OPPORTUNITIES AND BARRIERS RELATED TO INCOME NATIONAL VOICES PROJECT, 2014

OPPORTUNITIES AND BARRIERS RELATED TO INCOME NATIONAL VOICES PROJECT, 2014 FIELDED SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER, 2014 REPORT 4 Matthew M. Davis, MD, MAPP Kathryn L. Moseley, MD, MPH Susan J. Woolford, MD, MPH Dianne C. Singer, MPH Anna Daly Kauffman, BA Amilcar Matos-Moreno, MPH Katrease Hale, MPH

What is going on in your community? Hyde Park Main Streets creating local businesses with job opportunities, increasing representation on city (Boston) council with attention to the area, police efforts to be more effectively present in the neighborhood. ~Hyde Park, MA Increasing and promoting educational and career opportunities. ~Fresno, CA MISSION OF THE NATIONAL VOICES PROJECT Led by researchers at the University of Michigan, the National Voices Project is an effort to bring the perspectives of thousands of people in communities across the United States to the national dialogue about opportunities and barriers for children related to race/ ethnicity. The National Voices Project conducts major national surveys twice each year among adults who work and volunteer on behalf of children. These surveys focus on racial/ethnic inequities at the community level that affect children s health, education, and economic security. For more information, visit the project website: NationalVoicesProject.org. The National Voices Project team is grateful for the support and collaboration of the W.K. Kellogg Foundation, through the America Healing initiative.

4 8 10 11 17 21 25 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY METHODS SELECTING THE NVP 2014 SAMPLE SECTION 1: RESPONDENT CHARACTERISTICS SECTION 2: COMMUNITY CHARACTERISTICS SECTION 3: FINANCIAL SITUATION FOR FAMILIES SECTION 4: JOB OPPORTUNITIES FOR TEENS 30 SECTION 5: HEALTH AND NUTRITION OPPORTUNITIES BY INCOME 41 46 SECTION 6: BARRIERS TO SCHOOL SUCCESS BY INCOME QUOTES FROM RESPONDENTS ABOUT PROGRAMS IN THEIR BEST-KNOWN COMMUNITIES

National Voices Project Page 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY With support and collaboration from the W.K. Kellogg Foundation through the America Healing initiative, researchers at the University of Michigan are leading the National Voices Project (NVP) from 2011-2016. The central goals of the NVP are to examine the sources of racial/ethnic inequity and other disparities for children in the United States today and identify interventions that address disparities effectively. The NVP offers an unprecedented perspective on community-level opportunities for children throughout the country, in the domains of health and nutrition, education and learning, and economic security through the eyes of adults whose occupations and volunteer work affect such opportunities. In other words, the NVP reflects the perceptions of individuals throughout the United States who are in a position to improve children s opportunities in the future. We generally use the word children throughout the report to describe children from age 0-18 years, unless otherwise noted. Findings from NVP surveys are shared with the W.K. Kellogg Foundation, and key results are posted on the NVP website (NationalVoicesProject.org). Findings from the NVP 2014 survey and subsequent NVP surveys will be shared similarly with the public. In NVP 2014, fielded in September-October 2014, the NVP team included new questions in the following areas: (1) Immigrants was added as a subpopulation to gain specific information regarding health, health care, and economic opportunity for this population. (2) Open-ended questions were asked regarding boys and young men of color to guide the development of future surveys regarding this group. (3) Cook County, Illinois, was added as a Place Matters community. Previous reports for NVP 2014 focused chiefly on respondent characteristics and findings regarding health, healthcare, nutrition, and education and learning. This report for NVP 2014 will center on opportunities and barriers related to income.

Page 5 Major cities located in Place Matters communities include: Alameda County, CA: Oakland The seven Place Matters communities constituted 51% of the NVP sample. Bernalillo County, NM: Albuquerque Cook County, IL: Chicago Fresno County, CA: Fresno King County, WA: Seattle Suffolk County, MA: Boston Wayne County, MI: Detroit 51% Place Matters 49% Comparative Communities Overall, the NVP 2014 sample included 2,147 adults from 48 states and the District of Columbia. They were eligible to participate based on their occupations and/or volunteer efforts that affect children, as follows: 1,085 respondents said that they have jobs that affect education, health, economic opportunities, or community and civic engagement for children. The NVP 2014 sample included 1,103 respondents from Place Matters communities (719 from supplemental samples recruited specifically for this survey) and 1,044 respondents from Comparative Communities. Seven communities (Wayne-MI, King-WA, Alameda-CA, Suffolk-MA, Fresno-CA, Bernalillo -NM, and Cook-IL) constituted 51% of the NVP 2014 sample. 1,065 respondents identified themselves as volunteering in ways that affect education, healthcare, economic opportunities, or community and civic engagement for children. In NVP 2014, Cook County, Illinois was added as a Place Matters community.

National Voices Project FINANCIAL SITUATION & JOB OPPORTUNITIES FOR TEENS A lower proportion of respondents said that the financial situation for families in Comparative Communities had gotten worse in the last year, down from 40% in 2013 to 30% in 2014. About one-quarter thought that the financial situation for families had gotten better over the past 12 months. Respondents in Place Matters Communities had similar perceptions on financial situations for families in 2014 compared with 2013. In Comparative Communities, 10% of respondents believed that job opportunities for teens from low income families would get better in the next 12 months, and 21% believed jobs would get better for teens from high income families. Page 6 HEALTH AND NUTRITION OPPORTUNITIES BY INCOME Perceptions for children and teens from low and high income families to have lots of opportunity were measured in four domains: neighborhoods without violence, access to lots of fresh fruits and vegetables, places to get physical activity, and clean air, water and outdoor spaces. Across all domains, respondents were more likely to perceive lots of opportunity for children and teens from high income families than for children and teens from low income families. Also, respondents who perceived few or no racial/ethnic inequities in their communities were more likely to perceive lots of opportunities for children and teens from high and low income families than respondents in communities with some or many inequities. In Place Matters communities, 14% respondents believed that job opportunities for teens from low income families would get better in the next 12 months, and 32% believed jobs would get better for teens from high income families. What is going on in your community? Schools, churches, community groups, businesses, service clubs, and many other organizations are continually working together to provide more opportunity, education, and understanding. Hardly a week goes by that there are not articles in the paper or on the news about efforts that are being made. One that I am involved with is Kids on Course. It is a program sponsored by the Zach Johnson Foundation that helps to provide educational enrichment and helps connect families with their community in three of the very underprivileged schools in Cedar Rapids. ~Cedar Rapids, IA

