CHAPTER7 The Industrial Revolution Begins 1750-1850 1
I. Agricultural Revolution: A. Began w/ Enclosure Movement: 1702-1797 1. Laws that allowed wealthy landowners to fence -in lands previously used for free by all villagers, then rented these lands to the farmers. B. New inventions = bigger harvests; less labor Seed Drill Steel Plow Crop Rotation 2
Refer to Your Worksheet for this Graphic Organizer Enclosure Movement (Effects) Farmers & field hands Out of work= moved To the city (became Labor supply for factories Farm output rose Population rose because food became less expensive (created a surplus of food so it was cheaper) 3
Refer to Your Worksheet for this Graphic Organizer Crop rotation Dikes to reclaim land from the sea Agricultural Revolution New ways of Growing Food Used fertilizers to renew the soil Combined smaller fields into larger ones Seed Drill to deposit seeds in rows instead of scattering 4
c. Result: 1.farmers & laborers moved to cities for work (created labor supply for factories) 2. more food= growing population II. Industrial Revolution: A. Revolution= sudden or drastic change B. Reasons the Ind. Rev. was different: 1. economic not political 2. slow not sudden C. Began in Great Britain (1750-1850); spread to Europe & the US D. Ind. Rev= change from cottage industries to the factory system 5
E. Began in Great Britain: COAL F. Began in the Textile Industry & spread to Europe & the U.S. 6
Resources Coal Iron Ore Rivers for Transportation & Power Markets To Sell Goods Labor Supply Why the Revolution Began in Great Britain Entrepreneurs Capital $ Stable Government that supported Economic Growth 7
Invention of New Machines Make More Goods Prices of Goods Fall Demand For More Goods Grows Lower Prices Create More Consumers Chain Reaction 8
III. THE FACTORY SYSTEM: A. Replaced Cottage Industries (people working at home, paid piece meal) B. Replaced need for skilled labor with unskilled. Employees only needed to be able to do simple tasks, paid by the hour. C. Life in the Factory: 1. Owners had absolute control over employees 2. Lives of workers was governed by the clock 3. Men competed with women & children for jobs because they were paid much less 9
D. Conditions in Factories: 1. Poor Ventilation - led to lung & respiratory, diseases 2. Poor lighting - led to serious accidents 3. Hours- typically 12-16/day; 6 days/week 4. No benefits - medical, vacation or retirement 5. Supervisors could fine, beat, fire employees for being late, slow or disrespectful. 10
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E. Conditions at Home: 1. Often owned by the company (company towns) 2. Usually only 1-2 rooms shared by the entire family w/o plumbing 12
3. In cities: tenements were overcrowded, had poor sanitation (no sewers), & run down = results were epidemics of typhoid & cholera 13
F. Development of Middle Class: 1. Mostly well-educated professionals 2. Social class based on economic standing, not birth 3. Had more social & political influence 4. Seen as a step-ladder anyone could use G. Women in the Industrial Revolution 1. Served in domestic jobs (maids, nannies, cooks) 2. Worked in textile mills to supplement family income 3. Middle Class Women> tended to family matters 4. New jobs opened: secretaries, nurses, operators, teachers = led to more education for women 14
H. Efforts at Reform: 1. Poor Wages/Working Conditions led to rise of Labor Unions a)began with skilled workers b)techniques: strikes, collective bargaining c)illegal at first; members often fired, beaten and/or jailed. Finally legalized in some countries in the late 1800 s d)women began to demand the right to vote e)reformers fought to improve education for children & limiting child labor 15
IV. Economic Theories: Laissez-Faire & Utilitarianism A. Adam Smith: The Wealth of Nations: 1. Theory that 2 natural laws governed all business & economic activity: supply & demand and competition 2. System: Free Enterprise (or Laissez Faire- leave it alone ) 3. Believed the government should NOT interfere in matters of business 4. Role of Government: protect society from violence & injustice & provide some public ser vices. 5. Believed that people work best out of self interest which in turn serves the common good 6. Justification for Capitalism! 16
B. David Ricardo: Iron Law of Wages 1. Working class poverty is inevitable 2. Too many workers = low wages 3. Too few workers = higher wages C. Thomas Malthus- population vs. food Ricardo s solution Malthus 17C.
