CHINA PEOPLES REP 12 INDONESIA 7 CHINA PEOPLES REP 23 PHILIPPINES 11 IRAQ 7 PHILIPPINES 19 CAMBODIA 9 STH AFRICA REP 7 FYR OF MACEDONIA 16 KENYA 9 FYR OF MACEDONIA 6 INDONESIA 16 SUDAN 8 Humanitarian migration 21 27 212 SUDAN 32 SUDAN 68 BURMA 54 IRAQ 22 BURMA 47 IRAN 32 AFGHANISTAN 2 BURUNDI 16 AFGHANISTAN 3 CROATIA 14 ETHIOPIA 16 IRAQ 24 BURMA 12 DEM REP OF CONGO 15 DEM REP OF CONGO 17 SERBIA & MONTENEGRO 8 LIBERIA 15 PAKISTAN 7 CONGO REPUBLIC 7 THAILAND 14 THAILAND 7 FORMER YUGOSLAVIA 5 KENYA 11 MALAYSIA 6 ETHIOPIA 4 UGANDA 11 ETHIOPIA 4 EGYPT ARAB REP OF 3 IVORY COAST 9 KENYA 2 Skilled migration 21 27 212 STH AFRICA REP 124 UNITED KINGDOM 1698 UNITED KINGDOM 642 ENGLAND 114 STH AFRICA REP 329 STH AFRICA REP 15 UNITED KINGDOM 48 ENGLAND 254 PHILIPPINES 63 ZIMBABWE 41 INDIA 13 INDIA 62 KENYA 24 ZIMBABWE 1 IRELAND 57 SINGAPORE 24 PHILIPPINES 67 ENGLAND 51 MALAYSIA 14 SCOTLAND 42 SCOTLAND 25 TAIWAN 12 KENYA 39 ZIMBABWE 24 ZAMBIA 12 IRELAND 38 AUSTRALIA 18 INDIA 11 SINGAPORE 32 KENYA 15
87 Swan Family migration 21 27 212 UNITED KINGDOM 26 UNITED KINGDOM 42 PHILIPPINES 37 ENGLAND 13 VIETNAM 31 INDIA 27 VIETNAM 11 PHILIPPINES 28 VIETNAM 23 PHILIPPINES 8 THAILAND 23 THAILAND 22 INDIA 6 INDIA 16 UNITED KINGDOM 17 INDONESIA 6 CHINA PEOPLES REP 14 CHINA PEOPLES REP 11 U.S.A. 6 AFGHANISTAN 11 STH AFRICA REP 1 FMR U.S.S.R. 5 STH AFRICA REP 11 AFGHANISTAN 8 IRAQ 5 FYR OF MACEDONIA 9 ETHIOPIA 6 BURMA 4 ENGLAND 8 U.S.A. 5 Humanitarian migration 21 27 212 IRAQ 14 SUDAN 22 AFGHANISTAN 16 AFGHANISTAN 11 AFGHANISTAN 15 IRAN 13 SUDAN 11 LIBERIA 11 BURMA 6 FORMER YUGOSLAVIA 9 IRAQ 8 MALAYSIA 5 CROATIA 8 RWANDA 7 TURKEY 3 CONGO REPUBLIC 6 BURMA 5 CONGO REPUBLIC 2 AUSTRALIA 5 DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC 5 IRAQ 2 ERITREA 5 IRAN 5 PAKISTAN 1 BURMA 3 UGANDA 5 AUSTRALIA IRAN 3 SIERRA LEONE 4 BERMUDA Skilled migration 21 27 212 STH AFRICA REP 5 UNITED KINGDOM 26 PHILIPPINES 91 ENGLAND 35 STH AFRICA REP 19 UNITED KINGDOM 76 INDIA 17 INDIA 95 INDIA 7 SINGAPORE 15 PHILIPPINES 56 STH AFRICA REP 37 UNITED KINGDOM 15 ZIMBABWE 55 IRELAND 17 ZIMBABWE 13 CHINA PEOPLES REP 5 SINGAPORE 12 MALAYSIA 9 KENYA 23 CHINA PEOPLES REP 11 INDONESIA 8 SCOTLAND 18 KENYA 9 IRELAND 8 MALAYSIA 15 ZIMBABWE 9 KENYA 7 IRELAND 14 AUSTRALIA 7 Mandurah Family migration 21 27 212 ENGLAND 1 UNITED KINGDOM 3 UNITED KINGDOM 12 UNITED KINGDOM 8 PHILIPPINES 11 THAILAND 11 CANADA 3 THAILAND 8 PHILIPPINES 7 INDONESIA 3 STH AFRICA REP 7 U.S.A. 7 THAILAND 3 INDONESIA 6 CHINA PEOPLES REP 6 TAIWAN 2 CANADA 5 INDONESIA 6 CHILE 1 ENGLAND 5 IRELAND 5 COLOMBIA 1 MALAYSIA 4 INDIA 3 FMR U.S.S.R. 1 CHINA PEOPLES REP 3 BURMA 2 KOREA REP OF 1 VIETNAM 3 CANADA 2 Humanitarian migration 21 27 212 AFGHANISTAN 1 SUDAN 3 IRAN 2 CHINA PEOPLES REP 1 ETHIOPIA 1 GHANA 1 TOGO 1 Skilled migration 21 27 212 STH AFRICA REP 26 UNITED KINGDOM 245 UNITED KINGDOM 77 ENGLAND 15 STH AFRICA REP 73 INDIA 2 ZIMBABWE 5 ENGLAND 34 IRAN 16 KENYA 4 IRELAND 29 KOREA REP OF 15 SAMOA 4 PHILIPPINES 19 PHILIPPINES 15 UNITED KINGDOM 4 INDIA 18 STH AFRICA REP 14 CHINA PEOPLES REP 2 GERMANY 9 ENGLAND 13 GERMANY 2 SCOTLAND 9 IRELAND 12 INDIA 2 ZIMBABWE 9 U.S.A. 8 ZAMBIA 2 AUSTRALIA 7 AUSTRALIA 4 Cockburn Family migration 21 27 212 UNITED KINGDOM 18 UNITED KINGDOM 45 PHILIPPINES 4 ENGLAND 11 CHINA PEOPLES REP 27 CHINA PEOPLES REP 28 CANADA 7 STH AFRICA REP 19 THAILAND 17 INDONESIA 7 INDIA 16 UNITED KINGDOM 16 CHINA PEOPLES REP 6 INDONESIA 14 INDIA 1 MALAYSIA 6 THAILAND 14 FMR U.S.S.R. 7 SINGAPORE 6 PHILIPPINES 11 STH AFRICA REP 7 PHILIPPINES 5 U.S.A. 11 INDONESIA 6 PORTUGAL 5 ENGLAND 1 KOREA REP OF 6 SERBIA & MONTENEGRO 5 IRELAND 1 COLOMBIA 5 Humanitarian migration 21 27 212 CROATIA 36 UGANDA 8 IRAN 11 BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA 9 SUDAN 6 SRI LANKA 2 SIERRA LEONE 6 DEM REP OF CONGO 5 AFGHANISTAN 1 FORMER YUGOSLAVIA 4 SIERRA LEONE 4 BURMA 1 AUSTRALIA 3 BURUNDI 3 PAKISTAN 1 ETHIOPIA 3 CONGO REPUBLIC 2 LIBERIA 3 KENYA 2 SYRIA 2 TANZANIA 2 AFGHANISTAN 1 AUSTRALIA 1 IRAN 1 BURMA 1 Skilled migration 21 27 212 INDONESIA 76 UNITED KINGDOM 21 PHILIPPINES 16 SINGAPORE 4 INDIA 89 UNITED KINGDOM 132 ENGLAND 34 CHINA PEOPLES REP 86 CHINA PEOPLES REP 46 STH AFRICA REP 3 STH AFRICA REP 82 IRELAND 35 MALAYSIA 19 SINGAPORE 48 STH AFRICA REP 35 PAKISTAN 15 MALAYSIA 35 INDIA 32 UNITED KINGDOM 13 ZIMBABWE 33 MALAYSIA 19 CHINA PEOPLES REP 11 INDONESIA 25 SINGAPORE 16 SCOTLAND 1 PHILIPPINES 23 SRI LANKA 16 INDIA 8 SRI LANKA 18 AUSTRALIA 15 Serpentine-Jarrahdale Family migration 21 27 212 UNITED KINGDOM 3 ENGLAND 3 PHILIPPINES 3 CANADA 1 UNITED KINGDOM 3 FMR U.S.S.R. 2 MALAYSIA 1 CANADA 2 U.S.A. 2 SINGAPORE 1 THAILAND 2 GERMANY 1 STH AFRICA REP 1 CHANNEL ISLANDS 1 MALAYSIA 1 THAILAND 1 ITALY 1 NETHERLANDS 1 KOREA REP OF 1 TAIWAN 1 PAKISTAN 1 UNITED KINGDOM 1 U.S.A. 1 ZIMBABWE 1 ZIMBABWE 1 Humanitarian migration 21 27 212 IRAN 2 Skilled migration 21 27 212 ENGLAND 6 UNITED KINGDOM 36 UNITED KINGDOM 11 UNITED KINGDOM 6 STH AFRICA REP 12 GERMANY 3 STH AFRICA REP 4 ENGLAND 7 SRI LANKA 2 AUSTRALIA 1 INDIA 5 STH AFRICA REP 2 PAPUA NEW GUINEA 1 SINGAPORE 5 AUSTRALIA 1 SWAZILAND 1 PHILIPPINES 4 BANGLADESH 1 ZIMBABWE 3 ENGLAND 1 JAPAN 2 INDIA 1 CHINA PEOPLES REP 1 PHILIPPINES 1 GERMANY 1 SINGAPORE 1
88 Kwinana Family migration 21 27 212 UNITED KINGDOM 4 THAILAND 11 CHINA PEOPLES REP 1 INDONESIA 3 UNITED KINGDOM 1 INDIA 9 NETHERLANDS 3 INDIA 8 PHILIPPINES 9 ENGLAND 2 STH AFRICA REP 6 INDONESIA 7 THAILAND 2 JAPAN 5 THAILAND 4 U.S.A. 2 U.S.A. 5 MALAYSIA 3 CANADA 1 SERBIA & MONTENEGRO 4 CAMBODIA 2 CHILE 1 CHINA PEOPLES REP 3 CUBA 2 CHINA PEOPLES REP 1 FMR U.S.S.R. 3 IRAQ 2 FMR U.S.S.R. 1 SINGAPORE 3 SIERRA LEONE 2 Humanitarian migration 21 27 212 CROATIA 2 IRAN 4 BURMA 1 AFGHANISTAN 1 SUDAN 3 IRAN 1 BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA 1 LIBERIA 2 MALAYSIA 1 SERBIA & MONTENEGRO 1 RWANDA 2 AFGHANISTAN 9 SRI LANKA 1 CONGO REPUBLIC 1 ERITREA 8 SUDAN 1 TANZANIA 1 DEM REP OF CONGO 3 UGANDA 1 PAKISTAN 3 ARGENTINA SUDAN 3 AUSTRALIA IRAQ 2 BANGLADESH SOMALIA 2 Skilled migration 21 27 212 ENGLAND 6 PHILIPPINES 41 PHILIPPINES 48 INDONESIA 5 UNITED KINGDOM 37 INDIA 9 STH AFRICA REP 5 STH AFRICA REP 33 STH AFRICA REP 9 IRELAND 3 ZIMBABWE 29 UNITED KINGDOM 9 ZIMBABWE 3 INDIA 24 IRELAND 4 KENYA 2 CHINA PEOPLES REP 13 BOTSWANA 3 AUSTRALIA 1 KOREA REP OF 9 SINGAPORE 3 JAPAN 1 CANADA 4 BANGLADESH 2 LIBERIA 1 HONG KONG 4 FMR U.S.S.R. 2 MALAYSIA 1 MALAYSIA 4 NIGERIA 2 Rockingham Family migration 21 27 212 UNITED KINGDOM 36 UNITED KINGDOM 84 UNITED KINGDOM 44 ENGLAND 8 STH AFRICA REP 13 PHILIPPINES 29 INDONESIA 6 PHILIPPINES 12 THAILAND 18 PHILIPPINES 6 THAILAND 12 STH AFRICA REP 1 THAILAND 4 U.S.A. 12 INDIA 9 BRAZIL 3 ENGLAND 9 CHINA PEOPLES REP 6 GERMANY 3 CANADA 7 INDONESIA 5 AUSTRALIA 2 GERMANY 7 ENGLAND 3 CANADA 2 INDIA 7 GERMANY 3 MALAYSIA 2 NETHERLANDS 7 U.S.A. 3 Humanitarian migration 21 27 212 CROATIA 7 ZIMBABWE 5 DEM REP OF CONGO 2 BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA 2 AFGHANISTAN 3 IRAN 2 SERBIA & MONTENEGRO 1 DEM REP OF CONGO 2 KENYA 2 TANZANIA 2 BURUNDI 1 Skilled migration 21 27 212 ENGLAND 96 UNITED KINGDOM 832 UNITED KINGDOM 36 STH AFRICA REP 4 ENGLAND 164 STH AFRICA REP 45 UNITED KINGDOM 28 STH AFRICA REP 145 ENGLAND 27 SCOTLAND 8 SCOTLAND 21 PHILIPPINES 27 ZIMBABWE 7 ZIMBABWE 2 IRELAND 24 NORTHERN IRELAND 5 IRELAND 17 SCOTLAND 19 SINGAPORE 5 INDIA 13 INDIA 16 WALES 5 BURMA 12 NEW ZEALAND 1 INDIA 3 PHILIPPINES 11 AUSTRALIA 9 THAILAND 3 BRIT. DEP. TERR. CITZ. 1 GERMANY 9 Armadale Family migration 21 27 212 ENGLAND 12 UNITED KINGDOM 31 INDIA 25 UNITED KINGDOM 9 THAILAND 14 PHILIPPINES 16 THAILAND 7 PHILIPPINES 13 CHINA PEOPLES REP 12 FMR U.S.S.R. 3 INDONESIA 9 UNITED KINGDOM 9 PHILIPPINES 3 INDIA 8 THAILAND 7 INDONESIA 2 STH AFRICA REP 8 INDONESIA 5 NETHERLANDS 2 CHINA PEOPLES REP 7 U.S.A. 5 PAKISTAN 2 ENGLAND 6 AFGHANISTAN 3 PAPUA NEW GUINEA 2 JAPAN 5 BURMA 3 VIETNAM 2 VIETNAM 4 NIGERIA 3 Humanitarian migration 21 27 212 FORMER YUGOSLAVIA 7 BURMA 16 AFGHANISTAN 5 BURMA 3 DEM REP OF CONGO 11 IRAN 4 ISRAEL 1 TANZANIA 8 BURMA 2 IVORY COAST 1 LIBERIA 6 PAKISTAN 1 SUDAN 1 AFGHANISTAN 5 SRI LANKA 1 BURUNDI 5 GUINEA 4 SIERRA LEONE 4 FORMER YUGOSLAVIA 3 SUDAN 3 Skilled migration 21 27 212 ENGLAND 3 UNITED KINGDOM 14 INDIA 38 STH AFRICA REP 16 INDIA 92 UNITED KINGDOM 37 UNITED KINGDOM 1 STH AFRICA REP 52 PHILIPPINES 35 INDIA 7 PHILIPPINES 34 SRI LANKA 31 NORTHERN IRELAND 4 SINGAPORE 27 STH AFRICA REP 17 SINGAPORE 4 ZIMBABWE 27 SINGAPORE 11 U.S.A. 4 MALAYSIA 26 INDONESIA 9 ZIMBABWE 4 CHINA PEOPLES REP 23 KENYA 7 FR CZECHOSLOVAKIA 2 SRI LANKA 15 CHINA PEOPLES REP 6 INDONESIA 2 INDONESIA 12 IRELAND 6
89 From Table 3:24 it is clear that Gosnells draws its migrant intake heavily from the skilled migration stream. In 212, India supplied over 13 migrants to this stream, more than three times the number derived from the Philippines. In 27, India supplied 176 skilled migrants to Gosnells, compared with 96 from China. In comparison its family and humanitarian streams are small. In 212, the main source of family migrants has been from India and China. Smaller contributions have come from Indonesia and the United Kingdom. Afghanistan has been a major source for humanitarian migrants throughout the 21 to 212 period. In 212, apart from Afghanistan, the top four countries were Burma, Iran and Pakistan. In Wanneroo, skilled migration outperforms the other two streams by a huge margin. It has been dominated by two source countries the United Kingdom/England and South Africa at each of the years under review. In 27, there were four countries supplying more than 1 skilled migrants into Wanneroo The UK/England and South Africa, and India and Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe has been within the top eight source countries for each of the three years. The main family migration countries have been the UK, Vietnam and India. In the case of the humanitarian migration stream, Burma has been a key contributor in 27 and 212, Sudan in 21 and 27 and Afghanistan in 21 and 212. Like Wanneroo, Cockburn has also drawn heavily on migrants from the skilled migration stream. In 212, its main sources of skilled migrants were Philippines, UK and China, while in 27 skilled migrants were drawn heavily for the UK, India, China and South Africa. In comparison, smaller numbers of migrants were drawn from the family and humanitarian streams. The main source countries for family migration in 212 were the Philippines, China and Thailand, while for the humanitarian stream, greatest numbers came from Iran, with smaller contributions from Sri Lanka and Afghanistan. However, it is reasonable to suggest that, in 212, very few humanitarian migrants are attracted to Cockburn. In Swan, the UK/England and South Africa have been the main source countries for skilled migration. In recent years, India and the Philippines have also added sizeable numbers of skilled migrants to Swan. With family migration, Philippines was the main country of origin in 212. It has gradually increased its presence in both 21 and 27. Much the same tendency has occurred with India as a source country for family migration to Swan. Vietnam has been a key contributing country to family migration intakes at each of the three years under review. In terms of humanitarian migration, migrants from Afghanistan have been predominant in each of the three years. In 212, Iran was the second ranked country of origin for humanitarian migrants, while migrants from Sudan were top ranked in 27 and third ranked in 21. Skilled migrants to Mandurah have consistently originated in the United Kingdom/England. South Africa has also been a dominant source country, especially in 21 and 27, although its ranking declined to sixth in 212. As for the other migrant streams, they are relatively insignificant compared with the skilled stream. Indeed, it can be argued that Mandurah is not on the radar as far as humanitarian migrants are concerned. The same point can be made for humanitarian migrants in Serpentine-Jarrahdale. It received no humanitarian migrants in either of 21 and 212. Further, the United Kingdom/England has been the only country to supply double digit numbers of skilled migrants in each of the three years under review. In 212, only nine countries provided migrants under the family migration scheme. Top ranked Philippines provided just three migrants. It seems fair to say that population growth form international migration in Serpentine-Jarrahdale has, presently, limited potential.
