AP European History / GPHS / Frye Test 5 Study Guide [The 19 th Century] Industrial Society Adam Smith & Wealth of Nations division of labor Main ideas of Capitalism What is capital? Law of Supply & Demand Law of Competition [and efficiency] Self Interest, the Invisible Hand Entrepreneur laissez faire David Ricardo [ Iron Law of Wages ] Isms Romanticism [APE 3.6 Ia, b] Romanticism placed more emphasis on intuition, emotion, nature, individuality, intuition, the supernatural, and nationalism. Gothic Revival I. Kant William Wordsworth George F.W. Hegel dialectic alienation statism Goethe Classical Liberalism [APE 3.3 Ia] As a response to industrial and political revolutions, liberals emphasized popular sovereignty, individual rights, and enlightened self-interest but were skeptical about letting the masses vote. Auguste Comte [sociology, positivism] Jeremy Bentham & Utilitarianism Nationalism [APE 3.3 If] Nationalists encouraged loyalty to the nation via reform, political unification, some racism (and occasional anti-semitism), justifying war and colonies in the latter 19 th century. Anticlericalism / Disestablishment / growth of secularism Conservatism [APE 3.3 Ic] Conservatives supported traditional political and religious authorities and values, based on the idea that human nature was not perfectible. Reactionaries [APE 3.3 Id] Socialists called for a redistribution of property, and evolved from a utopian view to a Marxist scientific critique of capitalism. Republicans[utopian] socialists [pre-marx] incl. Robert Owen Class working [proletariat], bourgeois [APE 3.2 I a-c ] Industrialization promoted the development of new classes, such as the proletariat and the bourgeoisie. The Industrial revolution created divisions of labor though in southern and Eastern Europe, aristocratic landowning elites and peasant classes persisted into the 20 th century. Class identity was reinforced through
participation in community, political, and social associations among the middle classes, and in mutual aid societies and trade unions among the working classes. Marx Communist Manifesto (Marx & Engels) alienation of labor Capital [Das Kapital], doctrine of surplus value [or labor theory of value ] dictatorship of the proletariat Edouard Bernstein & Democratic Socialism 1 st International 2d International Anarchism [APE 3.3 Ie] Anarchists asserted that all forms of governmental authority were unnecessary, and should be overthrown and replaced with a society based on voluntary cooperation. Unions Leo XIII 19 th Century Politics and Society [APE 2.4 IV a,b,c ] Industrial cities offered economic opportunities, which attracted migration from rural areas (urbanization) The Agricultural Revolution produced more food, increasing population while using fewer workers; as a result, excess people migrated to the cities. The growth of cities eroded traditional communal values, and city governments strained to provide a healthy environment. The concentration of the poor in cities led to a greater awareness of poverty, crime, and prostitution. [APE 3.2II a,b / III a-d] 19 th century Europe experienced rapid population growth and urbanization, leading to social dislocations. In the LATTER 19 th century, better agriculture, and improved urban conditions promoted population growth, longer life expectancy, and lowered infant mortality. Still, cities experienced overcrowding, while rural areas suffered declines in available labor. Over time, the Industrial Revolution altered family structure; Bourgeois families became focused on the nuclear family and the cult of domesticity, with distinct gender roles for men and women. By the end of the century, wages and the quality of life for the working class improved because of laws restricting the labor of children and women, social welfare programs, and improved diet The notion of marriage for love began to be adopted there was more leisure for all classes. BRITAIN evolves Religious reformers [Evangelicals] Clapham Sect William Wilberforce Robert Peel Lord Ashley [secular reformers] Classical Liberals J.S. Mill The Anti-Corn Law Abolition Peterloo 1819 Reform Bill 1832 Factory Act of 1833 [APE 3.3 Ib] Radicals in Britain and republicans on the continent demanded universal male suffrage and full citizenship without regard to wealth and property ownership; some argued that such rights should be extended to women.