Page 7 BARRIERS TO SCHOOL SUCCESS AND INCOME Barriers to school success were perceived as bigger barriers for children and teens from low income families than their high income peers. Barriers included: parents themselves did not graduate from high school, transportation problems, lack of parental involvement in children s education, too few programs outside of school, students are suspended too often, teen pregnancy and family financial problems. Across these barriers, respondents who perceived some or many of racial/ethnic inequities in their communities were more likely to perceive barriers to school success for young children and teens from low income families than those who reported few or no racial/ ethnic inequities. SUMMARY COMMENTS FOR NVP 2014- REPORT 4 In NVP 2014, key findings related to family financial situations changed in a positive direction from NVP 2012. Most notable is that respondents in six Place Matters counties perceived family financial situations have gotten better in the last twelve months. In Place Matters communities, the perception that job opportunities for teens from low income families would get better in the next 12 months improved slightly from 2012, but the job outlook is perceived much higher for teens from high income families. Perceptions among Place Matters respondents regarding opportunities for young children and teens from low and high income families for all health measures were lower than respondents from Comparative Communities. Educational barriers were also consistently perceived as higher for children in low income families than for high income peers, particularly in communities with perceived racial/ethnic inequities. Respondents who perceived some or many racial/ethnic inequities in their communities were more likely to report that barriers to school success were bigger for children and teens from low income families than respondents who reported few or no inequities in their communities.

National Voices Project Page 8 METHODS The National Voices Project (NVP) is conducted in partnership with GfK, an international survey research organization that maintains KnowledgePanel, a nationally representative web-enabled panel of adult members of households across the United States. GfK engages all of its panel members via the Internet (current panel size >55,000). Unlike other web-enabled panels, KnowledgePanel is recruited through goldstandard, random-digit-dial (both landline and cell phones) and address-based sampling techniques. If contacted households do not have computer hardware or Internet access, GfK provides the necessary hardware and connections, free of charge. The final eligible NVP 2014 sample included 2,147 adults from 48 states and the District of Columbia. A major design objective for NVP 2014 is that it includes an oversample of respondents living in communities that are part of the Place Matters program. Place Matters is an initiative of the National Collaborative for Health Equity that is designed to address health equity concerns through shared learning experiences that focus on social, economic and environmental conditions. The goal of oversampling in Place Matters communities in NVP 2014 was to illuminate how perceptions of inequities may differ in communities highlighted in the Place Matters initiative, compared with communities elsewhere in the United States. In terms of population, Place Matters communities sampled in NVP 2014 include about 13 million individuals, compared with 303 million in the rest of the U.S. Specific Place Matters communities were selected for oversampling through conversations with WKKF collaborators and Place Matters team members. The NVP team then worked with GfK to supplement KnowledgePanel households in Place Matters locations. The supplementary sample was drawn from households that are not on GfK s standing panels but are recruited on an ad hoc basis by GfK related to their characteristics in this case, residing in a Place Matters community and/or preferring Spanish. 12% of respondents completed the full survey in Spanish.

Page 9 What is going on in your community? Apoyo de la misma comunidad latina para integrarse a los servicios de salud, educación, que brinda la Comunidad del Río, también existen apoyos financieros de Chicanos por la Causa, entre otros. Translation: Support from the Latin community to integrate health services, education, provided by the Community of Rio, there is also financial support of Chicanos por la Causa, among others. ~Tucson, AZ Creación de vivienda asequible. Translation: Creating affordable housing. ~Boyle Heights, CA For NVP 2014, GfK invited 9,958 KnowledgePanel members 18 years or older to participate. Respondents in sampled households (n=5,303 from KnowledgePanel ; 2,466 from supplementary households) completed a brief screening questionnaire. On the screening questionnaire, 1,082 respondents indicated they have jobs that affect education, health/healthcare/nutrition, economic opportunities, or community and civic engagement for children. Another 1,065 respondents identified themselves as volunteering in ways that affect education, health/healthcare/nutrition, economic opportunities, or community and civic engagement for children. Respondents working or volunteering on behalf of children were eligible to complete the full NVP 2014 questionnaire (see figure, next page). This group included 2,147 adults from 48 states and District of Columbia. The questionnaire for NVP 2014 was developed by the National Voices Project team at the University of Michigan, with input from WKKF collaborators. We examined how individuals who work or volunteer with children view opportunities for education, health/ healthcare/nutrition, and economic wellbeing related to children. Many of the questions were identical to questions fielded for NVP 2012 and 2013 to facilitate comparisons of responses across these different samples and over time. New questions in NVP 2014 included respondents perceptions of immigrants living in their communities, awareness of opportunities for boys and young men of color, and health/ education challenges for boys versus girls. NVP 2014 was also fielded in Spanish via a supplemental panel who preferred to answer in Spanish. Overall, 951 individuals participated by using the Spanish-language version and 253 were eligible to complete the full NVP 2014 questionnaire.

National Voices Project Page 10 SELECTING THE NVP 2014 SAMPLE Contacted Supplementary Sample from Place Matters Communities = 36,519 Recruited Supplementary Sample from Place Matters Communities = 2,466 Contacted KnowledgePanel Sample from Place Matters Communities = 1,855 Completed Eligibility Screener N = 7,769 Recruited KnowledgePanel Sample from Place Matters Communities = 1,175 Contacted KnowledgePanel Comparative Communities = 8,103 Recruited KnowledgePanel Comparative Communities = 4,128 NVP 2014 Eligible Sample Based on Occupation N = 1,082 Place Matters Communities Non-Hispanic White = 346 Non-Hispanic black = 48 Hispanic = 48 Non-Hispanic other = 57 Comparative Communities Non-Hispanic White = 154 Non-Hispanic black = 186 Hispanic = 222 Non-Hispanic other = 21 DOES RESPONDENT OCCUPATION AFFECT CHILDREN? OR DOES RESPONDENT VOLUNTEER WORK AFFECT CHILDREN? NVP 2014 Eligible Sample Based on Only Volunteering N = 1,065 Place Matters Communities Non-Hispanic White =473 Non-Hispanic black = 50 Hispanic = 40 Non-Hispanic other =41 Comparative Communities Non-Hispanic White =155 Non-Hispanic black =157 Hispanic = 139 NVP 2014 Eligible Sample Place Matters Communities Non-Hispanic White = 819 Non-Hispanic black = 98 Hispanic = 88 Non-Hispanic other = 98 N = 2,147 Comparative Communities Non-Hispanic White = 309 Non-Hispanic black = 343 Hispanic = 361 Non-Hispanic other = 31 Supplemental Place Matters N = 719 GfK Place Matters N = 384 GfK Comparative Communities N = 1,044