9 Of all the Alliance LGAs in Western Australia, Rockingham has drawn most heavily on the skilled migration stream. In 27, the UK provided 832 migrants, with England providing a further 164, to this stream. In 212, the UK/England generated a further 387 skilled migrants into Rockingham. South Africa has also been a consistent provider in each of the three years under consideration. In terms of humanitarian migration, very few have been attracted to Rockingham. Likewise, numbers in the family migration stream have been low, albeit higher than those reported for humanitarian migration. Kwinana shows some similarities to Rockingham, in that skilled migration is the largest stream, although at levels much lower than those reported in Rockingham and Cockburn. The numbers arriving in Kwinana from the humanitarian and family migration streams are very low. In 212, the main countries supplying humanitarian migrants were Burma, Iran and Malaysia, each ranked equal first. In 212, China, India and the Philippines were the top ranked source countries for family migration. The UK did not rank in the top ten for family migration, which is unusual amongst all the Alliance LGAs. Finally, Armadale too is drawing its migrant intake heavily from the skilled migration stream, relative to the other streams. In 212, the main countries supplying skilled migrants to Armadale were India, UK, Philippines and Sri Lanka. South Africa had been in the top four in 21 and 27, but was relegated to fifth rank in 212. In terms of family migration, the top five source countries in 212 were India, Philippines, China, the UK and Thailand. The UK/England and Thailand were the top two in 21 and 27. As for humanitarian migration, numbers are very low, but in 212 the main source countries were Afghanistan, Iran and Burma. In 27, the largest numbers emanated from Burma, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Tanzania. Table 3:25: Birthplace by visa category, South Australia Alliance LGAs, 21-212 Source: DIAC 213 Mount Barker Family migration 21 27 212 UNITED KINGDOM 8 UNITED KINGDOM 13 PHILIPPINES 4 ENGLAND 3 ENGLAND 3 STH AFRICA REP 2 PHILIPPINES 2 CHINA PEOPLES REP 2 ENGLAND 1 BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA 1 JAPAN 2 FINLAND 1 CANADA 1 STH AFRICA REP 2 JAPAN 1 ETHIOPIA 1 FRANCE 1 THAILAND 1 INDIA 1 INDIA 1 VIETNAM 1 ISRAEL 1 IRELAND 1 WALES 1 KOREA REP OF 1 ISRAEL 1 ZAMBIA 1 THAILAND 1 NORTHERN IRELAND 1 Humanitarian migration 21 27 212 IRAN 1 Skilled migration 21 27 212 STH AFRICA REP 9 UNITED KINGDOM 5 UNITED KINGDOM 16 UNITED KINGDOM 8 ENGLAND 14 BULGARIA 1 ENGLAND 6 STH AFRICA REP 13 IRELAND 1 GERMANY 3 PHILIPPINES 11 NETHERLANDS 1 JAPAN 2 GERMANY 9 NORTHERN IRELAND 1 ZIMBABWE 2 BRIT. DEP. TERR. CITZ. 4 PHILIPPINES 1 AUSTRALIA 1 NETHERLANDS 4 NETHERLANDS 1 IRAN 3 NORTHERN IRELAND 1 CHINA PEOPLES REP 2 SINGAPORE 2 Playford Family migration 21 27 212 PHILIPPINES 5 PHILIPPINES 16 PHILIPPINES 9 U.S.A. 5 VIETNAM 1 AFGHANISTAN 7 FIJI 3 AFGHANISTAN 9 RWANDA 7 STH AFRICA REP 3 UNITED KINGDOM 9 CHINA PEOPLES REP 6 THAILAND 3 FMR U.S.S.R. 8 SUDAN 6 UNITED KINGDOM 3 CAMBODIA 6 UNITED KINGDOM 6 MALAYSIA 2 INDONESIA 6 VIETNAM 4 ROMANIA 2 THAILAND 6 BURUNDI 3 VANUATU 2 U.S.A. 5 CAMBODIA 3 AUSTRALIA 1 INDIA 4 PAKISTAN 3 Humanitarian migration 21 27 212 AFGHANISTAN 11 DEM REP OF CONGO 74 AFGHANISTAN 32 CROATIA 3 BURUNDI 71 IRAN 23 IRAQ 2 TANZANIA 67 NEPAL 21 AUSTRALIA 1 AFGHANISTAN 55 BHUTAN 2 FORMER YUGOSLAVIA 1 SUDAN 35 BURMA 11 SIERRA LEONE 1 IRAN 17 MALAYSIA 2 UGANDA 1 PAKISTAN 2 BURMA 8 AUSTRALIA 1 KENYA 6 DEM REP OF CONGO 1 IRAQ 5 LIBERIA 1 Skilled migration 21 27 212 STH AFRICA REP 14 UNITED KINGDOM 43 POLAND 11 ENGLAND 11 PHILIPPINES 16 PAKISTAN 6 U.S.A. 8 INDIA 13 BANGLADESH 4 SINGAPORE 6 ENGLAND 1 INDIA 4 GERMANY 4 STH AFRICA REP 9 BURMA 2 FIJI 3 EL SALVADOR 8 ENGLAND 2 NORTHERN IRELAND 2 BANGLADESH 6 NETHERLANDS 2 SWITZERLAND 1 CHINA PEOPLES REP 6 CHINA PEOPLES REP 1 UNITED KINGDOM 1 CANADA 4 IRELAND 1 FIJI 4 PHILIPPINES 1
91 In Mount Barker, it is fair to say that in terms of the years under review migration has not played any significant role in its population growth. There have been virtually no migrants to Mount Barker under the humanitarian programme of the migration scheme, and arrivals via the other streams have been relatively small. In the 27 migration spike, experienced by all of the Alliance LGAs, Mount Barker did receive relatively large numbers of skilled migrants from the United Kingdom/England, South Africa and the Philippines. Playford is unique among Alliance member LGAs in that it is the only LGA in which the largest migration contribution to total population came from the humanitarian stream. In 212 it received significant numbers of humanitarian migrants from Afghanistan, Iran, Nepal, Bhutan and Burma. In 27, large numbers arrived from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Burundi, Tanzania, Afghanistan and Sudan. In terms of skilled migration, in 27, largest numbers came from the UK/England, the Philippines and India. However, in 212, the largest numbers were from Poland, Pakistan, Bangladesh and India. With family migration, largest numbers in 212 were from the Philippines, Afghanistan, Rwanda, China, Sudan and the UK. Again, this is a mix of main origin countries that has not been noted in the other Alliance LGAs. 3.8 SETTLEMENT TARGET GROUP The DIAC Settlement Reporting Facility also provides data on numbers of migrants in the Settlement Target Group. The Settlement Target Group is a group of settlers eligible for settlement services. These services need to be provided near to the settlers, and therefore information on numbers of migrants in the Target Settlement Group must be relevant to decision makers in the local jurisdictions. Eligibility for settlement services requires migrants to meet the following criteria: Permanent Humanitarian stream settlers. Permanent Family stream settlers with low English proficiency Some temporary Family stream settlers with low English proficiency living in rural/regional locations. Dependants of permanent Skilled settlers with low English proficiency living in rural/regional locations. Dependants of some temporary Skilled settlers with low English proficiency living in rural/regional locations. Some permanent Other stream settlers. Settlers in this group are eligible for settlement services provided by the Settlement Grants Program service providers 5. Table 3:26 shows the proportion of migrants arriving in the Alliance LGAs in 212 who were eligible for settlement services. In 212, there were 19,236 migrants settling in the various Alliance LGAs. Of these, 2.7 percent were eligible for settlement services. The table allows for identification of Alliance LGAs which have a high proportion of humanitarian migrants, in particular, and migrants with low English proficiency. In doing so, the table identifies LGAs where teaching new migrants is an imperative as a means to encouraging integration into the community and being able to use a whole range of services available to them in the wider community. LGAs 5 For further information see Settlement Reporting Facility SRF Data Dictionary (External), Settlement Information Support Team, Settlement Research, Evaluation and Planning Section of the Department of Immigration and Citizenship (DIAC).
92 with the highest proportion of their migrant intake in the Settlement Target Group in 212 were: Playford, with more than half (54. percent) of its intake eligible for services provided by the Settlement Grants Program. Logan and Hume, with 47 and 4.6 percent respectively of their 212 intake in the Settlement target Group. Ipswich, Kwinana and Liverpool, where levels ranged from 25.3 percent to 37.7 percent. Casey, Whittlesea, Mandurah, Blacktown and Gosnells, which had proportions of new migrants in the settlement Target Group ranging from just over a fifth to just under a quarter. Of course, high proportions of migrants do not necessarily mean high demand for services, and the underlying figures need to be considered. However, although these are levels are for 212 only, it could be assumed that they have applied for most of this century, and cumulatively, therefore, these percentage occurrences could turn into significant numbers being eligible for services at the local level. And even where numbers on the ground may not be presently significant, the 212 proportions may be an indicator of increasing future demand than needs to be anticipated by policy makes within the jurisdictions. Table 3:26: Settlement Target Group, Alliance LGAs, 212 Source: DIAC 213
93 3.9 VISA SUB CLASS DIAC's Settlement reporting Facility also provides information on the Visa Sub Class of migrants arriving in Alliance LGAs. A Visa Subclass is a three digit code which identifies the visa holder s purpose in Australia. The Settlement Database (SDB) only collects data on permanent visas and settlement pathway temporary visas. As such, it does not provide data on visas such as the very newsworthy 457 visa. Further, some visa subclasses are no longer available. Visa subclass reports from the SRF are for a settler s most current SDB visa subclass. Error! Reference source not found.a comprehensive summary of the numbers of migrants in each of the visa sub classes in each of the Alliance LGAs, compiled for the period 27 to 212 inclusive can be found at Appendix Five. It is presented essentially as a database which key personnel in each of the member LGAs might use to understand the migration stream structure of migrants within their jurisdiction. A full description of each code together with its migration stream and category (temporary/permanent) can be found in Settlement Reporting Facility SRF Data Dictionary (External), prepared by the Settlement Information Support Team, Settlement Research, Evaluation and Planning Section of the Department of Immigration and Citizenship (DIAC), at pages 49-59 inclusive. 3.1 SUMMARY Australia has experienced a substantial increase in ethnic diversity over recent decades and this process has been especially marked in the Alliance LGAs. Over the 26-11 period there was a net migration gain of 233,52 in these areas (an excess of immigrants and emigrants) more than two times greater than over the 21-6 period. The net gain varied between individual LGAs but 8 had net gain in excess of 11,. Because of the sheer size of international migration to Australia it is not unrealistic to expect it to have so many impacts within different communities. This chapter has looked at just a selection of those impacts. In 211 the highest proportion of overseas born persons in the Alliance LGAs occurred in Liverpool, where overseas born persons represented 42.5 percent of the population. There were proportions greater than 4 percent in Wanneroo and Gosnells, and levels above 32 percent in Blacktown, Casey, Wyndham, Whittlesea, Hume, Cockburn, Rockingham, Kwinana, Armadale and Swan During the 21-211 period, the largest increase in the representation of overseas born persons occurred in Wyndham, Melton, Gosnells, Wanneroo, Mandurah, Casey and Blacktown. These are LGAs where prevailing conditions, often associated with housing, attract increasing numbers of overseas born. While some LGAs did experience net international migration loss in the 21-26 period, none did so in the following period. Migrants are drawn from a wide range of countries. An analysis of migrant birthplaces for 21, 26 and 211 has shown that in general the UK and New Zealand has been the greatest source of migrants for most of the Alliance LGAs. The decade to 211 has seen the emergence of a number of birthplace groups move towards top ranked status in the Alliance LGAs, including China and India. In 211, India was the top ranked birthplace in Wyndham, and had increased its top ten ranking in virtually all Alliance LGAs, and New Zealand was top ranked birthplace in Logan and Ipswich. As well as these trends, there are several other trends evident in 211: In most LGAs, the United Kingdom is the major birthplace group. Generally, New Zealand is ranked second.