Chartist movement Anti-Corn Law League situation in 19c Ireland including famine of 1840s Repeal of Corn Laws [Peel] After 1850 Whigs to Liberals / Tories to Conservative party Unions, Fabians and the Labour Party [1890s] FRANCE white terror after 1815 The July Revolution in France 1830 Louis Phillippe NATIONALISTS Metternich and the Reactionaries (Concert of Europe) Carlsbad Decrees Pan-Germanism Burschenschaft (students) Pan-Slavic movement Risorgimiento {Mazzini] in Italy other nations Egyptian rebellion 1805 The Decembrists [Russia 1825] Greek independence 1830 Polish rising 1830-1831 Belgian independence 1830 1848 Revolution [APE 3.4 I d] The revolution of 1848 challenged the old order and led to the breakdown of the Concert of Europe. Louis Blanc & Bloody June Days Louis Napoleon Bonaparte GER - the Frankfurt Assembly, 1848 Prussias Frederick Wiliam IV grants Prussai a constitution and crushes the Frankfurt Assembly AUSTRIA & ITALY Metternich flees Vienna riots Italian revolts / Garibaldi seizes Rome Slavs and Hungarians revolt Emperor Franz Josef takes over and crushes revolts Russia helps crush Hungary France protects Pope THE BIG SO WHAT S of 48 Bourgeois gets some liberty; radicals and Late 19c Isms [APE 3.6 IIa-d] After 1848, Europe turned toward a realist and (philosophical) materialist worldview. Positivism [the philosophy that science alone provides knowledge] emphasized rational analysis of human affairs. Charles Darwin provided a philosophically materialist metanarrative based on biological change and the development of human beings as a species, and inadvertently a justification for Social Darwinism. Marx s scientific socialism provided a critique of capitalism and a deterministic analysis of society. Realist and materialist themes and attitudes influenced art and literature as painters and writers depicted the lives of ordinary people and drew attention to social problems.
THREE WESTERN WORLDVIEWS Key Books/Thinke rs 19 th Century Thinkers What is prime reality? Human nature? Truth Ethics Judeo-Christian Theism Bible, Augustine, Aquinas, many others Kierkegaard, Chesterton God matters Body & soul; good & evil Absolute - Reason; intuition; revelation Align with moral order [authored by God] Modernism Descartes, (various) Enlightenment.Darwin, Spencer, Freud, B. Russell, Comte, Mill, W. James, Bentham Matter matters (philosophical materialism) Merely matter Absolute - Reason alone What is practical, what works; might makes right; greatest material prosperity for greatest number Romanticism Nietzsche Rousseau Hegel, Kant, Nietzsche What I will or experience to be true ( No such thing as facts ) Whatever I say it is Relative - What you will / feel / intuit No good or evil; Might makes right Darwin Inspirations and theories and implications Origin of Species 1859 Descent of Man 1871 Spencer & Social Darwinism Effects of Darwinism on social and political thought As justification for capitalism, imperialism, racism Eugenics [Galton] Ernst Haeckl Freud [APE 3.6 IIIa,b] By the 1890s, a new relativism in values and the loss of confidence in the objectivity of knowledge affected culture. Philosophy largely moved from rationalism to an emphasis on irrationality and impulse. Freudian psychology emphasized the role of the irrational and the struggle between the conscious and subconscious. Nietzsche nihilism truth = will [power] ubermensch [ nothing matters ] The Second Industrial Era [1850-1945] [APE 3.1 III a, b, c] During the Second Industrial Revolution, more areas of Europe experienced industrialization and widespread urbanization, and technology increased in impact and complexity. Factories dominated production by 1914 and new transportation technologies led to truly national economies and more intensified globalization. Business cycles [ups and downs] led to attempts by governments to manage markets by monopolies, national banks and coordinated currency, and tariffs. [APE 3.2 IV a, b] The Second Industrial era led to more consumerism, new consumer goods, expanded leisure, and a better urban quality of life y 1914.
[APE 3.3 IIa, b] By 1900, liberalism changed from laissez faire to active government intervention in the economy, more bureaucracy, more social programs for the poor, including reforms in public health, criminology and law, and urban infrastructure. Public education appeared to promote nationalism and an educated workforce. [APE 3.3 II a-c] Governments responded to the Industrial Revolution problems by expanding their functions and creating modern bureaucratic states. Liberalism shifted from laissez-faire policies to economic aid for poor based on a rational approach to reform. Government reforms transformed unhealthy and overcrowded cities by modernizing infrastructure, regulating public health, reforming prisons, and establishing modern police forces. Governments promoted compulsory public education to advance the goals of public order, nationalism, and economic growth. FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 2nd INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION [after 1850] BUILDING MATERIAL Iron Steel ENERGY Coal, Steam Oil & Gas, Electricity DOMINANT NATION(s) England USA, Germany, France, Britain, Japan MACHINES In factories On farms and in homes TRAVEL Trains & Canals Planes & Automobiles CITIES Few technological benefits Technological infrastructure [subways, wiring, sewage] COMMUNICATION Telegraph Telephone & Radio ORGANIZATION Single owner factories Global Corporations [ trusts or cartels ] how was it technologically different? how did living conditions and class roles change? for these people what was/were their major invention or discovery? Alexander Bell Guillermo Marconi Gottlieb Daimler Count von Zeppelin & the Wright Brothers Joseph Lister Louis Pasteur & Robert Koch [as a group] Michael Faraday, Nikola Tesla, Thomas Edison Louis Daguerre 19c Art/Lit [APE 3.6 IIId] Modern art moved from representing reality to abstract art, often provoking audiences and challenging the idea that art should promote truth, goodness, patriotism, and a shared vision of the good. Romantic Realism Impressionism Post Impressionism Expressionism Cubism Decadent movement