SECTION 1: RESPONDENT CHARACTERISTICS

National Voices Project Page 12 TABLE 2014-4.1 SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS, NVP 2012 THROUGH NVP 2014 Gender Race / Ethnicity NVP 2012 NVP 2013 NVP 2014 N = 2,311 N = 2,712 N = 2,147 Men 40% 46% 47% Women 60% 54% 53% African American / Black 12% 11% 13% Hispanic / Latino 11% 9% 14% White 72% 74% 65% Multi-race / Other 4% 6% 8% Annual Household Income Education Age Paid Work Less than $30,000 18% 18% 14% $30,000 - $60,000 24% 23% 25% $60,001 - $100,000 29% 29% 27% Greater than $100,000 29% 30% 34% Less than High School 8% 7% 9% High School 19% 19% 16% Some College 31% 32% 31% Bachelor's Degree or Higher 42% 42% 44% 18-29 20% 22% 21% 30-44 28% 32% 33% 45-59 33% 28% 28% 60 + 19% 18% 18% Volunteer Work Community Respondents Know Best Years in Best Known Community Yes 70% 75% 75% No 30% 25% 25% Yes 65% 67% 65% No 35% 33% 35% Live 86% 86% 84% Work 9% 10% 11% Volunteer 5% 4% 5% Less than 1 Year 3% 4% 4% 1-2 Years 6% 5% 4% 3-5 Years 11% 14% 14% 6-10 Years 10% 15% 14% Greater than 10 Years 69% 62% 64%

Page 13 TABLE 2014-4.2 SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS, NVP 2012 THROUGH NVP 2014 Area of Contact with Children (could choose >1) Work or Volunteer with Children Occupation NVP 2012 NVP 2013 NVP 2014 N = 2,311 N = 2,712 N = 2,147 Education 57% 58% 57% Health/Healthcare/Nutrition 38% 40% 37% Economic or Job Opportunities 21% 28% 23% Community or Civic Engagement 54% 54% 51% Work and Volunteer with Children 24% 21% 18% Only Work with Children 34% 37% 38% Only Volunteer with Children 42% 42% 44% Education Teaching (child care, preschool, elementary, and secondary) 23% 21% 20% Faith-based Organization or Clergy Member 1% 2% 2% Other School or Education-related Activities 12% 10% 12% Health/Healthcare/Nutrition Health or Mental Health Care 20% 18% 23% Public Safety or Emergency Services 1% 3% 3% Public Health 1% 4% 4% Social Worker or Case Worker 8% 2% 2% Economic or Job Opportunities Business Owner or Manager 12% 6% 10% Private Community Service Organization 6% 2% 3% All Others 16% 22% 21% Participation with Volunteer Organizations (could choose >1) Education and/or schools 41% 40% 43% Social or Community Service 25% 24% 21% Religious 38% 38% 40% Sports, Hobbies, Culture or Arts 22% 17% 19% Food and Nutrition 15% 14% 13% Hospital or Healthcare 8% 9% 8% Youth Clubs, Scouting or 4-H 11% 7% 11% Environmental 6% 8% 6% Public Safety 9% 6% 9% Shelter and Housing 5% 5% 5% Mental or Developmental Health 2% 6% 4% Advocacy - 6% 4% Government Agency - 3% 4% All Others - 9% 7%

National Voices Project Page 14 TABLE 2014-4.3 SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS AMONG RESPONDENTS IN PLACE MATTERS COMMUNITIES VS. COMPARATIVE COMMUNITIES, NVP 2014 PLACE MATTERS COMMUNITIES COMPARATIVE COMMUNITIES N = 1,103 N = 1,044 Gender Men 42% 48% Women 58% 52% Race / Ethnicity* African American / Black 21% 12% Hispanic / Latino 22% 13% White 44% 66% Multi-race / Other 13% 8% Annual Household Income* Less than $30,000 18% 13% $30,000 - $60,000 22% 25% $60,001 - $100,000 32% 27% Greater than $100,000 28% 35% Education Less than High School 5% 9% High School 16% 16% Some College 34% 31% Bachelor's Degree or Higher 45% 44% Age 18-29 22% 21% 30-44 32% 32% 45-59 31% 28% 60 + 15% 19% Paid Work Yes 76% 75% No 24% 25% Volunteer Work Yes 70% 65% No 30% 35% Community Respondents Know Best* Live 89% 84% Work 6% 11% Volunteer 5% 5% Years in Best Known Community* Less than 1 Year 3% 4% 1-2 Years 7% 4% 3-5 Years 11% 14% 6-10 Years 9% 14% Greater than 10 Years 70% 64% Racial Mix in Best Known Community* Predominantly White (<10% non-white) 13% 23% Majority White (10-50% non white) 46% 52% Majority Minority (51-90% non-white) 36% 20% Predominantly Minority (>90% non-white) 5% 5% *P<.05 for comparison across Place Matters communities and Comparative Communities in 2014