94 In Blacktown, the dominant birthplace groups are Philippines and India, relegating UK and New Zealand born to third and fourth rank. In Liverpool, Fiji, Iraq, Vietnam, India, Lebanon and Philippines birthplaces rank higher than New Zealand and the UK. In Whittlesea, UK born persons rank fifth behind Italy, FYROM, India and Greece born persons, while in Hume Iraq, Turkey and India born persons outnumber those born in the UK. In Wyndham, persons born in India rank number 1, ahead of those born in UK and New Zealand. These trends are pertinent in defining the power of migration to generate an ongoing diversity. The general dominance of the UK is understandable as it has been a main source of migrants since the early post war years. More recently increased migration by a number of the Asian groups, especially those born in India and China, has impacted on the ethnic diversity in selected areas. The rankings of some of the European groups Italians, Germans, Dutch and Greeks that were important in the early post war migration to Australia are now beginning to slip behind those of the newer groups as their numbers erode by death and emigration. The top ranking birthplace groups, outside the UK and New Zealand born, essentially represent the new face of immigration to Australia. The chapter provided an assessment of the age structure of the Australian born and overseas populations in 26 and 211. The analysis showed not only the relativities between the two groups, but also the fact that migrants are making significant contributions to fertility levels and therefore natural increase in certain areas, and that Australia's migrant population is ageing in similar ways to the Australian born population. With a long term migration program which has drawn its migrants from a wide range of countries, multicultural, and ethnic, diversity has become a feature of the Australian social landscape. At the Alliance level, Australian born are around two thirds of the total population, while MES born are 21.8 percent and NES 12.5 percent. It is striking that 19 of the 25 member LGAs have concentrations of NES migrants greater than the Alliance average, with the most significant NES born concentrations being in Liverpool, Blacktown, Whittlesea, Hume, Casey and Wyndham The top ten MES concentrations are in Western Australia and Queensland LGAs and it may be that these migrants, with their English speaking skills, are responding to opportunities provided by resource development activities in these states. At the Alliance level, 11.2 percent of the population was drawn from European countries in 211, compared with 8.4 percent from Asia and 1.7 percent from sub-saharan Africa. In relation to migrants from Asia, the highest concentrations occurred in Blacktown, Wyndham, Gosnells and Casey. Moreover, in Blacktown, Liverpool, Casey, Wyndham, and Gosnells, the proportion of the total population from Asia is greater than that from Europe. As for migrants from sub-saharan Africa, the highest proportions of total population occurred, with the exception of Casey, in LGAs located in Western Australia - Wanneroo, Gosnells, Swan, Cockburn and Armadale. Within the Alliance there are some 1.17 million Australian born persons with an overseas born mother and/or father. Australian born persons with an overseas born father represent 27.3 percent of all Australian born persons, compared with 24.1 percent of Australian born persons with an overseas born mother. For Australian born persons with an overseas born parent, the highest proportions occur in Liverpool, Whittlesea, Hume, Melton, Blacktown and Wanneroo.
95 The mix of visa categories among immigrants settling in an area can have an important impact on demand for services. The data presented shows the mix of visa categories of permanent migrants arriving in Australia between 26 and 211 and settling in the Alliance LGAs. This shows an overall overrepresentation with one in five permanent migrants arriving in Australia over the 26-11 period settling in the Alliance LGAs. Especially significant, however, is that 28.7 percent of all humanitarian arrivals settled in Alliance LGAs. This is particularly important because they are heavily dependent on assistance in their early years of settlement in Australia. Again, there are important variations between Alliance LGAs especially in relation to humanitarian migrant settlement. In an analysis of migrants by visa category, all the LGAs showed a similar pattern of change between 21 and 212, in that steady growth in all categories occurred to 26, followed by a large spike in numbers in 27, after which time, numbers declined steadily to 212, at which point numbers were very similar to those that prevailed in 21. The exception to this was Campbelltown in New South Wales, where numbers in each of the categories increased steadily to 28, after which there was steady decline through to 212. Although Census data has detailed information on country of birth, an opportunity was taken to examine the relationship between visa category and country of birth using data from the settlement reporting facility. From this, data were presented to show the top ten countries by birth for each of the visa categories. In 212, 2.7 percent of immigrants settling into Alliance LGAs were eligible for settlement services. LGAs with the highest proportion of their migrant intake in the Settlement Target Group in 212 were Playford, with more than half (54. percent) of its intake eligible for services provided by the Settlement Grants Program, Logan and Hume, Ipswich, Kwinana, Liverpool, Casey, Whittlesea, Mandurah, Blacktown and Gosnells. These LGAs have a high proportion of humanitarian migrants, in particular, and migrants with low English proficiency, and it is in these LGAs where teaching English, especially, to new migrants is an imperative as a means to encouraging integration into the community and being able to use a whole range of services available to them in the wider community.
96 CHAPTER 4. INTERNAL MIGRATION 4.1 INTRODUCTION Australians are the most mobile society in the contemporary world. The 211 census indicated that 15.8 percent of Australians had moved their permanent place of residence during the previous five years, the highest rate of residential mobility of any country. The impact of this mobility on population change and distribution is profound. This chapter uses data from the 26 and 211 Censuses to show for each of the Alliance LGAs the contribution made to population change by: Intrastate in and out migration Net intrastate migration Interstate in and out migration Net interstate migration Out migration In migration Net migration 4.2 MOBILITY 21-26 It needs to be noted that this mobility may be understated to a degree, simply because the Census asks persons where they lived five years earlier, and not where have they lived from time to time during the previous five years. Further, Moreton Bay Regional Council did not exist in 26. As a result, its internal mobility for the 21-26 period is an estimate, derived from 26 data for the LGAs of Caboolture, Redcliffe and Pine Rivers. In 211, Moreton Bay LGA was comprised of statistical local areas (SLAs) which, in 26, fell within the boundaries of Caboolture, Redcliffe and Pine Rivers LGAs. With this caveat, Table 4:1 summarises internal mobility for each of the Alliance LGAs during the five years to 26. There are a number of distinct patterns deriving from the table. Firstly, there is a group of LGAs which experienced net migration losses during the five year period that is more people leaving than arriving. These are Blacktown, Campbelltown, Liverpool, Penrith, Logan and Armadale. In these LGAs, net migration losses ranged from 2,115 (Armadale) to 1,741 (Blacktown). Net migration is a composite of intra state and interstate migration. All of these LGAs recorded net population loss to other parts of their respective states, and all lost population to interstate locations, with the exception of Logan, which experienced net population gain of 3,693 from interstate. The second group of LGAs are those which experienced substantial net migration gains during 21-26. Net gains from internal migration in these LGAs ranged from 11,56 in Casey to 17,386 in Moreton Bay. Other LGAs with gains between these extremes were Wyndham, Melton, Ipswich and Wanneroo. Each of these LGAs received a significance part of their net migration growth from intrastate migration. In the case of Moreton and Ipswich, large increases also occurred from interstate migration 12,79 and 4,892 respectively while at the lower end the contribution from net migration from interstate was a little lower at 1,26 for Wanneroo. A third group of LGAs had only moderate to small growth from net internal migration, including Whittlesea, Serpentine-Jarrahdale, Kwinana and Playford.
97 Table 4:1: Internal mobility, Alliance LGAs, 21-26 Local government area Total departures Total arrivals Net migration Intrastate departures Intrastate arrivals Net intrastate migration Interstate arrivals Interstate departures Net interstate migration Blacktown (C) 45325 34584-1741 37483 3211-5382 2483 7842-5359 Camden (A) 9679 11152 1473 788 1634 2754 518 1799-1281 Campbelltown (C) 26148 167-1141 2938 14873-665 1134 521-476 Liverpool (C) 28543 23329-5214 2287 2713-2157 2616 5673-357 Penrith (C) 29652 2996-8656 23212 19295-3917 171 644-4739 Casey (C) 27732 39238 1156 2369 35323 11714 3915 4123-28 Cardinia (S) 8281 14856 6575 73 13638 668 1218 1251-33 Wyndham (C) 17 22555 11855 8119 19264 11145 3291 2581 71 Melton (S) 8436 22484 1448 726 2851 13825 1633 141 223 Hume (C) 18549 216 1557 1625 1832 27 274 2524-45 Whittlesea (C) 15741 16492 751 1413 1551 948 1441 1638-197 Moreton Bay (Estimate) 56449 73835 17386 48713 542 537 19815 7736 1279 Logan (C) 3636 31387-4919 319 23288-8612 899 446 3693 Ipswich (C) 137 24865 14828 845 18386 9936 6479 1587 4892 Gosnells (C) 16965 18847 1882 15227 1733 186 1814 1738 76 Wanneroo (C) 17767 29952 12185 1553 26689 11159 3263 2237 126 Swan (C) 19699 22254 2555 17681 2218 2537 236 218 18 Cockburn (C) 12754 14677 1923 11267 12878 1611 1799 1487 312 Mandurah (C) 854 1362 58 7242 11782 454 1838 1298 54 Serpentine-Jarrahdale (S) 276 3645 885 2579 3419 84 226 181 45 Kwinana (T) 5127 579 582 4644 528 384 681 483 198 Armadale (C) 1978 8863-2115 998 7986-1922 877 17-193 Rockingham (C) 1229 1691 4611 922 12461 3241 444 37 137 Mount Barker (DC) 4472 629 1737 3415 58 1593 121 157 144 Playford (C) 11822 1244 222 9683 1244 561 18 2139-339 Note: The Moreton Bay estimate is based on 21-26 mobility data for Caboolture, Redcliffe and Pine Rivers LGAs. Source: ABS 26, TableBuilder, UR5P It is clear from an examination of the table that the net levels of internal mobility, intrastate mobility and interstate mobility is the result of literally thousands of persons arriving and departing from the LGAs. For example, in Wanneroo, the net migration level of 12,185 between 21-26 was a result of more than 42, persons who moved in and out from intrastate locations and 5,5 persons who moved to, and from, interstate locations. If all these persons had identical social, ethnic, age and economic characteristics, then the mobility would result in no overall change to the LGAs social and economic fabric. However, where there are differences in the mix of movers, then there can be profound implications for LGAs in terms of social change, which will create a whole new range of issues that need to be met and resolved within the various jurisdictions. For example: changes in income levels between those leaving and those arriving may place varying demands on house sales or house rentals; or in the case of variations in the ages of those leaving and arriving if more younger families were leaving and were replaced by an older population there would be shifts in demands for schools, childcare, transport and aged care services. The situation prevailing in the ensuing 26-211 period is presented in Table 4:2. As with the 21-26 data; so too with the 26-211 data, there are a number of distinct patterns deriving from the table. Again, there is a group of LGAs which experience net migration losses during the five year period, which include Blacktown, Campbelltown, Liverpool, Penrith, Logan and Gosnells. Apart from Gosnells, these are the same LGAs as those that experienced net migration losses during the 21-26 period. However, in the 26-211
98 period, the LGAs have recorded lower net migration losses than in the earlier period, suggesting a slowing of population losses. With the exception of Blacktown, these LGAs also experienced net migration loss to other parts of their state. Blacktown, Campbelltown, Liverpool and Penrith also had net losses of population to interstate locations, while Logan and Gosnells did record net gains from interstate locations. Table 4:2: Internal mobility, Alliance LGAs, 26-211 Local government area Total departures Source: ABS 211, Table Builder. Total arrivals Net migration Intrastate departures Intrastate arrivals Net intrastate migration Interstate arrivals Interstate departures Net interstate migration Blacktown (C) 38992 35769-3223 32741 33114 373 2655 6251-3596 Camden (A) 893 11482 2579 7554 1817 3263 665 1349-684 Campbelltown (C) 2847 1522-5825 1767 13779-3828 1243 324-1997 Liverpool (C) 25644 22784-286 21147 2538-69 2246 4497-2251 Penrith (C) 2444 265-4375 19835 18353-1482 1712 465-2893 Casey (C) 32683 38799 6116 28477 34785 638 414 426-192 Cardinia (S) 9737 19298 9561 8373 17824 9451 1474 1364 11 Wyndham (C) 14267 3614 16347 1139 25758 14719 4856 3228 1628 Melton (S) 1124 2444 132 9462 21756 12294 2288 1562 726 Hume (C) 18384 1925 641 1618 16815 797 221 2366-156 Whittlesea (C) 14558 25785 11227 12835 2364 1769 2181 1723 458 Moreton Bay (R) 4441 6412 1611 34434 44356 9922 1656 9967 689 Logan (C) 42791 39747-344 35121 3134-3817 8443 767 773 Ipswich (C) 22361 295 7139 17862 22571 479 6929 4499 243 Gosnells (C) 1939 17488-1821 17418 1523-2188 2258 1891 367 Wanneroo (C) 19948 3742 1794 16858 2754 1196 3688 39 598 Swan (C) 18765 2171 236 1643 18589 2159 2482 2335 147 Cockburn (C) 1421 17298 3277 12273 1497 2634 2391 1748 643 Mandurah (C) 8234 1437 673 6844 1175 496 2557 139 1167 Serpentine-Jarrahdale (S) 284 5464 266 2571 523 2632 261 233 28 Kwinana (T) 5427 6822 1395 4835 666 1231 756 592 164 Armadale (C) 174 14334 426 93 12935 3932 1399 171 328 Rockingham (C) 143 1831 437 1429 1351 2622 5259 3574 1685 Mount Barker (DC) 4846 6428 1582 3818 5221 143 127 128 179 Playford (C) 118 14429 2629 9756 12268 2512 2161 244 117 The second group of LGAs are those which experienced substantial net migration gains during 26-211. Net gains from internal migration in these LGAs ranged from 16,347 in Wyndham to 9,561 in Cardinia. Other LGAs with gains between these extremes were Melton, Whittlesea, Moreton Bay and Wanneroo. Each of these LGAs received a significant part of their net migration growth from intrastate migration, and in the case of Moreton Bay and Wyndham, a large component of their net migration gain also occurred from interstate migration 6,89 and 1,628 respectively. A third group of LGAs had only moderate to small growth from net internal migration, including Hume, Kwinana and Mount Barker. Net interstate migration to an area indicates that it has an attraction beyond local boundaries, whether for employment opportunities, environment or retirement reasons. While 18 of the Alliance LGAs reported net gains from interstate migration during 26-211, the largest gains occurred in Moreton Bay, Ipswich, Rockingham, Wyndham and Mandurah.