D. Utilitarianism believe in limited gov t in economy 1. Jeremy Bentham advocate of utilitarianism ; laws should be judged by their utility (how much good they do) 2. John Stuart Mill- gov t should prevent middle class from increasing their happiness at the expense of workers. 18
V. SOCIALISM A. Response to industrialization & poor working conditions. Believed greed was the root of man s suffering B. Socialism: 1. Government controls the means of production C. Utopianism(Robert Owen)- believed that owners did not have to be cruel to make a profit. Founder of cooperative communities where employees were treated well, given high wages, children educated, encourage unions etc. Unsuccessful until late 1800 s. 19
D. Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels: Communism 1. Wrote The Communist Manifesto 2. Extreme form of Socialism 3. Philosophy of to each according to his need, from each according to their ability 4. Marx theory: the history of man is that of class struggle between the proletariat (workers) & bourgeoisie (owners). Believed that in EVERY society, there would be a revolution in which the proletariat would violently overthrow the bourgeoisie & create a dictatorship of the proletariat or classless society in which everyone would jointly share. 5. NO private property; no religion; no $; no national boundaries 6. NO private enterprise. The government as an agent of the people would control ALL means of production. 20
E. Democratic Socialism: 1. Government gradually buys means of production & manages them. 2. People still have private property & may own some businesses 3. People control government officials through elections 21
CHAPTER 9 Life in the Industrial Age 1800-1914 22
I. NEW METHODS & BUSINESS ORGANIZATION: A. Capitalism & Changing Production Methods: 1. Characterized Western Europe & the US in the late 1800 s 2. Factory System & Mass Production used: a)unskilled labor b)the assembly line method c)interchangeable parts. d)results: lowered cost of production & increased profits 23
B. Old Business Organizations: 1. Proprietorship- 1 owner 2. Partnership - 2 owners 3. Owners personally responsible for debts C. Rise of Corporations: businesses raise money by selling stock to shareholders for a percentage of the profits. 1. Monopolies- complete control of the production of a single good/service 2. Cartel several industries work together to control price (Ex: OPEC) 3. Vertical Integration- Businesses that control every step in the manufacturing process, from raw material to finished product in the store. 24
D. Business Cycles: Industrial Revolution brought alternating periods of boom (prosperity) & bust (depression) 25
II. Advances in Science & Medicine: A. Advances in Biological Sciences: 1. Evolution & Genetics: a)charles Darwin - The Origin of Species. Theorized that all living things evolved from simpler life forms (theory of evolution) 26
b)greggor Mendel - concluded that characteristics are passed down from one generation to the next = Genetics - science of heredity. 2. Medical Advances: a)edward Jenner - discovered the small pox vaccine 27
b)pasteur - discovered bacteria (germs) & realized how diseases spread c)joseph Lister- developed antiseptics to kill germ that cause diseases d)1928: Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin 28
B. Physical Sciences: 1. John Dalton - discovered the atom, the basic building block of matter 2. Marie Curie - discovered radioactive particles (radium) 3. Albert Einstein - Theory of relativity, nothing moves faster than the speed of light (E=mc ) 29
C. Social Sciences in the Industrial Age: 1. Sociology: study of human group behavior a. Auguste Comte: suggested that societies operated by laws that could be understood & studied scientifically. b. Herbert Spencer: Social Darwinism = survival of the fittest Said human society evolved through natural selection just like animals do 2. Psychology: studies the mind & individual behavior a. Ivan Pavlov: discovered conditioned reflexes. Some behaviors are automatic 30
b. Sigmund Freud- ~Father of modern psychiatry ~Behavior is governed by the unconscious mind (ID, EGO, & SUPEREGO) ~theories led to psychoanalysis which determines why people act as they do 31
III. Literature, Music, & Art: A. Romanticism: replaced classicism 1. artistic work that appealed to the imagination & focused on the individual; values emotion & instinct 2. Literature: expressed a love of nature, beauty & liberty. Themes dominated by the past & the Middle Ages a)dumas (3 Musketeers), Victor Hugo (Hunchback of Notre Dame), James Fennimore Cooper (Last of the Mohicans), Brothers Grimm (fairy tales), Sir Walter Scott (Ivanhoe) 32
3. Music: Beethoven, Tchaikovsky, Verdi & Chopin (includes symphonies, operas, & ballots) 4. Painting: Delacroix 33
D. Rise of Realism: effort to show life the way it really was: 1. Writers: Charles Dickens, Leo Tolstoy, Mark Twain & Zola & Victor Hugo (Les Miserables), E. Impressionism: tried to capture the momentary impression (snap shot/glimpse) a subject had on the senses (Renoir & Monet) 34
F. Post-Impressionism- painters experimented with color & form (Van Gogh & Gauguin) 35