Page 15 TABLE 2014-4.4 RESPONDENTS CONTACT WITH CHILDREN AT WORK AND IN VOLUNTEER EFFORTS, IN PLACE MATTERS COMMUNITIES VS. COMPARATIVE COMMUNITIES, NVP 2014 Area of Contact with Children (could choose >1) Work or Volunteer with Children* Occupation PLACE MATTERS COMMUNITIES COMPARATIVE COMMUNITIES N = 1,103 N = 1,044 Education 63% 57% Health or Healthcare* 46% 37% Economic or Job Opportunities 27% 23% Community or Civic Engagement 53% 51% Work and Volunteer with Children 25% 17% Only Work with Children 34% 38% Only Volunteer with Children 41% 45% Education Teaching (child care, preschool, elementary, and secondary) 22% 20% Faith-based Organization or Clergy Member 3% 2% Other School or Education-related Activities 15% 12% Healthcare Health or Mental Health Care 21% 23% Public Safety or Emergency Services 4% 3% Public Health 5% 4% Social Worker or Case Worker 1% 2% Economic or Job Opportunities Business Owner or Manager 6% 10% Private Community Service Organization 4% 3% All Others 20% 21% Participation with Volunteer Organizations (could choose >1) Education 43% 43% Social or Community Service 25% 20% Religious* 30% 40% Sports, Hobbies, Culture or Arts 19% 20% Food and Nutrition 16% 13% Hospital or Healthcare* 15% 8% Youth Clubs, Scouting or 4-H 9% 11% Environmental 5% 6% Public Safety 8% 9% Shelter and Housing* 10% 5% Mental or Developmental Health 5% 4% Advocacy 5% 4% Government Agency 5% 4% All Others 8% 7% *P<.05 for comparison across Place Matters communities and Comparative Communities in 2014

National Voices Project Page 16 TABLE 2014-4.5 IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIFIC PLACE MATTERS COMMUNITIES WITH SUFFICIENT SAMPLE IN NVP 2014 TO PERMIT ANALYSES ACROSS COMMUNITIES PROPORTION OF PLACE MATTERS COMMUNITIES Community/County Location N = 1,103 Cook, IL 42% King, WA 15% Alameda, CA 13% Wayne, MI 12% Fresno, CA 7% Suffolk, MA 6% Bernalillo, NM 5% SPECIFIC PLACE MATTERS COMMUNITY LOCATIONS

SECTION 2: COMMUNITY CHARACTERISTICS

National Voices Project Page 18 WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING RACIAL/ETHNIC GROUPS LIVE IN THE COMMUNITY THAT YOU KNOW BEST? Respondents in NVP 2014 had similar racial/ ethnic makeups of their communities compared with NVP 2012 and 2013 (Figure 2014-4.1). If there is a trend, it is toward greater perceived racial/ethnic diversity in communities, over time. In 2014, respondents were also asked about immigrants in their communities. Overall 26% respondents reported a lot of immigrants in their communities; 46% of respondents in Place Matters communities reported a lot of immigrants in their communities, compared to 25% of respondents in Comparative Communities. What is going on in your community? The city is going through a fight right now to keep housing costs for lower income families (typically racially and ethnic minorities) under control. ~Seattle, WA Figure 2014-4.1: Percent of Respondents Reporting "Some" or "A Lot" of the Following Racial / Ethnic Groups in their Communities 100% 99% 99% 97% 2012 2013 2014 80% 78% 78% 79% 86% 83% 80% 60% 40% 58% 56% 54% 49% 46% 44% 30% 31% 27% 20% 18% 19% 20% 0% Whites African Americans /Blacks Hispanics /Latinos Asian Americans/ Pacific Islanders Arab Americans American Indians/ Alaska Natives Hawaiian Natives Note: Response options included A lot, Some and Very few or none.

Page 19 Figure 2014-4.2: Percent of Respondents Reporting "Some" or "A Lot" of the Following Racial/Ethnic Groups in their Communities Place Matters Comparative Communities 100% 96% 98% 91% 86% 86% 80% 79% 74% 71% 60% 56% 45% 44% 40% 31% 34% 20% 19% 0% Whites African Americans / Blacks* Hispanics / Latinos* Asian Americans / Pacific Islanders* Arab Americans* American Indians / Alaska Natives* Hawaiian Natives* Note: Response options included A lot, Some and Very few or none. *P<.05 for comparison of Place Matters respondents versus Comparative Communities respondents across response options. In NVP 2014, respondents in Place Matters communities perceived substantially greater proportions of all non-white race and ethnicity groups in their communities, compared with respondents in Comparative Communities (Figure 2014-4.2).

National Voices Project Page 20 ARE THERE RACIAL OR ETHNIC INEQUITIES IN THE COMMUNITY THAT YOU KNOW BEST? Figure 2014-4.3: Perceived Racial or Ethnic Inequities Place Matters Comparative Communities 50% 40% 40% 33% 30% 30% 24% 23% 20% 20% 17% 13% 10% 0% None* Few* Some* Many* *P<.05 for comparison of Place Matters respondents versus Comparative Communities respondents across response options. Place Matters respondents were more likely than respondents in Comparative Communities to perceive racial/ethnic inequities in their communities in 2014 (Figure 2014-4.3). In 2014, a greater proportion of Place Matters respondents reported many inequities compared to 2012 and 2013. Perceptions of racial or ethnic inequities were associated with the following VARIABLES: RACE/ETHNICITY African American (89%) respondents were more likely to perceive some/ many racial or ethnic inequities in their communities than were Hispanic (75%), White (65%) and multi-race/other (71%) respondents. WITHIN PLACE MATTERS COMMUNITIES: Bernalillo-NM (93%), Suffolk-MA (90%), and King-WA (88%) were more likely to report inequities than Cook-IL (79%), Wayne-MI (75%), and Alameda-CA (60%). INCOME Respondents with annual household income levels of less than $60,000 per year (54%) were more likely to perceive some/many racial or ethnic inequities in their communities than were respondents with household incomes greater than $60,000 per year (21%).

SECTION 3: FINANCIAL SITUATION FOR FAMILIES

Page 22 CHANGE IN FINANCIAL SITUATION FOR FAMILIES IN THE LAST YEAR The proportions of respondents who perceived the financial situations has gotten worse over the past 12 months were higher for: Respondents with some/many inequities in their communities vs respondents with few/ no inequities in their communities Respondents with household incomes less than $60,000 vs. respondents with household incomes greater than $60,000 Respondents in Place Matters Communities vs. respondents in Comparative Communities In Comparative Communities, a lower proportion of respondents said that the financial situation for families had gotten worse in the last year, down from 58% in 2012 to 30% in 2014. Figure 2014-4.4: Change in the Financial Situation for Families Over the past 12 Months*ŧ Financial situation has gotten worse Financial situation has stayed the same Financial situation has gotten better Financial situation has gotten worse Financial situation has stayed the same Financial situation has gotten better Financial situation has gotten worse Financial situation has stayed the same Financial situation has gotten better % Of Place Matters Respondents, 2012 50% 33% 17% % Of Place Matters Respondents, 2013 41% 38% 22% % Of Place Matters Respondents, 2014 42% 34% 24% % Of Comparative Communities, 2012 58% 33% 9% % Of Comparative Communities, 2013 40% 43% 17% % Of Comparative Communities, 2014 30% 49% 21% Gotten Worse Gotten Better Note: Response options included got much worse/got slightly worse, stayed the same, got slightly better/got much better. *P<.05 for comparison of Place Matters respondents versus Comparative Communities across response options in 2012. ŧp<.05 for comparison of Place Matters respondents versus Comparative Communities across response options in 2014.