99 4.3 SUMMARY Any analysis of internal mobility will identify sinks and sources - areas that are attractive to people and areas that are unattractive for a variety of reasons. Where net internal mobility losses occur it means that there is uneasiness on the part of the population about their area. It may mean that the area is too large, in population terms, it's perhaps overcrowded and congested, infrastructure may be stressed as a result, its economic base may be inadequate and employment opportunities low. Any of these factors cause social degradation to increase, which in turn leads to a situation where those who can leave do so, and if they are replaced it is by a new population group with a new set of social characteristics. This is part of the process of succession in any area. As an example, between 21 and 26 the Sydney Statistical Division experienced net migration loss of more than 121, persons, which was made up by an equivalent gain from international migration. A little under half these movers shifted to elsewhere in NSW, to the Central coast or the north coast, and other areas in New South Wales. With them they took a certain set of social characteristics - probably nearing retirement, secure income, good job prospects and other characteristics that made it possible for them to escape what they saw as the expensive and busy lifestyle or rat race in Sydney. Those coming into Sydney to replace the departures came to take advantage of what Sydney offered - principally better employment and education opportunities, proximity and affinity to particular migrant groups, and potentially existing social networks. LGAs which experience gains are sinks - they have people pouring into them to take advantage of what they offer. These LGAs are attractive in a variety of ways. There is likely to be strong economic activity to employ the population, or there is a good transport system that allows a commuter population to get to work, they may have utility and high amenity, a good environment and housing opportunities and affordability. These areas receive most of their new population from intrastate mobility as (predominantly young) households arrive to take advantage of opportunities created in large housing developments on the outer edges of cities. There is a final type of sink LGA, which receives new population from both intrastate and interstate sources. In these LGAs their most significant asset is their environment - be it climate or landscape. These are the sea change and tree change localities throughout Australia, which are increasingly attractive to a demographic different from that attracted to the outer suburbs or repelled from larger urban locations. In order for any community to understand their role as a sink or source location it is important to examine population change over time. This will give some indication of who is leaving and/or who is arriving. For example, if it is the working age population leaving is that because of a lack of employment opportunities in the local area, is there an opportunity to link the community to better places of employment through an improved transport system, has family housing become unaffordable or in short supply, is there a good supply of quality education and child care? If it is an older population that is moving is that because of the lack of appropriate health care and other aged care services, or perhaps a lack of aged appropriate housing, are there opportunities to encourage more volunteering and stronger connections to the local community through social engagement? It must also be remembered that being a sink location comes with its own set of issues for example ensuring that infrastructure and services is able to keep up with the growing population.
1 CHAPTER 5. HOUSEHOLDS AND FAMILIES 5.1 INTRODUCTION In recent decades there have been significant changes in the way in which people group into households and families. Understanding the nature of these changes is important since demand and need for many goods and services is created by households rather than individuals. This is particularly relevant in any areas where the growth of households has outpaced the growth of population. Table 5:1 shows that in the 25 NGAA LGAs, growth in households exceeded population growth in each of the LGAs during the 21-26 period. The largest differences between household growth and population growth occurred in Whittlesea, Campbelltown, Hume, Kwinana, Armadale and Playford. However, in the 26-211 period, population growth exceeded household growth in eleven LGAs with the greatest differences occurring in Blacktown, Gosnells, Casey, Liverpool, Wanneroo, Rockingham and Playford. In this chapter: We look at the distribution of various family types both spatially within the Alliance LGAs and temporally, as recorded at the 21, 26 and 211 Censuses. We also assess the spatial and temporal distribution of the three main housing tenure types outright ownership, buying with a mortgage and rental. 5.2 HOUSEHOLDS AND POPULATION GROWTH The growth of households and population in each of the Alliance LGAs is shown for the 21-211 period in Table 5:1. Of the nine LGAs where household growth exceeded population growth in the 26-211 period, the main LGAs were Whittlesea, Cardinia and Mount Barker. At the same time, there were five LGAs in which population growth and household growth were balanced Campbelltown, Melton, Hume, Cockburn and Armadale. At the aggregate level, that is considering all the NGAA LGAs, it is clear that in the 21-26 period household growth exceeded population growth, while in the ensuing period a balanced situation prevailed. Perhaps more importantly, the levels of household growth and population growth were each greater in 26-211 than in the 21-26 period. When Alliance data are compared with the situation prevailing at the Australia level, the comparisons are revealing. Household growth during the 21-26 period was twice the rate which occurred at the Australia level, while in the following five year period to 212 average annual household growth was more than twice the rate prevailing in Australia. The same observations can be made in respect to average annual change in population. The clear conclusion is that in the NGAA LGAs population growth and household growth has been occurring at levels around twice those occurring at the wider Australia level. The NGAA membership comprises, therefore, LGAs that are accommodating huge population and associated household growth. The slight flattening of household growth in the 26-211 period may be the result of a slowdown in housing development in these regions. However the increased growth rate in population suggests that much of the household formation in the 21-211 period was related to growth in the younger 25 34 year age cohort and the concurrent (and probable linked) growth in the year cohort. In other words, young families having more babies.
11 Table 5:1: Household and Population growth, NGAA LGAs, 21-211 LGA Name Households Population Average annual change, % Average annual change, % 21-26 26-211 21-26 26-211 Blacktown (C) 1.5 1.6 1.2 2.1 Camden (A) 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.7 Campbelltown (C).5.5 -.4.5 Liverpool (C) 1.5 1.6 1.4 1.8 Penrith (C).6.9..7 Casey (C) 4.4 3. 3.9 3.3 Cardinia (S) 4.8 5.7 4.4 5.3 Wyndham (C) 6.6 7.5 5.6 7.5 Melton (S) 9.3 6.8 8.7 6.8 Hume (C) 3.1 2.6 2.3 2.6 Whittlesea (C) 2.7 4.9 1.7 4.4 Moreton Bay (R) 3.2 3.2 2.9 3. Logan (C) 1.7 1.9 1.5 2. Ipswich (C) 2.7 3.5 2.5 3.7 Gosnells (C) 3. 2.6 2.5 3.1 Wanneroo (C) 6.9 6.3 6.3 6.5 Swan (C) 2.9 3.1 2.3 3. Cockburn (C) 2.8 3.7 2.1 3.7 Mandurah (C) 4.1 4.6 3.6 4.5 Serpentine-Jarrahdale (S) 3.1 6.5 2.6 6.4 Kwinana (T) 2.7 4.5 2. 4.6 Armadale (C).7 4.2 -.1 4.2 Rockingham (C) 3.5 4. 3.3 4.3 Mount Barker (DC) 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.4 Playford (C) 1.5 2.3.8 2.5 Alliance total 2.8 3.2 2.3 3.2 Australia 1.4 1.5 1.1 1.6 Source: ABS DataPacks 211, Time Series Profile, Table 14 Table 5:2 shows average household size at each of the previous three censuses. It is clear from this table that while there are some variations between individual LGAs, there has been relatively little change in average household size temporally. It might be expected that processes of ageing, increased divorce and/or separation and government policies designed to keep older people in their own homes for as long as possible should work to reduce the average size of households. The evidence does not seem to support this tendency in the NGAA LGAs but does support the assumption that household and population growth is linked more closely to young families. This is also borne out below with the above Australian average of households represented by couple families with children and may account for the generally steady average household size in the LGAs, that is more families and less couples or single households.
12 Table 5:2: Average household size, NGAA LGAs, 21-211 LGA Name Average household size: 21 26 211 Bl a cktown (C) 3.1 3. 3.1 Ca mden (A) 3. 3. 3. Ca mpbel l town (C) 3.1 3. 2.9 Li verpool (C) 3.1 3.1 3.2 Penri th (C) 3. 2.9 2.9 Ca s ey (C) 3.1 3. 3. Cardinia (S) 2.9 2.9 2.8 Wyndha m (C) 3. 2.9 2.9 Mel ton (S) 3.1 3. 3. Hume (C) 3.2 3.1 3.1 Whi ttl es ea (C) 3.2 3. 3. Moreton Ba y (R) 2.7 2.7 2.7 Loga n (C) 2.9 2.9 2.9 Ips wi ch (C) 2.8 2.8 2.8 Gosnells (C) 2.8 2.7 2.8 Wa nneroo (C) 2.9 2.9 2.9 Swa n (C) 2.9 2.8 2.8 Cockburn (C) 2.8 2.7 2.7 Ma ndura h (C) 2.5 2.4 2.4 Serpenti ne-ja rra hda l e (S) 3. 3. 3. Kwi na na (T) 2.7 2.6 2.7 Armadale (C) 2.8 2.7 2.7 Rocki ngha m (C) 2.7 2.7 2.7 Mount Ba rker (DC) 2.7 2.7 2.6 Pl a yford (C) 2.7 2.6 2.6 Tota l 2.9 2.8 2.8 Source: ABS DataPacks 211, Time Series Profile, Table 2 5.3 FAMILY COMPOSITION Within households there are a range of family configurations. In this section the changing representations of couple families, with and without children, single parent families and lone and group households are discussed. The dominant family type in any community is couple families, comprising couples with children and couples without children. In the NGAA LGAs, couples without children averaged 22.1 percent of all households in 21, increasing slightly to 23.2 percent in 211, while the percentage of households comprised as couples with children reduced from 41.9 percent in 21 to 38.6 percent in 211 Table 5:3 shows the distribution of couple families without children both temporally and among the NGAA LGAs.
13 Table 5:3: Couple families with no children, NGAA LGAs, 21-211 LGA Name 21 26 211 21-26 26-211 Blacktown (C) 19.1 19. 19. 1.5 1.6 Camden (A) 23.5 22.6 23.5 1.9 3.3 Campbelltown (C) 17.6 18.8 2.1 1.7 1.9 Liverpool (C) 18.8 17.4 17.1. 1.1 Penrith (C) 2.1 21.1 21.6 1.5 1.3 Casey (C) 21. 21.5 21.8 5. 3.2 Cardinia (S) 23.9 25.4 25.5 6. 5.8 Wyndham (C) 2.4 22.5 22.6 8.7 7.6 Melton (S) 2.1 21.5 21.2 1.8 6.4 Hume (C) 18.6 19.3 19.7 3.8 3.1 Whittlesea (C) 2.1 21.4 23. 3.9 6.4 Moreton Bay (R) 26.4 27.5 27.4 4. 3. Logan (C) 22. 23.5 24. 2.9 2.4 Ipswich (C) 23.1 24. 23.8 3.5 3.3 Gosnells (C) 23.6 24.3 24.1 3.6 2.4 Wanneroo (C) 24.5 25.2 24.5 7.6 5.7 Swan (C) 22.8 23.3 23.7 3.4 3.5 Cockburn (C) 23.5 24.3 25.3 3.4 4.5 Mandurah (C) 32. 33.6 31.9 5.1 3.5 Serpentine-Jarrahdale (S) 29.2 31.2 3.1 4.5 5.7 Kwinana (T) 24. 24.5 23.8 3.2 3.8 Armadale (C) 24.8 26. 26.2 1.7 4.4 Rockingham (C) 26.9 27.4 26.4 3.9 3.3 Mount Barker (DC) 25.3 26.5 28. 3.7 3.8 Playford (C) 23.1 22.7 22.6 1.2 2.3 Alliance total 22.1 23. 23.2 3.6 3.4 Australia 24.4 24.9 3.7 1.8 5.9 Source: ABS DataPacks 211, Time Series Profile, Table 14 At the aggregate level, couple families with no children have increased in the ten year period to 211, form 22.1 percent to 23.2 percent of all households. This is reflective of a national and international tendency for couples to delay child birth to accommodate career and leisure options, at the expense of child rearing. Within the NGAA LGAs, 17 experienced increasing proportions of couple families with no children during the 21-211 period, while five experienced declining proportions of this family type. There were only three LGAs in which the proportion of couple families without children remained steady. In terms of average annual change in this family type, the following points can be made: Percent all households: Average annual change: At the aggregate level, couple families without children grew by 3.6 percent annually in the 21-26 period, and by 3.4 percent in the five years to 211. In the 21-26 period, average annual change in the number of couple families without children was twice the rate recorded at the Australia level. In the ensuing five year period, Alliance growth in this demographic lagged the growth rate occurring at the wider Australia level. In both the 21-26 and 26-211 periods there were 12 LGAs which had growth above the aggregate level. Among LGAs with above aggregate level growth in either of the periods, eight had above the aggregate growth in each of the intercensal periods Cardinia, Wyndham,
14 Melton, and Hume in Victoria, Wanneroo and Mandurah in Western Australia and Mount Barker in South Australia. These are all outer suburbs with significant new housing development, which is clearly being bought by young couples at the pre child rearing stage of the life cycle or perhaps by older empty nester couples. All of the New South Wales LGAs have very low rates of average annual growth for this demographic during each of the intercensal periods. This is likely to reflect the higher proportions of migrants resident in these areas. Couple families with children are the dominant family type in Australian communities. The presence of this group in the NGAA LGAs is shown in Table 5:4. At the aggregate level, the percentage of couple families with children has declined slightly from 41.9 percent to 38.6 percent in the ten years between 21 and 211. However, it must be noted that this was still well above the Australian average. Unlike the situation with couple families without children, this tendency has occurred in all the NGAA LGAs except one Rockingham in Western Australia. In 211, all of the Victorian LGAs had concentrations of couple families with children above the aggregate level. In NSW, three of the five NGAA LGAs were above the aggregate level. This can explain the relatively low levels of couple families without children noted above for the NSW NGAA LGAs. When benchmarked against the situation prevailing in Australia the levels in the Alliance group are considerably higher than those prevailing at the Australia level. It shows the significance of this household type within the Alliance, and it is therefore an element of the LGAs demography that demands policy attention of various kinds. In the 21-26 period, average annual growth in this family type was 1.4 percent, rising to 2.9 percent in the 26-211 period. These levels are considerably higher than the levels prevailing for Australia as a whole. Four LGAs experienced negative annual growth during the 21-26 period Campbelltown, Penrith, Armadale and Mount Barker while negative growth in the 26-211 period occurred only in Campbelltown. There are several other points that can be made in terms of growth in this family type: 12 LGAs experienced growth greater than the aggregate level during 21-26, compared with 13 in the ensuing five year period. In the 21-26 period the highest annual growth rates occurred in Melton (7.4 percent), Wanneroo (5.9) and Wyndham (4.3). These LGAs had continued high growth in the 26-211 period, along with Rockingham. In the 26-211 period, there were seven LGAs with average annual growth of five percent or more Wyndham, Melton, Wanneroo, Mandurah, Serpentine-Jarradale, Kwinana and Rockingham. These are clearly areas of high fertility within each of the states. Average annual growth rates of two percent or less occurred in Camden, Campbelltown, Liverpool, Penrith, Logan and Playford.
15 Table 5:4: Couple families with children, NGAA LGAs, 21-211 LGA Name Percent all households: Average annual change: 21 26 211 21-26 26-211 Blacktown (C) 44.5 42.5 43.8.6 2.2 Camden (A) 48.2 46.9 45.7 2. 2. Campbelltown (C) 44.1 39.7 38. -1.6 -.4 Liverpool (C) 47.7 45.5 45.8.5 1.7 Penrith (C) 43.7 4.2 38.5-1.1. Casey (C) 47.7 44. 44.4 2.8 3.2 Cardinia (S) 42.8 4.3 38.9 3.5 4.9 Wyndham (C) 46.6 41.8 41.1 4.3 7.2 Melton (S) 48.3 44.3 43.4 7.4 6.3 Hume (C) 49.5 44.8 43.7 1. 2.1 Whittlesea (C) 52.1 46.5 43.3.4 3.4 Moreton Bay (R) 37.2 35.1 34. 2. 2.5 Logan (C) 39.4 37. 36.3.4 1.5 Ipswich (C) 36.5 34.3 34.1 1.4 3.4 Gosnells (C) 38.7 35.5 35.6 1.2 2.7 Wanneroo (C) 41.9 39.9 4.8 5.9 6.8 Swan (C) 4.2 37.6 37.2 1.5 2.9 Cockburn (C) 39. 35.7 36. 1. 3.9 Mandurah (C) 26.8 24.6 25. 2.3 5. Serpentine-Jarrahdale (S) 44.9 43. 42.5 2.2 6.3 Kwinana (T) 33.3 29.8 31.6.5 5.7 Armadale (C) 36.3 32.3 32.2-1.6 4.2 Rockingham (C) 34.6 33.4 35. 2.7 5. Mount Barker (DC) 36.8 35.5 34.8 2. 2.3 Playford (C) 32.7 28.9 28.2 -.9 1.8 Alliance total 41.9 39. 38.6 1.4 2.9 Australia 32.7 3.9 3.7.3 1.4 Source: ABS DataPacks 211, Time Series Profile, Table 14 Single parent families are the fourth most dominant family type in the NGAA LGAs. At the aggregate level, their concentration has remained static at 13.2 percent at each census from 21, as shown in Table 5:5. The same tendency has occurred at the Australia level. However, compared with the Alliance, levels of one parent families are some three percent lower in Australia than within the Alliance. It means, therefore, that one parent families are a significant component of household structures in the Alliance LGAs. Only one LGA Wyndham has experienced no change in their level of one parent families between 21 and 211. Among the remainder, there is an even split between LGAs which have experienced growth in the percentage of all households which are single parent families, and those in which a decline has occurred. In 211, LGAs in which 14 percent or more of households were single parent families were Campbelltown (16.8 percent), Blacktown (15.2), Logan (14.4), Penrith and Ipswich (14.3) and Liverpool and Hume (14.). Low concentrations of 11 percent or less occurred in Cockburn, Mandurah, serpentine-jarrahdale, Rockingham and Mount Barker. Among the NGAA LGAs average annual growth for single parent families was 2.7 percent in the five years to 26, increasing to 3.2 percent in the 26-211 period. Between 26 and 211 this family type grew at a faster rate than couple families with children, and almost as fast as couple families without children and lone person households. At the Australia level, average annual change in this household type was also greater in the 26-211 period than
16 in the previous five year period. However, it is significant within the Alliance that growth rates are at much higher levels than those prevailing Australia wide. Table 5:5: Single parent families, NGAA LGAs, 21-211 LGA Name Percent all households: Average annual change: 21 26 211 21-26 26-211 Blacktown (C) 14.9 15.3 15.2 2.1 1.5 Camden (A) 1.3 11.2 11.2 4.4 2.7 Campbelltown (C) 17.1 17.3 16.8.7. Liverpool (C) 12.4 13.4 14. 3. 2.5 Penrith (C) 13.3 14. 14.3 1.5 1.4 Casey (C) 11.7 12.4 12.6 5.5 3.3 Cardinia (S) 1.9 1.8 11.1 4.5 6.2 Wyndham (C) 12.3 12.4 12.3 6.8 7.3 Melton (S) 13.2 12.7 13. 8.6 7.1 Hume (C) 13.5 13.9 14. 3.8 2.7 Whittlesea (C) 11.6 12.9 12.7 4.9 4.5 Moreton Bay (R) 11.9 11.7 12.1 2.8 3.8 Logan (C) 15.2 14.5 14.4.7 1.8 Ipswich (C) 13.9 13.9 14.3 2.8 4. Gosnells (C) 12.4 12.2 11.9 2.6 2.1 Wanneroo (C) 12.9 11.4 11.4 4.3 6.3 Swan (C) 12.8 12.2 12.3 2. 3.3 Cockburn (C) 11.7 11.6 1.8 2.5 2.2 Mandurah (C) 11.3 9.9 11. 1.5 6.8 Serpentine-Jarrahdale (S) 8.5 8.2 9.1 2.3 8.9 Kwinana (T) 14.4 11.9 13.3-1.2 6.9 Armadale (C) 13.3 12.9 12.8.1 4.1 Rockingham (C) 11.3 1.5 11. 1.9 5. Mount Barker (DC) 11.5 11.2 1.6 2.4 1.5 Playford (C) 16.2 16.6 17.4 2. 3.3 Alliance total 13.2 13.2 13.2 2.7 3.2 Australia 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.7 Source: ABS DataPacks 211, Time Series Profile, Table 14 Within the component LGAs, the following observations can be made: In 21-26, there were 11 LGAs whose average annual growth for single parent families was above the aggregate level. In the following period the number increased to 15. Those LGAs with above aggregate level growth in both the 21-26 and 26-211 periods were Casey, Cardinia, Wyndham, Melton, Whittlesea, Moreton Bay, Ipswich and Wanneroo. In these LGAs there are processes working which have caused high growth in the numbers of single parent families. What is significant, and which has not been observed for the previous family types, is the number of LGAs which went from below aggregate level growth in the 21-26 period to above aggregate level growth in the following period to 211. These LGAs are Swan, Mandurah, Serpentine-Jarrahdale, Kwinana, Armadale, Rockingham and Playford. This may be related to a developing set of conditions related to housing that have encouraged growth in this family type; for example low cost housing developments or it may be related to rates of family separation. On the other hand, Camden and Liverpool went from having above aggregate level growth in the 21-26 period to below aggregate level growth in the following five year period.
17 In the NGAA lone households represented 17.6 percent of all households in 211, an increase of one percent on the concentration in 21, as shown in Table 5:6. These levels are low when benchmarked against the situation for Australia, where the concentration of lone households has remained fairly steady at around 23 percent between 21 and 211. This household type is the third most represented household within the NGAA LGAs, after couple families with children and couple families without children. Table 5:6: Lone households, NGAA LGAs, 21-211 LGA Name Percent all households: Average annual change: 21 26 211 21-26 26-211 Blacktown (C) 14.7 15.9 15.7 3.2 1.3 Camden (A) 13.2 13.7 14.1 3.4 3.1 Campbelltown (C) 14.8 16.8 18. 3. 1.9 Liverpool (C) 14.4 15.1 15.2 2.4 1.7 Penrith (C) 16. 18. 18.6 2.9 1.5 Casey (C) 14.2 15.5 15.3 6.2 2.8 Cardinia (S) 16.8 17.4 17.9 5.5 6.2 Wyndham (C) 14.9 16. 16. 8.2 7.6 Melton (S) 13.4 14.9 15.7 11.7 7.8 Hume (C) 13. 14.8 15.7 5.8 3.8 Whittlesea (C) 11.3 13.4 14.8 6.3 6.9 Moreton Bay (R) 19. 18.7 19.3 2.7 3.8 Logan (C) 16.9 16.8 16.9 1.5 2. Ipswich (C) 19.7 19.5 19.6 2.5 3.6 Gosnells (C) 18.6 19.7 19.1 4.1 2. Wanneroo (C) 15.4 16.1 15.8 8. 5.9 Swan (C) 18. 18.3 18.3 3.3 3.2 Cockburn (C) 19.3 19.8 19.5 3.3 3.3 Mandurah (C) 22.6 22.6 23.7 4.2 5.6 Serpentine-Jarrahdale (S) 12.7 12.5 12.3 2.7 6.2 Kwinana (T) 22. 22.3 2.8 3. 3. Armadale (C) 19.7 21.1 2.2 2.1 3.3 Rockingham (C) 19.7 19.8 19.6 3.6 3.9 Mount Barker (DC) 21.1 2.5 21.1 2.2 3.3 Playford (C) 22.8 24.5 24.2 3. 2.1 Alliance total 16.6 17.4 17.6 3.8 3.4 Australia 22.9 22.9 23.1 1.5 1.7 Source: ABS DataPacks 211, Time Series Profile, Table 14 In more than three quarters of LGAs, the proportion of this household type has increased between 21 and 211. Its presence has decreased in four LGAs Ipswich, Serpentine- Jarrahdale, Kwinana and Rockingham, while in two Logan and Mount Barker their concentration has remained steady during the ten year period. Lone households are, therefore, a developing phenomenon within the NGAA. Indeed, 14 NGAA LGAs, or 56 percent of the Alliance, had concentrations of lone households within their jurisdictions above the aggregate level in 211. The growth rate for this household type has been similar to that for couple only families. At the aggregate level, lone households grew by 3.8 percent between 21 and 26, declining marginally to 3.4 percent in the 26-211 period. Compared with growth rates of the household type in Australia, those occurring in the Alliance are significant. Australia reported average annual growth of just 1.5 percent in the 21-26 period, and 1.7 percent in the following five year period. It means that this household type is a developing phenomenon within the Alliance LGAs and one that may attract the attention of planners and policy makers within the various jurisdictions.
18 In terms of average annual growth, the main points are: During 21-26, there were nine LGAs which had higher growth in lone households that reported at the aggregate level. This number increased to 11 in the following period. LGAs with higher than aggregate level growth in both periods were Cardinia, Wyndham, Melton, Hume, Whittlesea, Wanneroo and Mandurah. Most of these LGAs reported the same tendency for one parent families. Moreton Bay, Ipswich, Serpentine-Jarrahdale and Rockingham reported above aggregate level growth in the 26-211 period, after reporting lower than aggregate growth in the preceding period. The opposite trend occurred in Casey. The final household type considered is the group household, and its spatial and temporal distribution among and within the Alliance LGAs is shown in Table 5:7. Group households generally represent Residential Aged Care, Hostels and Boarding Housing etc. At the aggregate level, group households represented 2.3 percent of all households at the 21 and 26 Censuses, increasing to 2.6 percent at the 211 Census. These levels are lower than those recorded for Australia, indicative of the younger population base found in most Alliance LGAs. Therefore, as a phenomenon this household type is not as widespread as elsewhere in Australia. Relative to the other family and household types, it is the least prevalent. In 19 of the 25 Alliance LGAs, the proportion of group households has increased between 21 and 211. The remaining six LGAs have split evenly between a decline and a steady state situation. Just over half the LGAs were below the aggregate level in 211, with a further two with group household levels at that of the aggregate. Ten LGAs had concentrations above the aggregate level. These results suggest that processes encouraging group household formation are quite concentrated, with levels of three percent or greater in 211 occurring in Logan, Ipswich, Gosnells, Kwinana and Playford. Between 21and 26, average annual growth of group households was 2.4 within the Alliance group, but this rate more than doubled to 5.4 percent in the 26-211 period. As was the case with lone households, the average annual growth rates were considerably higher than those prevailing at the Australia level. These results suggest that group households are an emerging phenomenon within the NGAA LGAs, reflecting conditions mainly associated with the ageing of the population, housing affordability, and possibly youth unemployment or under employment. In terms of average annual growth, a number of points need to be made: In the 21-26 period, four LGAs Campbelltown, Liverpool, Penrith and Logan experienced negative growth. Further, Camden and Playford had virtually no growth. There were 14 LGAs which reported above aggregate level growth between 21 and 26, with the highest growth occurring in Casey, Wyndham, Melton, Hume and Wanneroo. During the period 26-211, there were again 14 LGAs which had growth greater than that for the Alliance as a whole. In ten cases, LGAs with above aggregate level growth in 26-211 also reported above aggregate level growth in 21-26. These were Cardinia, Wyndham, Melton, Whittlesea, Ipswich, Wanneroo, Cockburn, Mandurah and Rockingham. These LGAs are, therefore, the LGAs within the Alliance where processes conducive to group households prevail.