National Voices Project Page 23

CHANGE IN FINANCIAL SITUATION FOR FAMILIES IN THE LAST YEAR WITHIN PLACE MATTERS COMMUNITIES Page 24 Respondents in six Place Matters counties perceive family financial situations have gotten better over the last 12 months compared with 2012. Respondents in Wayne County perceive the greatest change in family financial situations improving from 15% in 2013 to 33% in 2014. What is going on in your community? The mayor has promised more job opportunities for minorities, affordable housing, senior housing, and to deal with income and health disparities ~Boston, MA TABLE 2014-4.6 2012 2013 2014 The Financial Situation has Gotten Worse Wayne, MI 60% 54% 34% Bernalillo, NM 60% 48% 52% Alameda, CA 51% 33% 38% King, WA 36% 35% 27% Suffolk, MA 40% 42% 37% Fresno, CA 58% 46% 52% Cook, IL - - 49% The Financial Situation has Gotten Better Wayne, MI 16% 15% 33% Bernalillo, NM 10% 13% 21% Alameda, CA 17% 23% 26% King, WA 22% 25% 27% Suffolk, MA 20% 22% 25% Fresno, CA 17% 25% 24% Cook, IL - - 20%

SECTION 4: JOB OPPORTUNITIES FOR TEENS

Page 26 JOB OPPORTUNITIES FOR LOW INCOME TEENS The proportions of respondents who perceived job opportunities will get worse over the next 12 months for low income families were higher for: African American and multi-race/other respondents vs. Hispanic and White respondents. Figure 2014-4.6: Job Opportunities for Teens from Low Income Families in the Next 12 Months Job opportunities will get worse Job opportunities will stay the same Job opportunities will get better Job opportunities will get worse Job opportunities will stay the same Job opportunities will get better Job opportunities will get worse Job opportunities will stay the same Job opportunities will get better % Of Place Matters Respondents, 2012 24% 66% 10% % Of Place Matters Respondents, 2013 18% 69% 13% % Of Place Matters Respondents, 2014 15% 71% 14% % Of Comparative Communities, 2012 23% 64% 13% % Of Comparative Communities, 2013 13% 77% 10% % Of Comparative Communities, 2014 13% 77% 10% Will Get Worse Will Get Better Note: Response options included will get better, will stay the same, will get worse.

Page 27 JOB OPPORTUNITIES FOR HIGH INCOME TEENS The proportions of respondents who perceived job opportunities as will get better over the next 12 months for high income families were higher for: Respondents in Place Matters communities vs. respondents in Comparative Communities. African American and multi-race/other respondents vs. Hispanic and White respondents. What is going on in your community? Jobs for youth and many many activities to keep kids active and off the streets. ~Boston, MA Respondents with some/many inequities in their communities vs respondents with few/ no inequities in their communities Respondents with household incomes less than $60,000 vs. respondents with household incomes greater than $60,000 Job creation in racial minority neighborhoods. ~Washington, DC Figure 2014-4.7: Job Opportunities for Teens from High Income Families in the Next 12 Monthsŧ Job opportunities will get worse Job opportunities will stay the same Job opportunities will get better Job opportunities will get worse Job opportunities will stay the same Job opportunities will get better Job opportunities will get worse Job opportunities will stay the same Job opportunities will get better % Of Place Matters Respondents, 2012 10% 70% 20% % Of Place Matters Respondents, 2013 5% 70% 25% % Of Place Matters Respondents, 2014 3% 65% 32% % Of Comparative Communities, 2012 10% 69% 21% % Of Comparative Communities, 2013 5% 72% 23% % Of Comparative Communities, 2014 4% 75% 21% Will Get Worse Will Get Better Note: Response options included will get better, will stay the same, will get worse. ŧp<.05 for comparison of Place Matters respondents versus Comparative Communities across response options in 2014.

Page 28 JOB OPPORTUNITIES FOR LOW INCOME TEENS IN SPECIFIC PLACE MATTERS COMMUNITIES Note: response options included will get better, will stay the same and will get worse

National Voices Project Page 29 What is going on in your community? Respondents in five Place Matters counties perceived lower ratings of the job opportunities for teens getting worse in the last 12 months. Respondents in Suffolk County perceived the greatest change in job outlook improving for teens up from 9% in 2012 to 21% in 2014. One example is a Chicago college preparatory high school in which young men of color are giving much support academically, financially and personal so that they can be accepted to universities and have many of the expenses paid for when they graduate high school. ~Chicago, IL TABLE 2014-4.7 2012 2013 2014 Job Opportunities Will Get Worse Wayne, MI 24% 19% 12% Bernalillo, NM 27% 28% 18% Alameda, CA 20% 12% 10% King, WA 18% 16% 17% Suffolk, MA 25% 13% 17% Fresno, CA 25% 23% 29% Cook, IL - - 14% Job Opportunities Will Get Better Wayne, MI 13% 15% 12% Bernalillo, NM 14% 7% 9% Alameda, CA 16% 12% 9% King, WA 13% 13% 11% Suffolk, MA 9% 14% 21% Fresno, CA 15% 15% 4% Cook, IL - - 19% Note: response options included will get better, will stay the same and will get worse

Page 30 What is going on in your community? There are programs connecting youth with mentors to assist with pathways to higher education, life skills and job readiness. Indianapolis, IN There's an African American male achievement program run out of the school district. There's an RWJ foundation program to train young men of color to be emergency medical services workers. ~Oakland, CA