19 Table 5:7: Group households, NGAA LGAs, 21-211 LGA Name Percent all households: Average annual change: 21 26 211 21-26 26-211 Blacktown (C) 2.2 2.2 2.2 1. 1.6 Camden (A) 1.9 1.7 1.7. 3. Campbelltown (C) 2.1 1.9 2.1-1.2 2.7 Liverpool (C) 1.9 1.8 1.7 -.2 1.2 Penrith (C) 2.5 2.4 2.4 -.6 1. Casey (C) 2.1 2.2 2.1 5.6 2.4 Cardinia (S) 2.1 1.9 2.4 3.4 1.4 Wyndham (C) 2. 2.2 2.7 8.5 11.9 Melton (S) 1.9 1.9 2.1 9.6 8.6 Hume (C) 1.6 1.7 1.9 4.8 5.1 Whittlesea (C) 1.8 1.8 2.2 2.8 9.5 Moreton Bay (R) 2.5 2.6 2.8 3.9 5. Logan (C) 3.2 3. 3.3 -.1 4.2 Ipswich (C) 3. 3.1 3.4 3.1 5.6 Gosnells (C) 2.8 2.7 3.3 2.2 7. Wanneroo (C) 2.1 1.9 2.3 5. 1.1 Swan (C) 2.3 2.2 2.6 2.3 6.6 Cockburn (C) 2.7 2.8 3.4 3.5 8. Mandurah (C) 2.5 2.3 2.7 2.6 8. Serpentine-Jarrahdale (S) 1.6 1.5 1.8 1.3 11. Kwinana (T) 2.7 2.7 3.2 2.5 8. Armadale (C) 2.2 2.3 2.8.8 9.2 Rockingham (C) 2.2 2.3 2.6 3.8 7.1 Mount Barker (DC) 2.3 2.4 2.4 4.1 2.4 Playford (C) 2.4 2.2 3..2 8.7 Alliance total 2.3 2.3 2.6 2.4 5.4 Australia 3.7 3.7 3.9 1.4 2.7 Source: ABS DataPacks 211, Time Series Profile, Table 14 In Gosnells, Swan and serpentine-jarrahdale, growth in the 26-211 period was substantially higher than that recorded for the earlier period. Indeed, they went from below aggregate level concentrations to above aggregate level concentrations. In these LGAs, changes have occurred which would seem to encourage the presence of group households within their jurisdictions. The four LGAs which had negative growth in 21-26 have each reported positive growth in the following period, ranging from one percent to 4.2 percent. In the case of Camden and Playford, which had zero or negligible growth during 21-26, their growth in the following period was three percent for Camden and 8.7 percent for Playford. 5.4 TENURE CHARACTERISTICS For most Australian, their housing careers involve renting in the early days after leaving the family home, and subsequently moving into dwellings of various types as owner occupants, initially with a mortgage, but with time owning the property outright. In this section, the relative concentrations of households owning, buying or renting housing is considered for each of the Alliance LGAs, as well as examining how these various tenures have changes temporally during the 21-26 period. Table 5:8 shows the prevailing situation for households who owned their housing outright at each of the Census for 21, 26 and 211. At the aggregate level, it is clear that within the Alliance LGAs, the proportions of households living in fully owned housing has fallen from almost one third in 21 to just under a quarter in 211. This tendency has occurred in every
11 LGA within the Alliance during the ten years to 211. The main driving factor in this trend has been an expanding housing market in these growth areas in which increasing numbers of households are in the mortgage repayment phase of their housing careers. The same tendencies can be noted at the Australia level, although nationally there are higher proportions of households owning their dwelling outright. This is to be expected because the Alliance comprises growth LGAs where outright ownership will be less than the number of relatively new households in the process of paying off their mortgage. Table 5:8: Households in fully owned dwellings, NGAA LGAs, 21-211 LGA name Percent all households owned Average annual change, % 21 26 211 21-26 26-211 Blacktown (C) 31.5 23.5 22.7-4.2.8 Camden (A) 31.7 24.9 25.5-2.2 3. Campbelltown (C) 28.5 22.7 23.4-4. 1.1 Liverpool (C) 31. 22.9 22.9-4.5 1.6 Penrith (C) 32.4 26.5 26. -3.4.4 Casey (C) 3.8 23.5 23.5-1.1 3. Cardinia (S) 37.6 28.4 25.6 -.9 3.5 Wyndham (C) 35.4 24.6 2.9 -.8 4. Melton (S) 32.3 21.8 21.1 1. 6.1 Hume (C) 39.3 29.2 27.9-2.9 1.7 Whittlesea (C) 47.9 37. 32.1-2.5 2. Moreton Bay (R) 35.8 3.1 27.2 -.4 1.1 Logan (C) 27.2 23.3 22.2-1.5.9 Ipswich (C) 33.5 26.5 22.3-2.. Gosnells (C) 32. 26.1 25.5-1.1 2.2 Wanneroo (C) 27.8 22.2 19.9 2.2 4. Swan (C) 29. 24. 23.2 -.8 2.4 Cockburn (C) 33.9 28. 26.3-1.1 2.4 Mandurah (C) 39.3 33.7 29.9 1. 2.1 Serpentine-Jarrahdale (S) 37.1 32.7 26.9.5 2.4 Kwinana (T) 27.7 21.7 17.9-2.1.4 Armadale (C) 33.2 28.6 24.9-2.3 1.4 Rockingham (C) 32.2 26.2 23.8 -.7 2. Mount Barker (DC) 33.8 28.9 27.7 -.3 1.8 Playford (C) 25.7 22.2 2.2-1.5.5 Alliance total 32.9 26.2 24.5-1.8 1.8 Australia 39.8 32.6 31. -2.5.5 Source: ABS DataPacks 211, Time Series Profile, Table 18 In 211, there were 12 LGAs in which the proportion of fully owned dwelling was above the aggregate level, with the highest proportions occurring in Hume and Whittlesea in Victoria, and Mandurah and serpentine-jarrahdale in Western Australia. Levels less than 2 percent were reported in Wanneroo and Kwinana. Between 21 and 26, negative average annual growth of 1.8 percent occurred for the tenure type. In all likelihood, this indicated a changeover period in which long term owners sold out to new owners with a mortgage. It represented an aspect of intergenerational change, as the new generation of owner occupiers moved into the area. The same tendency, but at a greater negative rate, occurred in the wider Australian context. During this period, negative average annual growth occurred in all of the Alliance LGAs, with the exception of Melton, Wanneroo, Mandurah and Serpentine-Jarrahdale.
111 In the subsequent period, a turnaround occurred, with average annual growth increasing to 1.8 percent, reflecting increasing numbers of households paying off their mortgage and owning their property outright. A similar turnaround, but at a significantly lower rate, occurred for Australia. As a result, within the Alliance there were no LGAs in which negative average annual growth occurred. There were 13 LGAs with growth in this tenure type at levels higher than the aggregate level. Within this group of LGAs, average annual growth of three percent or greater occurred in Camden, Casey, Cardinia, Wyndham, Melton and Wanneroo. Lowest average annual growth in the 26-211 period occurred in Blacktown, Penrith, Logan, Ipswich, Kwinana and Playford. The most prevalent tenure group within the NGAA LGAs comprises households who are in the process of paying off a mortgage with which they have purchased their dwelling. As Table 5:9 shows, within the Alliance the proportion of households owning their dwelling with a mortgage has increased significantly from 38.1 percent in 21 to 43.2 percent in 26 and further increasing to 43.7 percent in 211. These levels are much higher than those occurring within Australia. It is clear that the underlying process at work is the expansion of housing, especially in outer areas, being produced for consumption by the next generation of home owners who seek entry into the housing market using a mortgage facility of some kind. Of course, the market will comprise not only younger households commencing their housing career, but also a sizeable proportion of overseas born migrants. In 211 there were 14 LGAs in which the proportion of all households in dwellings bought with a mortgage was greater than the proportion prevailing at the aggregate level. In five of these Camden, Casey, Melton, Wanneroo and Serpentine-Jarrahdale the proportion of owner occupiers with a mortgage was greater than 5 percent of all households. In terms of average annual growth of this tenure, there are several points that need to be made: The average annual growth of housing bought with a mortgage between 21 and 26 was 5.4 percent. Compared with the average annual growth for fully owned housing during the same period, this represent a significant process in the housing market within Alliance LGAs. The growth rate during this period was virtually the same as that reported for the whole of Australia. Growth rates greater than seven percent were reported in the Victorian LGAs of Cardinia, Wyndham, Melton and Hume. Although average annual growth reduced to 3.4 percent in the 26-211 period, it was nevertheless nearly twice the rate which occurred for fully owned housing. As well, the average annual growth in this period was 1.2 percent higher than that for Australia, indicating that growth in this tenure type accelerated in growth areas relative to the rest of Australia. There were four LGAs with growth rates greater than six percent Wyndham, Whittlesea, Wanneroo and Serpentine-Jarrahdale. Cardinia, Wyndham, Melton, Whittlesea and Wanneroo reported above aggregate level concentrations in both the 21-26 and 26-211 periods. More significant was the fact that all the Western Australian LGAs, barring Swan, had below aggregate level proportions in the 21-26 period but above level proportions in the following period. This indicates that the housing boom fuelled by early housing career owners and migrants, both interstate and international, really got under way in the five years leading to 211. It may also be a reflection of Western Australia s position in Australia s two speed economy, in which WA is performing at a level much different from a number of the other states.
112 Table 5:9: Households in mortgaged dwellings, NGAA LGAs, 21-211 LGA name Percent all households buying Average annual change, % 21 26 211 21-26 26-211 Blacktown (C) 33.1 4. 42.5 5.5 2.8 Camden (A) 44.3 5.1 51.3 5.1 3. Campbelltown (C) 35. 4.1 4.8 3.2.9 Liverpool (C) 3.8 39.1 39.9 6.4 2. Penrith (C) 36.9 41.8 42.4 3.1 1.1 Casey (C) 47.7 52.5 51.7 6.5 2.7 Cardinia (S) 4.6 48.3 48.4 8.5 5.7 Wyndham (C) 41.6 49.9 48.6 1.5 7. Melton (S) 48.4 56.4 53.1 12.7 5.5 Hume (C) 38. 45.9 45.6 7.1 2.5 Whittlesea (C) 3.1 39.6 42.9 8.5 6.6 Moreton Bay (R) 34.6 38.8 38.5 5.6 3. Logan (C) 37.1 41.6 41.3 4. 1.8 Ipswich (C) 33.1 37.2 36.2 5.2 2.9 Gosnells (C) 45.4 46.6 45.3 3.6 2. Wanneroo (C) 48.7 5.8 51.7 7.9 6.7 Swan (C) 46.2 48.1 48. 3.7 3.1 Cockburn (C) 4.3 43.5 45.1 4.4 4.4 Mandurah (C) 3.4 29.9 3.6 3.8 5.1 Serpentine-Jarrahdale (S) 44.6 49.4 53.8 5.2 8.4 Kwinana (T) 46.3 45.2 46.9 2.2 5.3 Armadale (C) 43.9 43.9 45.8.8 5.1 Rockingham (C) 4.1 4.4 42.6 3.6 5.2 Mount Barker (DC) 4.4 44.6 44.9 4.8 2.8 Playford (C) 37.4 39.1 38.5 2.5 2. Alliance total 38.1 43.2 43.7 5.4 3.4 Australia 26.5 32.3 33.3 5.5 2.2 Source: ABS DataPacks 211, Time Series Profile, Table 18 Finally in this section, we consider the rental segment of the housing market. As Table 5:1 shows, in 211 households renting comprised 25.9 percent of all households, marginally higher than the levels prevailing in 21 and 26. The same tendencies, but at slightly higher levels, were reported for Australia. Among member LGAs, only in Camden, Campbelltown, Liverpool and Logan was the proportion of renting households lower in 211 than in 21. That is, in most of the LGAs, the proportion of households renting has increased in the ten year period to 211. At the macro level, this is in all likelihood due to housing affordability issues, as well as large numbers of relatively young households entering the housing market. At the aggregate level, average annual growth rates increased from 2.9 percent in the 21-26 period to 4.7 percent for the five years to 211. These growth rates were considerably higher than those at the Australia level. These significantly higher growth rates for households in rental accommodation could represent the development of an increasingly relevant phenomenon in growth areas around Australia. Within the Alliance LGAs, the following points emerged during the 21-26 period: In Logan the average annual growth rate was negative.3 percent, while very low growth in the tenure type occurred in Campbelltown, Penrith and Playford. There were 15 LGAs, or 6 percent of Alliance members, with average annual growth above that recorded at the aggregate level.
113 Growth of six percent or more per annum occurred in Casey, Cardinia, Wyndham, Melton, Wanneroo, Mandurah and Rockingham. During the 26-211 period: 17 member LGAs had average annual growth greater than that reported at the aggregate level. Growth rates greater than eight percent occurred in Cardinia, Wyndham, Melton, Wanneroo and Serpentine-Jarrahdale. Table 5:1: Households in rented accommodation, NGAA LGAs, 21-211 LGA name Percent all households renting Average annual change, % 21 26 211 21-26 26-211 Blacktown (C) 29.2 29.8 29.4 1.9 1.4 Camden (A) 18.9 18.9 18.3 2.6 1.9 Campbelltown (C) 3.7 3.3 29.5.2. Liverpool (C) 31. 29. 29.1.1 1.6 Penrith (C) 24.7 25.9 26. 1.6.9 Casey (C) 15.9 17.5 19.2 6.5 4.9 Cardinia (S) 16.1 17.2 2.1 6.2 9. Wyndham (C) 17.5 18.9 24.4 8.2 13.2 Melton (S) 13.8 15.2 19.3 11.4 12. Hume (C) 16.4 17.7 19.8 4.6 5. Whittlesea (C) 16.1 17.3 19.3 4.1 7.3 Moreton Bay (R) 25.3 25.4 28.6 3.3 5.6 Logan (C) 31.5 28.6 3.4 -.3 3.2 Ipswich (C) 28.9 29.7 35.9 3.3 7.5 Gosnells (C) 17.9 2. 21.9 5.3 4.5 Wanneroo (C) 17.7 19.2 21.6 8.7 8.8 Swan (C) 2.1 2.5 22.4 3.3 5. Cockburn (C) 21.5 21.3 23.1 2.6 5.4 Mandurah (C) 23.9 26. 3.1 6. 7.7 Serpentine-Jarrahdale (S) 13.8 12.7 14.3 1.4 9.2 Kwinana (T) 21.1 22.9 26.6 4.4 7.7 Armadale (C) 18. 2.1 22.4 3. 6.4 Rockingham (C) 21.7 25.2 27.3 6.6 5.7 Mount Barker (DC) 21.2 21. 22.6 2.5 4.2 Playford (C) 33.3 31.8 35..6 4.3 Alliance total 24.1 24.1 25.9 2.9 4.7 Australia 27.6 27.1 28.7 1.1 2.6 All 15 LGAs with above aggregate growth during the 21-26 period also recorded above aggregate level growth in the ensuing five year period. This tendency is absent from the preceding two tenure categories. Finally, in Logan the average growth rate was 3.2 percent compared with.3 in the 21-26 period, while comparable rates in Cockburn were 5.4 and 2.6, and in Serpentine- Jarrahdale 9.2 and 1.4. Clearly, in these LGAs there has been a huge influx of renters into the housing market during the 26-211 period.
114 5.5 SUMMARY In considering the composition of families in the Alliance LGAs, the following general tendencies were noted: In 211 couple families without children ranged from around one fifth to nearly one third of all households in the NGAA LGAs. These levels are at, or below, the level prevailing Australia wide. This is to be expected, as Alliance member LGAs are growth areas and the dominant family group will be young and in the early stages of raising a family. Further, in the 26-211 period, average annual growth in this family group ranged from 1.1 percent in Liverpool to 6.4 percent in each of Melton and Whittlesea. Again, and for the same reasons, these levels are around, or below, the national level. Couple family with children are the dominant family type in the NGAA LGAs. However, their dominance is declining relative to the other family and household types, simply because growth in this family type is not matching that in the other family types. This notwithstanding, the levels of this family type within the Alliance are generally at levels well above those prevailing in the wider Australian community. This family type is characteristics of all growth areas on the fringes of Australian capital cities. The proportion of households comprising single parent families in 211 ranged from 9.1 percent to 17.1 percent. In a third of LGAs, growth above the aggregate level has been recorded in each census period since 21. More significantly, in seven LGAs, or 28 percent of Alliance LGAs, above aggregate level growth occurred in the 26-211 period, compared with below aggregate growth in the previous period. In these LGAs there is clearly a developing tendency in terms of the concentration of single parent families within the total mix of families and households. This is all the more significant when compared with levels for Australia. Within Australia, single parent families comprise ten percent of all families. In 211, all Alliance LGAs were either at, or above this level. In terms of average annual growth in the 26-211 period, 21 of the Alliance LGAs were above the national level. Lone households are a significant component of household composition in each of the Alliance LGAs. Their average annual growth in both the 21-26 and 26-211 periods shows similar tendencies to that for one parent families. In more than a quarter of Alliance LGAs this household type is a significant and growing phenomenon. However, the lone household demographic is low relative to the Australian benchmark. In 211, for example, the prevailing level in the Alliance was 17.6 percent compared with 23.1 at the Australia level. What is more significant is the growth rate of lone households in Alliance LGAs. In the 26-211 period, their growth within the Alliance was 3.4 percent, double the rate for Australia. Therefore, it would seem that this household type is a developing phenomenon within the Alliance LGAs. Group households are the least prevalent household type in the Alliance. In the 21-26 period, this household type had the lowest growth rate after couple families with children. However, in the 26-211 period it reported the highest growth rate of all the family and household types considered. It is, therefore, an emerging phenomenon in many of the Alliance LGAs. As was the case with lone households, the presence of this family type in Alliance LGAs is lower than the prevailing level of around 3.9 percent in Australia. However, in terms of average annual growth rates, growth in the Alliance has been at rates up to double those occurring within the total Australian population.
115 The analysis of tenure characteristics of households has shown the following general tendencies: Outright ownership of housing has declined as a proportion of all households in the 21-211 period, a tendency also present in the wider Australian community. Most significantly, most Alliance LGAs experienced negative average annual growth in the 21-26 period, but at a rate less than that for Australia, before returning to positive growth in the ensuing five year period. Levels of outright ownership reflect those occurring at the wider Australia level, albeit at levels around about nine percent lower. More significantly, average annual growth in the 26-211 recovery period has been more than three times greater than that for Australia. Households buying their property with a mortgage are the largest part of the housing market in the Alliance LGAs. At the Alliance level, this tenure category is significantly higher than the level for Australia. For example, in 211, 43.7 percent of dwellings in the Alliance were being purchased, compared with 33.3 percent within Australia. The Alliance has experienced large annual growth rates, especially in the five years to 26, before reducing to 3.4 percent per year during the 26-211 period. In the 21-26 period, average annual growth for the tenure type was 5.4 percent in the Alliance compared with 5.5 percent for Australia. In the ensuing period, growth in the Alliance outstripped that for Australia 3.4 percent compared with 2.2 percent. There are a handful of LGAs within the Alliance in which growth in the 26-211 period has been greater than that which occurred in the earlier period. The rental housing sector is a significant component of the housing market. Within the Alliance, its share of the total market has slowly changed, so that in 211 it had a greater share of the housing market than did households in fully owned tenure. There has been a turnaround in relative proportions of fully owned and rented households during the ten years to 211. In 211, rental accommodation represented 25.9 percent of the housing stock, slightly lower than the 28.7 percent prevailing in Australia. The average annual growth of this tenure has been greater than that for Australia in both the 21-26 and 26-211 periods. During 26-211, average annual growth, at 4.7 percent, was considerably greater than the 2.6 percent rate recorded for Australia.
116 CHAPTER 6. POPULATION TRENDS WITH POLICY IMPLICATIONS The population dynamics of Alliance LGAs present a number of challenges and opportunities that require further thought and discussion amongst the Alliance LGAs. While this report is meant to provide data to fuel this discussion some key points can be made: The Alliance LGAs are absorbing a disproportionately large share of national growth in both population and households twice their proportionate share on average but greater in several LGAs. This requires significant lobbying at both the Federal and State level in order to ensure that resources are proportional to the growth. In particular Alliance LGAs are absorbing a disproportionate share of growth in the dependent children and youth groups. This means attention needs to focus on resources that meet the needs of this population group including adequate schools, childcare, safe open spaces and opportunities for employment for parents close to home or good commuting transport corridors. In addition it must be remembered that today s young families are tomorrow s older population, with the majority of Australians choosing to stay and age in place in the family home. This gives Alliance LGAs a glimpse at their future and the ability to consider advance planning for a changing population. While Alliance LGAs currently have a lower share of the nation s rapidly growing aged population, it is growing faster in Alliance LGAs than in the nation as a whole thus is indicative of the need for forward planning as the baby boomer generation moves into older age. Importantly, Alliance LGAs absorb a disproportionately large share of new immigrants settling in Australia this is especially marked for humanitarian migrants; almost one in three of whom settle in these LGAs. Since these groups have especially significant needs of support in the early years of settlement, this represents an important feature of several of the LGAs. Particular attention needs to go into coordinating and creating the resources that meet the needs of this population group. Alliance LGAs are characterised by immigrant settlement of particular groups including those from Mainly English Speaking backgrounds (especially young families), Indian background, Fijian and Philippines-born. More than half of residents in these areas are a migrant or the child of a migrant. Alliance LGAs have a disproportionately large share of persons who moved within Australia, both intrastate and interstate, during the 26-11 period. This is an important part of the dynamics of these areas and creates challenges for infrastructure and service provision. Attention needs to be paid to the changing population trends within LGAs to better understand the drivers and implications of this internal population mobility. There is a dominance of working families with mortgages in these areas. There is a disproportionate representation of couples and single parent families with children. These groups are vulnerable to changing housing prices and employment opportunities.
117 APPENDICES Appendix 1: Population by Age, NGAA LGAs, 21, 26 and 211 Local Government Area 25-44 21 26 211 21 26 211 21 26 211 21 26 211 21 26 211 Blacktown (C) 22243 2243 25455 42457 44572 4635 38294 39743 42423 8977 82965 9161 33237 3517 38861 Camden (A) 46 4213 4571 7644 8448 9172 5795 6657 7693 1457 15278 16481 5528 6245 7391 Campbelltown (C) 11622 1652 1955 26344 23384 21186 24196 23699 2274 43198 39169 39856 2815 2919 2375 Liverpool (C) 13538 13574 1484 25412 27274 28187 22342 23877 26341 51882 51272 53485 18227 2967 24822 Penrith (C) 13931 12945 13622 28251 26692 25187 2765 26887 26475 54293 5547 51525 2362 2443 2421 Casey (C) 15389 16695 19934 31311 35793 38595 2431 358 36146 58927 6674 7598 22262 2989 3461 Cardinia (S) 353 425 5957 8189 9756 1131 5756 7474 16 13698 16169 2185 6236 771 9837 Wyndham (C) 6759 9211 14863 1541 17846 23284 12256 15749 21772 28719 37591 56738 11275 14881 278 Melton (S) 4228 6987 174 925 12418 1685 8238 11185 1458 16992 26787 3712 7547 1192 1311 Hume (C) 1988 1197 12587 23472 24798 25553 19237 22485 25819 4223 44622 4933 16619 1947 23161 Whittlesea (C) 851 8783 1153 17773 18239 2677 17258 1824 21498 3674 37816 48728 15166 16941 243 Moreton Bay (R) 2492 22836 28236 4636 5358 54695 36933 41483 4982 79829 88254 1458 39649 44139 49982 Logan (C) 1862 1916 22692 493 41284 41988 36314 3812 41295 69795 71651 78174 32996 34244 3681 Ipswich (C) 9866 194 14473 2444 22518 25314 18117 245 24677 3677 39961 48483 15722 182 2115 Gosnells (C) 6141 669 7897 12711 13511 14724 12413 13719 15798 2492 2652 31952 1158 1228 13259 Wanneroo (C) 791 8988 12877 14273 1888 2424 1163 1518 21318 25492 33872 4646 119 13352 18912 Swan (C) 6894 7159 8115 14415 15293 16273 11335 13189 15581 271 2788 3143 1319 12529 1545 Cockburn (C) 523 5217 6749 1222 1748 11994 9442 1465 12122 21518 22987 285 8722 136 11816 Mandurah (C) 2771 33 4427 765 7476 8753 5257 6248 8433 11271 11929 15245 5735 7171 8635 Serpentine-Jarrahdale (S) 755 785 136 233 2226 2813 1373 155 2361 3353 3482 4733 1739 1956 2511 Kwinana (T) 1683 1731 2594 3561 3593 494 2857 3193 47 6521 7195 939 2495 2753 3373 Armadale (C) 3643 3452 4935 8391 7639 8375 7521 7456 8988 13885 12835 1727 733 716 843 Rockingham (C) 5294 5948 8293 12299 13554 15358 9158 11545 14953 2646 23151 28442 853 15 13563 Mount Barker (DC) 1749 1815 2118 3811 4133 4365 2864 3383 3716 6872 719 7676 3412 3841 432 Playford (C) 559 523 6617 11383 11184 11524 9371 1235 12231 218 19212 2136 7594 8932 1428 Total 21437 223674 27515 442493 471545 51537 37935 422666 49136 8928 86539 11917 34632 392261 453454 Total Population 21 26 211 21 26 211 21 26 211 21 26 211 21 26 211 Blacktown (C) 19611 251 352 1212 13147 16336 5964 7343 8335 1479 1949 2787 256364 272329 31894 Camden (A) 32 4314 5532 1783 2234 379 1189 1413 1652 41 545 757 43945 49347 56328 Campbelltown (C) 1528 14385 17559 5382 6174 841 36 3457 3876 769 999 1379 14586 142838 1463 Liverpool (C) 1137 14247 17185 7137 8126 982 3416 4434 526 963 1192 1557 154287 164963 18687 Penrith (C) 12559 1689 2263 693 7817 126 4245 4822 515 99 146 1916 172397 17213 178473 Casey (C) 11927 18159 23926 725 9383 12692 3728 5559 6957 116 1598 2493 17675 21356 251324 Cardinia (S) 3869 559 7341 2278 2878 44 145 1837 2245 443 617 83 4544 56272 7356 Wyndham (C) 5749 9315 13785 3136 4361 6698 1789 254 3138 452 72 199 85176 11216 161455 Melton (S) 3266 6496 1199 151 259 4474 818 1422 22 199 456 643 51823 78452 1952 Hume (C) 14 1331 1646 5885 739 9285 2569 3661 4687 68 887 1154 131585 147567 167982 Whittlesea (C) 956 12347 15921 5956 7413 9459 2428 3683 5387 691 98 156 11482 124334 15483 Moreton Bay (R) 26442 37536 43622 17522 21596 28598 1863 1341 14768 2999 4296 568 28765 323899 37549 Logan (C) 18924 26232 315 9241 11896 16539 4814 67 726 1284 188 2498 2329 25393 276632 Ipswich (C) 111 13171 15777 6462 7569 9387 3949 4579 53 1341 1545 1787 12279 138699 165916 Gosnells (C) 677 9513 11343 3843 4937 6475 283 2768 3235 582 822 132 8152 9688 15715 Wanneroo (C) 6269 9699 12877 3847 5687 7771 182 341 428 483 834 1438 8357 19389 149867 Swan (C) 6249 8526 1869 3765 4672 6118 1941 262 384 578 744 118 8256 92612 1756 Cockburn (C) 5497 756 8911 3565 4298 5198 1751 2357 2944 497 722 922 66417 73886 88661 Mandurah (C) 4995 725 8459 4728 5932 7174 2526 3916 4576 672 152 1525 452 53779 67227 Serpentine-Jarrahdale (S) 166 1515 1958 53 717 142 211 321 43 6 92 114 1112 12644 17295 Kwinana (T) 1817 215 2568 1178 144 1593 577 72 833 123 196 256 2812 22935 28771 Armadale (C) 4654 5827 78 2826 327 3964 1447 1835 29 438 587 681 518 49944 61354 Rockingham (C) 6246 7935 9597 4872 569 6587 2618 3448 387 67 953 1222 736 82643 11885 Mount Barker (DC) 1924 2883 3555 124 1348 221 764 973 128 227 358 454 22863 25924 29235 Playford (C) 5443 6293 7329 4734 4724 4936 236 2983 3346 57 755 962 66928 69521 78733 Total 27797 28555 352147 12763 154947 22316 68227 89167 14986 18544 2677 35692 269961 293881 34352