SECTION 5: HEALTH AND NUTRITION OPPORTUNITIES BY INCOME

Page 32 OPPORTUNITIES FOR CHILDREN TO HAVE NEIGHBORHOODS WITHOUT VIOLENCE BY INCOME The proportions of respondents who perceived lots of opportunity for young children from both high income and low income families to have neighborhoods without violence were higher for: Respondents in Comparative Communities vs. respondents in Place Matters communities. Respondents with few/no inequities in their communities vs. respondents with some/ many inequities in their communities. Respondents in not segregated communities vs. respondents in very segregated communities. Multi-race/other and White respondents vs. African American and Hispanic respondents. Figure 2014-4.9: Perception of "Lots of Opportunity" for Young Children to Have Neighborhoods Without Violence Place Matters, 2014 Comparative Communities, 2014 100% Place Matters, 2013 Place Matters, 2012 Comparative Communities, 2013 Comparative Communities, 2012 90% 80% 70% 75% 69% 70% 83% 81% 83% 60% 50% 46% 49% 40% 35% 37% 30% 20% 10% 21% 26% 0% Children from low income families*+ŧ Children from high income families+ŧ Note: Only respondents reporting some or a lot of people in low/high income families in their communities were asked this question. Response options included lots of opportunity, some opportunity, and little or no opportunity. *P<.05 for comparison of Place Matters respondents versus Comparative Communities across response options in 2012. +P<.05 for comparison of Place Matters respondents versus Comparative Communities across response options in 2013. ŧp<.05 for comparison of Place Matters respondents versus Comparative Communities across response options in 2014.

National Voices Project Page 33 OPPORTUNITIES FOR TEENS TO HAVE NEIGHBORHOODS WITHOUT VIOLENCE BY INCOME The proportions of respondents who perceived lots of opportunity for teens from both high income and low income families to have neighborhoods without violence were higher for: Respondents in Comparative Communities vs. respondents in Place Matters communities. Multi-race/other and White respondents vs. African American and Hispanic respondents. Respondents with few/no inequities in their communities vs. respondents with some/ many inequities in their communities. Respondents in not segregated communities vs. respondents in very segregated communities. What is going on in your community? Local businesses partnering with city to open up in neighborhoods that need jobs (e.g., Whole Foods on South Side). ~Chicago, IL Figure 2014-4.10: Perception of "Lots of Opportunity" for Teens to Have Neighborhoods Without Violence Place Matters, 2014 Comparative Communities, 2014 100% Place Matters, 2013 Place Matters, 2012 Comparative Communities, 2013 Comparative Communities, 2012 90% 80% 70% 74% 65% 72% 81% 80% 80% 60% 50% 47% 50% 40% 30% 27% 32% 38% 20% 20% 10% 0% Teens from low income families*+ŧ Teens from high income families+ŧ Note: Only respondents reporting some or a lot of people in low/high income families in their communities were asked this question. Response options included lots of opportunity, some opportunity, and little or no opportunity. *P<.05 for comparison of Place Matters respondents versus Comparative Communities across response options in 2012. +P<.05 for comparison of Place Matters respondents versus Comparative Communities across response options in 2013. ŧp<.05 for comparison of Place Matters respondents versus Comparative Communities across response options in 2014.

Page 34 NUTRITION OPPORTUNITIES FOR YOUNG CHILDREN BY INCOME The proportions of respondents who perceived lots of opportunity for young children to have lots of fresh fruits and vegetables were higher for: Respondents in Comparative Communities vs. respondents in Place Matters communities only for children from low income families. Respondents with few/no inequities in their communities vs respondents with some/ many inequities in their communities only for children from low income families. Respondents in not segregated communities vs. respondents in very segregated communities for children from low and high income families. 100% 90% 80% Figure 2014-4.11: Perception of "Lots of Opportunity" for Young Children to Have Lots of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables Place Matters, 2014 Comparative Communities, 2014 Place Matters, 2013 Place Matters, 2012 Comparative Communities, 2013 Comparative Communities, 2012 80% 74% 75% 79% 78% 77% 70% 60% 50% 49% 48% 40% 40% 36% 39% 30% 27% 20% 10% 0% Children from low income families*+ŧ Children from high income families Note: Only respondents reporting some or a lot of people in low/high income families in their communities were asked this question. Response options included lots of opportunity, some opportunity, and little or no opportunity. *P<.05 for comparison of Place Matters respondents versus Comparative Communities across response options in 2012. +P<.05 for comparison of Place Matters respondents versus Comparative Communities across response options in 2013. ŧp<.05 for comparison of Place Matters respondents versus Comparative Communities across response options in 2014.

National Voices Project Page 35 NUTRITION OPPORTUNITIES FOR TEENS BY INCOME The proportions of respondents who perceived lots of opportunity for teens to have lots of fresh fruits and vegetables were higher for: Respondents in Comparative Communities vs. respondents in Place Matters communities only for teens from low income families. Respondents in not segregated communities vs. respondents in very segregated communities for teens from low and high income families. Multi-race/other and White respondents vs. African American and Hispanic respondents for teens from low and high income families. Respondents with few/no inequities in their communities vs respondents with some/many inequities in their communities only for teens from low income families. Figure 2014-4.12: Perception of "Lots of Opportunity" for Teens to Have Lots of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables 100% Place Matters, 2014 Comparative Communities, 2014 Place Matters, 2013 Comparative Communities, 2013 90% Place Matters, 2012 Comparative Communities, 2012 80% 79% 73% 78% 80% 78% 79% 70% 60% 50% 40% 32% 40% 39% 44% 51% 52% 30% 20% 10% 0% Teens from low income families*+ŧ Teens from high income families+ŧ Note: Only respondents reporting some or a lot of people in low/high income families in their communities were asked this question. Response options included lots of opportunity, some opportunity, and little or no opportunity. *P<.05 for comparison of Place Matters respondents versus Comparative Communities across response options in 2012. +P<.05 for comparison of Place Matters respondents versus Comparative Communities across response options in 2013. ŧp<.05 for comparison of Place Matters respondents versus Comparative Communities across response options in 2014.

Page 36 PHYSICAL ACTIVITY OPPORTUNITIES FOR YOUNG CHILDREN BY INCOME The proportions of respondents who perceived lots of opportunity for young children to have places to get physical activity were higher for: Respondents in Comparative Communities vs. respondents in Place Matters communities only for children from low income families. Multi-race/other and White respondents vs. African American and Hispanic respondents for children from low and high income families. Respondents with few/no inequities in their communities vs. respondents with some/ many inequities in their communities for children from low and high income families. Respondents in not segregated communities vs. respondents in very segregated communities for children from low and high income families. What is going on in your community? I volunteer at the food bank, which has a larger proportion of minority clients, and there are efforts there to sustain education and nutrition for lower income families. ~Seattle, WA Figure 2014-4.13: Perception of "Lots of Opportunity" for Young Children to Have Places to get Physical Activity Place Matters, 2014 Comparative Communities, 2014 100% 90% Place Matters, 2013 Place Matters, 2012 Comparative Communities, 2013 Comparative Communities, 2012 80% 76% 73% 76% 78% 77% 77% 70% 60% 53% 54% 50% 40% 41% 43% 43% 30% 30% 20% 10% 0% Children from low income families*+ŧ Children from high income families Note: Only respondents reporting some or a lot of people in low/high income families in their communities were asked this question. Response options included lots of opportunity, some opportunity, and little or no opportunity. *P<.05 for comparison of Place Matters respondents versus Comparative Communities across response options in 2012. +P<.05 for comparison of Place Matters respondents versus Comparative Communities across response options in 2013. ŧp<.05 for comparison of Place Matters respondents versus Comparative Communities across response options in 2014.

National Voices Project Page 37 PHYSICAL ACTIVITY OPPORTUNITIES FOR TEENS BY INCOME The proportions of respondents who perceived lots of opportunity for teens to have places to get physical activity were higher for: Respondents in Comparative Communities vs. respondents in Place Matters communities only for teens from low income families. Respondents in not segregated communities vs. respondents in very segregated communities for children from low and high income families. Multi-race/other and White respondents vs. African American and Hispanic respondents for children from low and high income families. Respondents with few/no inequities in their communities vs. respondents with some/ many inequities in their communities for children from low and high income families. Figure 2014-4.14: Perception of "Lots of Opportunity" for Teens to Have Places to Get Physical Activity 100% Place Matters, 2014 Comparative Communities, 2014 Place Matters, 2013 Comparative Communities, 2013 90% Place Matters, 2012 Comparative Communities, 2012 80% 76% 73% 77% 81% 79% 81% 70% 60% 59% 59% 50% 47% 45% 49% 40% 36% 30% 20% 10% 0% Teens from low income families*+ŧ Teens from high income families+ Note: Only respondents reporting some or a lot of people in low/high income families in their communities were asked this question. Response options included lots of opportunity, some opportunity, and little or no opportunity. *P<.05 for comparison of Place Matters respondents versus Comparative Communities across response options in 2012. +P<.05 for comparison of Place Matters respondents versus Comparative Communities across response options in 2013. ŧp<.05 for comparison of Place Matters respondents versus Comparative Communities across response options in 2014.

Page 38 OPPORTUNITIES FOR YOUNG CHILDREN TO HAVE CLEAN OUTDOOR SPACES, BY INCOME The proportions of respondents who perceived lots of opportunity for young children to have clean outdoor spaces were higher for: Respondents in Comparative Communities vs. respondents in Place Matters communities only for children from low income families. White respondents vs. Multi-race/other, African American and Hispanic respondents only for children from low income families. Respondents in not segregated communities vs. respondents in very segregated communities for children from low and high income families. Respondents with household incomes greater than $60,000 vs. respondents with household incomes less than $60,000 only for children from high income families. Respondents with few/no inequities in their communities vs. respondents with some/ many inequities in their communities only for children from low income families. Figure 2014-4.15: Perception of "Lots of Opportunity" for Young Children to Have Clean Air, Water and Outdoor spaces Place Matters, 2014 Comparative Communities, 2014 100% Place Matters, 2013 Place Matters, 2012 Comparative Communities, 2013 Comparative Communities, 2012 90% 80% 76% 75% 82% 80% 81% 70% 63% 65% 67% 69% 60% 50% 44% 51% 55% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Children from low income families*+ŧ Children from high income families+ Note: Only respondents reporting some or a lot of people in low/high income families in their communities were asked this question. Response options included lots of opportunity, some opportunity, and little or no opportunity. *P<.05 for comparison of Place Matters respondents versus Comparative Communities across response options in 2012. +P<.05 for comparison of Place Matters respondents versus Comparative Communities across response options in 2013. ŧp<.05 for comparison of Place Matters respondents versus Comparative Communities across response options in 2014.

National Voices Project Page 39 OPPORTUNITIES FOR TEENS TO HAVE CLEAN OUTDOOR SPACES, BY INCOME The proportions of respondents who perceived lots of opportunity for teens from low and high income families to have clean outdoor spaces were higher for: Respondents in not segregated communities vs. respondents in very segregated communities. Respondents in Comparative Communities vs. respondents in Place Matters communities. White respondents vs. Multi-race/other, African American and Hispanic respondents. Respondents with few/no inequities in their communities vs. respondents with some/ many inequities in their communities. Figure 2014-4.16: Perception of "Lots of Opportunity" for Teens to Have Clean Air, Water and Outdoor Spaces Place Matters, 2014 Comparative Communities, 2014 100% Place Matters, 2013 Comparative Communities, 2013 90% 80% 70% Place Matters, 2012 65% 66% Comparative Communities, 2012 83% 72% 74% 71% 68% 80% 82% 60% 54% 55% 50% 47% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Teens from low income families*+ŧ Teens from high income families*+ŧ Note: Only respondents reporting some or a lot of people in low/high income families in their communities were asked this question. Response options included lots of opportunity, some opportunity, and little or no opportunity. *P<.05 for comparison of Place Matters respondents versus Comparative Communities across response options in 2012. +P<.05 for comparison of Place Matters respondents versus Comparative Communities across response options in 2013. ŧp<.05 for comparison of Place Matters respondents versus Comparative Communities across response options in 2014.