118 Appendix 2: Top ten birthplace countries, NGAA LGAs, 21 Local Government Area Top ten countries of birth, 21 Blacktown (C) Philip' UK NZ India Fiji Malta China * Sri Lanka Italy Lebanon 13612 92 5671 4363 4247 3255 2226 1926 1861 169 % Tot Pop 5.3 3.6 2.2 1.7 1.7 1.3.9.8.7.6 Camden (A) UK NZ Italy China * Germany Malta Philip' Ireland Nether Sth Afr 2693 55 43 228 225 222 165 14 138 13 % Tot Pop 6.2 1.3.9.5.5.5.4.3.3.3 Campbelltown (C) UK NZ Philip' Fiji India Sth Afr Lebanon China * Germany Poland 7761 339 259 1631 1286 959 929 749 696 657 % Tot Pop 5.3 2.1 1.8 1.1.9.7.6.5.5.5 Liverpool (C) Fiji Vietnam UK Italy Lebanon Philip' SE Europe nfd NZ Iraq India 459 4195 3871 3299 335 2888 2436 2385 22 239 % Tot Pop 2.9 2.7 2.5 2.1 2. 1.9 1.6 1.6 1.4 1.3 Penrith (C) UK NZ Philip' India Malta Germany Italy Fiji Nether Sth Afr 149 2641 2542 1439 1422 1136 167 931 831 795 % Tot Pop 6.1 1.5 1.5.8.8.7.6.5.5.5 Casey (C) UK Sri Lanka NZ India Italy SE Europe nfd Nether Philip' Poland Croatia 1482 3488 2927 259 1578 1559 1514 1452 1239 1172 % Tot Pop 6. 2. 1.7 1.4.9.9.9.8.7.7 Cardinia (S) UK Nether NZ Italy Germany SE Europe nfd Croatia Ireland USA Sth Afr 316 65 492 355 295 14 95 91 75 74 % Tot Pop 6.7 1.3 1.1.8.7.2.2.2.2.2 Wyndham (C) UK Italy NZ Philip' Malta India SE Europe nfd Germany Greece FYROM 4467 1922 1258 1224 937 618 563 44 415 46 % Tot Pop 5.3 2.3 1.5 1.4 1.1.7.7.5.5.5 Melton (S) UK Malta Philip' NZ Italy SE Europe nfd Germany FYROM Croatia India 2618 192 641 529 525 367 359 33 319 255 % Tot Pop 5.1 2.1 1.2 1. 1..7.7.6.6.5 Hume (C) Turkey UK Italy Iraq Lebanon Malta Vietnam Philip' Sri Lanka NZ 5273 461 3723 2165 1946 1574 135 1255 1247 1231 % Tot Pop 4. 3.1 2.8 1.7 1.5 1.2 1. 1. 1..9 Whittlesea (C) Italy FYROM Greece UK Vietnam Malta Lebanon India Sri Lanka NZ 688 6112 4392 2145 23 1121 11 969 929 89 % Tot Pop 6. 5.4 3.9 1.9 1.8 1..9.9.8.8 Moreton Bay (R) UK NZ Nether Germany Sth Afr Philip' Italy USA Fiji Ireland 17856 1333 1376 1352 1149 1144 73 692 61 567 % Tot Pop 6.4 3.7.5.5.4.4.3.2.2.2 Logan (C) UK NZ Germany Philip' Nether Sth Afr SE Europe nfd Fiji Vietnam Ireland 16154 14753 1477 1344 137 1124 85 839 551 522 % Tot Pop 7. 6.4.6.6.6.5.4.4.2.2 Ipswich (C) UK NZ Vietnam Nether Germany Philip' Malaysia Fiji Ireland USA 6595 3542 817 71 611 49 335 237 214 187 % Tot Pop 5.4 2.9.7.6.5.3.3.2.2.2 Gosnells (C) UK NZ Malaysia India Italy Sth Afr Nether Singapore Ireland Germany 11227 2283 1349 1159 727 624 68 597 438 373 % Tot Pop 14.1 2.9 1.7 1.5.9.8.8.7.5.5 Wanneroo (C) UK NZ Vietnam Italy India Sth Afr FYROM Malaysia Ireland Germany 11622 244 2146 868 691 592 574 454 437 49 % Tot Pop 14.5 3. 2.7 1.1.9.7.7.6.5.5 Swan (C) UK NZ Vietnam Italy India Malaysia Sth Afr Poland Croatia Singapore 7938 221 1266 1119 182 797 6 458 443 431 % Tot Pop 9.7 2.7 1.5 1.4 1.3 1..7.6.5.5 Cockburn (C) UK Italy NZ Croatia Sth Afr Malaysia SE Europe nfd India Singapore Bos/Herz 6473 1796 1329 1256 611 497 456 397 375 324 % Tot Pop 9.8 2.7 2. 1.9.9.8.7.6.6.5 Mandurah (C) UK NZ Nether Germany Sth Afr Ireland Italy India Philip' USA 5544 869 319 217 196 143 138 115 18 77 % Tot Pop 12.4 1.9.7.5.4.3.3.3.2.2 Serpentine-Jarrahdale (S) UK NZ Nether Italy Germany Sth Afr Ireland Canada India USA 1729 223 118 76 58 48 36 31 29 23 % Tot Pop 15.6 2. 1.1.7.5.4.3.3.3.2 Kwinana (T) UK NZ Nether Germany Italy Sth Afr India Ireland Philip' Malaysia 358 561 144 13 11 93 82 8 74 48 % Tot Pop 17.2 2.7.7.6.5.4.4.4.4.2 Armadale (C) UK NZ Nether Italy Germany India Sth Afr Ireland Malaysia Philip' 912 1319 716 389 336 318 286 259 183 153 % Tot Pop 18.1 2.6 1.4.8.7.6.6.5.4.3 Rockingham (C) UK NZ Sth Afr Nether Germany Ireland Italy India SE Europe nfd Philip' 13832 1885 52 439 383 316 252 224 214 184 % Tot Pop 19.8 2.7.7.6.5.5.4.3.3.3 Mount Barker (DC) UK Germany NZ Nether Italy USA Sth Afr Ireland India Canada 188 231 198 19 81 57 44 39 29 28 % Tot Pop 7.9 1..9.8.4.3.2.2.1.1 Playford (C) UK Italy Germany Vietnam Nether NZ Ireland Philip' Greece SE Europe nfd 11473 571 514 483 48 428 25 246 242 138 % Tot Pop 17.2.9.8.7.7.6.4.4.4.2 Total Alliance UK NZ Philip' Italy India Vietnam Fiji Germany Nether Malta
119 Appendix 3: Top ten birthplace countries, NGAA LGAs, 26 Local Government Area Top ten countries of birth, 26 Blacktown (C) Philip' UK India NZ Fiji Malta Sri Lanka China * Lebanon Italy 1654 7785 7229 665 5389 2835 2463 2436 1798 1635 % Tot Pop 5.9 2.9 2.7 2.5 2. 1..9.9.7.6 Camden (A) UK NZ Italy China * Malta Germany Philip' Sth Afr Ireland Lebanon 27 52 424 241 223 22 211 178 176 149 % Tot Pop 5.5 1..9.5.5.4.4.4.4.3 Campbelltown (C) UK NZ Philip' Fiji India Lebanon Sth Afr China * Egypt Germany 6351 3233 351 1989 1896 955 93 799 655 586 % Tot Pop 4.5 2.3 2.1 1.4 1.3.7.7.6.5.4 Liverpool (C) Fiji Vietnam Iraq Lebanon Philip' UK Italy India NZ Croatia 53 4561 3354 3273 319 3156 392 262 2612 228 % Tot Pop 3.2 2.8 2. 2. 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.6 1.6 1.2 Penrith (C) UK NZ Philip' India Malta Italy Fiji Germany Sth Afr Nether 962 2948 2594 1597 1341 111 11 995 76 697 % Tot Pop 5.3 1.7 1.5.9.8.6.6.6.4.4 Casey (C) UK Sri Lanka India NZ Philip' Italy China * Nether Sth Afr Poland 1934 4824 4696 4411 29 1643 1522 1493 1417 138 % Tot Pop 5.1 2.3 2.2 2.1 1..8.7.7.7.6 Cardinia (S) UK NZ Nether Germany Italy Sth Afr Sri Lanka India USA Ireland 3616 719 595 337 331 138 126 123 122 119 % Tot Pop 6.4 1.3 1.1.6.6.2.2.2.2.2 Wyndham (C) UK NZ Philip' Italy India Malta Vietnam Sri Lanka Malaysia China * 5131 2352 299 1844 1565 164 648 55 548 525 % Tot Pop 4.6 2.1 1.9 1.7 1.4 1..6.5.5.5 Melton (S) UK Philip' Malta India NZ Italy FYROM Vietnam Croatia Germany 2872 1561 1459 984 976 772 718 685 558 424 % Tot Pop 3.7 2. 1.9 1.3 1.2 1..9.9.7.5 Hume (C) Turkey Iraq UK Italy Lebanon NZ Philip' Sri Lanka India Malta 5765 4483 3886 3596 244 1661 1552 151 1488 143 % Tot Pop 3.9 3. 2.6 2.4 1.6 1.1 1.1 1. 1. 1. Whittlesea (C) Italy FYROM Greece Vietnam UK India Sri Lanka Lebanon NZ Malta 6411 5622 4195 2235 2186 1738 1237 122 174 164 % Tot Pop 5.2 4.5 3.4 1.8 1.8 1.4 1. 1..9.9 Moreton Bay (R) UK NZ Sth Afr Germany Philip' Nether USA Fiji Italy Ireland 2187 12823 1912 1581 1464 1457 867 86 737 73 % Tot Pop 6.3 4..6.5.5.5.3.3.2.2 Logan (C) NZ UK Philip' Sth Afr Germany Nether Fiji Vietnam China * Cambodia 16425 14999 1592 1442 1396 1191 1162 716 7 614 % Tot Pop 6.6 6..6.6.6.5.5.3.3.2 Ipswich (C) UK NZ Vietnam Nether Germany Philip' Sth Afr Fiji Malaysia USA 6745 4859 94 694 67 596 371 349 348 257 % Tot Pop 4.9 3.5.7.5.4.4.3.3.3.2 Gosnells (C) UK NZ Malaysia India Sth Afr Singapore Italy Nether Indonesia Philip' 1112 2536 172 1428 17 999 656 581 558 44 % Tot Pop 12.2 2.8 1.9 1.6 1.2 1.1.7.6.6.5 Wanneroo (C) UK NZ Vietnam Sth Afr Italy India FYROM Ireland Malaysia Germany 17543 319 2263 1543 9 81 72 628 618 57 % Tot Pop 16.1 2.9 2.1 1.4.8.7.6.6.6.5 Swan (C) UK NZ Vietnam India Italy Sth Afr Malaysia Philip' Croatia Singapore 839 2485 1412 115 15 915 799 572 56 468 % Tot Pop 9. 2.7 1.5 1.2 1.1 1..9.6.5.5 Cockburn (C) UK Italy NZ Croatia Sth Afr Malaysia Singapore India China * Philip' 6772 1662 1436 1226 92 679 538 51 353 35 % Tot Pop 9.2 2.3 2. 1.7 1.2.9.7.7.5.5 Mandurah (C) UK NZ Sth Afr Nether Germany Italy Ireland India Philip' USA 76 1125 4 341 231 187 167 158 156 1 % Tot Pop 13.2 2.1.7.6.4.3.3.3.3.2 Serpentine-Jarrahdale (S) UK NZ Nether Sth Afr Germany Italy Ireland Canada India USA 1859 275 13 83 65 65 44 37 35 33 % Tot Pop 14.8 2.2 1..7.5.5.3.3.3.3 Kwinana (T) UK NZ Sth Afr Germany Nether Philip' India Italy Croatia Ireland 3228 686 16 14 133 116 16 87 72 67 % Tot Pop 14.1 3..7.6.6.5.5.4.3.3 Armadale (C) UK NZ Nether Italy Sth Afr India Germany Ireland USA Malaysia 811 139 694 327 38 299 291 23 186 181 % Tot Pop 16.3 2.6 1.4.7.6.6.6.5.4.4 Rockingham (C) UK NZ Sth Afr Nether Germany Ireland India Italy Philip' USA 1577 2271 756 475 396 332 261 24 233 223 % Tot Pop 18.3 2.8.9.6.5.4.3.3.3.3 Mount Barker (DC) UK Germany NZ Nether Sth Afr Italy USA Canada Ireland Philip' 1999 255 27 176 88 78 73 52 39 33 % Tot Pop 7.7 1..8.7.3.3.3.2.2.1 Playford (C) UK Italy Germany NZ Nether Vietnam Philip' Greece Ireland Cambodia 143 474 473 422 416 49 273 215 212 171 % Tot Pop 14.5.7.7.6.6.6.4.3.3.2 Total Alliance UK NZ Philip' India Italy Fiji Vietnam Sth Afr Sri Lanka Germany
12 Appendix 4: Top ten countries of birth, NGAA LGAs, 211 Local Government Area Top ten countries of birth, 211 Blacktown (C) Philip' India UK NZ Fiji Sri Lanka China * Malta Lebanon Egypt 1938 152 744 7374 6471 3434 353 2588 1776 1766 % Tot Pop 6.4 5. 2.5 2.5 2.2 1.1 1..9.6.6 Camden (A) UK NZ Italy China * Philip' Sth Afr Malta Germany India Fiji 2839 642 482 262 255 235 234 225 214 21 % Tot Pop 5.1 1.1.9.5.5.4.4.4.4.4 Campbelltown (C) UK NZ Philip' India Fiji China * Sth Afr Lebanon Egypt Vietnam 5756 3777 3582 2942 2299 123 95 946 662 597 % Tot Pop 3.9 2.6 2.5 2. 1.6.7.7.6.5.4 Liverpool (C) Fiji Iraq Vietnam India Lebanon Philip' NZ Italy UK Croatia 6395 6122 5258 4212 3558 3557 364 2893 2792 239 % Tot Pop 3.6 3.4 2.9 2.3 2. 2. 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.1 Penrith (C) UK NZ Philip' India Malta Fiji Italy Germany Sri Lanka China * 8468 3247 34 2255 133 182 945 916 71 71 % Tot Pop 4.8 1.8 1.7 1.3.7.6.5.5.4.4 Casey (C) UK India Sri Lanka NZ Philip' China * Sth Afr Fiji Italy Croatia 11336 1284 7545 5937 3312 2547 1925 1672 1653 1334 % Tot Pop 4.5 4.1 3. 2.4 1.3 1..8.7.7.5 Cardinia (S) UK NZ Nether India Germany Sri Lanka Italy Philip' Sth Afr USA 4523 1216 598 478 397 365 344 31 271 163 % Tot Pop 6.2 1.7.8.7.5.5.5.4.4.2 Wyndham (C) India UK NZ Philip' China * Italy Malaysia Sri Lanka Vietnam Malta 856 636 4995 398 2497 182 1277 1217 129 116 % Tot Pop 5. 3.9 3.1 2.4 1.6 1.1.8.8.8.7 Melton (S) UK India Philip' NZ Malta Vietnam FYROM Italy Sri Lanka Croatia 3286 2751 2745 196 1829 1446 124 97 827 678 % Tot Pop 3. 2.5 2.5 1.8 1.7 1.3.9.9.8.6 Hume (C) Iraq Turkey India UK Italy Lebanon NZ Sri Lanka Philip' Malta 719 6467 3953 388 3519 2927 2395 2312 29 1314 % Tot Pop 4.3 3.9 2.4 2.3 2.1 1.8 1.4 1.4 1.2.8 Whittlesea (C) Italy FYROM India Greece UK Vietnam China * Sri Lanka Philip' Lebanon 6175 5683 524 3968 288 2694 1966 1918 156 1475 % Tot Pop 4. 3.7 3.4 2.6 1.9 1.7 1.3 1.2 1. 1. Moreton Bay (R) UK NZ Sth Afr Philip' Germany Nether India Fiji USA Ireland 23982 18372 361 2356 1667 158 1194 1147 1143 918 % Tot Pop 6.4 4.9 1..6.4.4.3.3.3.2 Logan (C) NZ UK Philip' Sth Afr Fiji India Germany Nether China * Vietnam 21598 1483 227 1879 1544 137 1344 176 12 891 % Tot Pop 7.8 5.4.8.7.6.5.5.4.4.3 Ipswich (C) NZ UK Philip' Vietnam India Sth Afr Nether Germany Fiji China * 8576 7187 1162 172 975 763 667 622 61 452 % Tot Pop 5.2 4.3.7.6.6.5.4.4.4.3 Gosnells (C) UK NZ India Malaysia Sth Afr China * Singapore Philip' Indonesia Italy 1282 3457 316 2738 1685 1663 1477 1299 198 584 % Tot Pop 9.8 3.3 3. 2.6 1.6 1.6 1.4 1.2 1..6 Wanneroo (C) UK NZ Sth Afr Vietnam India Ireland Philip' Malaysia Italy FYROM 25292 5261 4222 2696 1578 113 182 92 885 811 % Tot Pop 17. 3.5 2.8 1.8 1.1.7.7.6.6.5 Swan (C) UK NZ India Vietnam Sth Afr Philip' Italy Malaysia Singapore Croatia 9583 383 1675 1612 1516 1188 933 99 542 473 % Tot Pop 9. 3.6 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.1.9.8.5.4 Cockburn (C) UK NZ Sth Afr Italy Philip' Croatia Malaysia India China * Singapore 7871 2476 1588 1557 1331 1213 981 947 886 81 % Tot Pop 8.9 2.8 1.8 1.8 1.5 1.4 1.1 1.1 1..9 Mandurah (C) UK NZ Sth Afr Philip' Nether India Germany Ireland USA Italy 916 2372 955 427 394 331 292 276 192 184 % Tot Pop 13.5 3.5 1.4.6.6.5.4.4.3.3 Serpentine-Jarrahdale (S) UK NZ Sth Afr Nether Germany Italy Malaysia Ireland India USA 2283 477 194 151 7 59 58 56 53 5 % Tot Pop 13.3 2.8 1.1.9.4.3.3.3.3.3 Kwinana (T) UK NZ Philip' Sth Afr India Germany Nether China * Malaysia Singapore 3247 1335 435 339 218 132 124 16 94 92 % Tot Pop 11.3 4.7 1.5 1.2.8.5.4.4.3.3 Armadale (C) UK NZ Sth Afr India Nether Philip' Malaysia Singapore Italy Germany 8368 2115 832 86 632 472 428 335 313 32 % Tot Pop 13.7 3.5 1.4 1.3 1..8.7.5.5.5 Rockingham (C) UK NZ Sth Afr Philip' Nether Germany Ireland India USA Italy 18364 4723 1656 518 55 451 449 45 344 241 % Tot Pop 18.1 4.7 1.6.5.5.4.4.4.3.2 Mount Barker (DC) UK Germany NZ Nether Sth Afr USA Philip' Italy Canada Ireland 2343 249 237 168 153 117 77 73 57 5 % Tot Pop 8.1.9.8.6.5.4.3.3.2.2 Playford (C) UK NZ Germany Vietnam Italy Philip' Nether India Ireland Cambodia 9153 616 464 463 45 445 388 218 211 26 % Tot Pop 11.6.8.6.6.6.6.5.3.3.3 Total Alliance UK NZ India Philip' Sth Afr Italy Fiji Vietnam Sri Lanka China *
121 Appendix 5: Visa sub class (code), Alliance LGAs, s, 27-212
122