Page 40 OPPORTUNITIES FOR YOUNG CHILDREN FROM LOW INCOME FAMILIES IN PLACE MATTERS COMMUNITIES TO HAVE NEIGHBORHOODS WITHOUT VIOLENCE TABLE 2014-4.8 2012 Lots of Opportunity for Low Income Children to Have Safe Neighborhoods by Place Matters Location Wayne, MI 59% Bernalillo, NM 21% Alameda, CA 32% King, WA 30% Suffolk, MA 24% Fresno, CA 18% Cook, IL 38% What is going on in your community? Chick-fil-A is partnering with other companies to create Discover the Experience. This program is designed to target middle school students from low income communities and see what's it like to work in a specific industry for an entire day. It also focuses on financial literacy. In a small amount of time, it TRIES to bridge the gap. ~Atlanta, GA The school districts are working together and with other stakeholders to reach out to the poorest families to help connect them to services they need in order to help their students be successful for life. This includes access to health care, immunizations, library services for unincorporated areas served by the Elk Grove library, food, mental health referrals, and assistance with internet access. There is also a renewed intensive focus on supporting student social and emotional learning and opportunities to physical exercise. ~Elk Grove Village, IL

SECTION 6: BARRIERS TO SCHOOL SUCCESS BY INCOME

National Voices Project Page 42 BARRIERS TO SCHOOL SUCCESS FOR CHILDREN FROM LOW INCOME FAMILIES The proportions of respondents who perceive parents not graduating from high school and transportation problems as bigger barriers for children from low income families were higher for: Respondents in Place Matters communities vs. respondents in Comparative Communities African American respondents vs. multirace/other, Hispanic and White respondents only for transportation problems African American and White respondents vs. Hispanic and multi-race/other respondents only for parents not graduating from high school Respondents with some/many inequities in their communities vs respondents with few/ no inequities in their communities Respondents in segregated communities vs. respondents not in segregated communities Figure 2014-4.17: "Bigger Barriers" for Young Children from Low Income Families Being Successful in School 100% Place Matters, 2014 Comparative Communities, 2014 90% Place Matters, 2013 Place Matters, 2012 Comparative Communities, 2013 Comparative Communities, 2012 80% 70% 60% 50% 63% 66% 72% 59% 58% 63% 55% 52% 49% 47% 46% 40% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Parents themselves did not graduate from high schoolŧ Transportation problemsŧ Note: Response options included Bigger barrier for low income families, About equal and Bigger barrier for high income families ŧp<.05 for comparison of Place Matters respondents versus Comparative Communities across response options in 2014.

Page 43 The proportions of respondents who perceive lack of parental involvement and too few programs outside of school as bigger barriers for children from low income families were higher for: Respondents in Place Matters communities vs. respondents in Comparative Communities. Respondents with some/many inequities in their communities vs respondents with few/ no inequities in their communities Respondents in segregated communities vs. respondents not in segregated communities African American respondents vs. multi-race/ other, Hispanic and White respondents only for too few programs outside of school Figure 2014-4.18: "Bigger Barriers" for Young Children from Low Income Families Being Successful in School 100% Place Matters, 2014 Comparative Communities, 2014 90% 80% Place Matters, 2013 Place Matters, 2012 Comparative Communities, 2013 Comparative Communities, 2012 70% 63% 60% 50% 40% 53% 53% 48% 49% 52% 43% 40% 51% 33% 34% 34% 30% 20% 10% 0% Lack of parental involvement in children's educationŧ Too few programs outside of school*ŧ Note: Response options included Bigger barrier for low income families, About equal and Bigger barrier for high income families *P<.05 for comparison of Place Matters respondents vs. Comparative Communities across response options in 2012. ŧp<.05 for comparison of Place Matters respondents vs. Comparative Communities across response options in 2014.

National Voices Project Page 44 BARRIERS TO SCHOOL SUCCESS FOR TEENS FROM LOW INCOME FAMILIES The proportions of respondents who perceive parents not graduating from high school, lack of parental involvement and teenage pregnancy as bigger barriers for teens from low income families were higher for: Respondents in segregated communities vs. respondents not in segregated communities Respondents in Place Matters communities vs. respondents in Comparative Communities only for parents not graduating from high school and teen pregnancy Respondents with some/many inequities in their communities vs respondents with few/ no inequities in their communities Figure 2014-4.19: "Bigger Barriers" for Teens from Low Income Families to Graduating from High School 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% Place Matters, 2014 Comparative Communities, 2014 Place Matters, 2013 Comparative Communities, 2013 Place Matters, 2012 Comparative Communities, 2012 69% 58% 59% 60% 57% 58% 57% 53% 52% 50% 51% 47% 48% 45% 42% 45% 40% 36% 0% Parents themselves did not graduate from high schoolŧ Lack of parental involvement in teens' education Teen pregnancyŧ Note: Response options included Bigger barrier for low income families, About equal and Bigger barrier for high income families ŧp<.05 for comparison of Place Matters respondents versus Comparative Communities across response options in 2014.

Page 45 The proportions of respondents who perceive transportation problems, students being expelled or suspended too often and family financial problems as bigger barriers for teens from low income families were higher for: Respondents in Place Matters communities vs. respondents in Comparative Communities African American respondents vs. Hispanic, multi-race/other and White respondents only for transportation problems Respondents with some/many inequities in their communities vs respondents with few/ no inequities in their communities What is going on in your community? Attempting to increase minimum wage. Much of the inequality results from inequality in family incomes. Trying to get the minimum wage increased is a large effort to address this issue. Even so, wage inequality will continue to exist and put poorer people at a disadvantage. ~Seattle, WA Respondents in segregated communities vs. respondents not in segregated communities Figure 2014-4.20: "Bigger Barriers" for Teens from Low Income Families Graduating from High School 100% 90% 80% 70% Place Matters, 2014 Comparative Communities, 2014 Place Matters, 2013 Comparative Communities, 2013 Place Matters, 2012 Comparative Communities, 2012 69% 60% 50% 40% 58% 58% 46% 46% 47% 43% 42% 43% 41% 41% 43% 37% 57% 56% 51% 30% 20% 10% 0% Transportation problemsŧ Students are suspended or expelled too often*ŧ Family financial problemsŧ Note: Response options included Bigger barrier for low income families, About equal and Bigger barrier for high income families *P<.05 for comparison of Place Matters respondents vs. Comparative Communities across response options in 2012. ŧp<.05 for comparison of Place Matters respondents vs. Comparative Communities across response options in 2014.

FIGURE 2014-4.20: QUOTES FROM RESPONDENTS REGARDING EFFORTS TO ADDRESS INEQUITIES TAKING PLACE IN THEIR BEST KNOWN COMMUNITY