Chapter 9 Section 1 The Beginnings of Industrialization
Industrialization begins in Great Britain Took place between 1760 1840 Before the I.R. hands did most of the work By the mid 1700 s, began using machines to do more jobs Had both good and bad results Improved life but caused suffering
Agricultural Revolution Paves the Way In the 1700 s, small farms covered England s landscape Wealthy landowners began buying most of the land and forced small farmers to become tenant farmers or move to the cities
Agricultural Revolution Paves the Way Began using enclosures, became more productive, and improved farming Scientific farmers began using crop rotation and livestock breeding As the food supply increased, living conditions grew England s population grew
Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in England? Abundant natural resources A favorable geography A good banking system Political stability Expanding the economy
Chapter 9 Section 2 Industrialization
Industrialization Changes Life The I.R. affected every part of life in Great Britain but proved to be a mixed blessing Rapid industrialization brought jobs, but it also caused poor working conditions, pollution, child labor and class tensions
Living Conditions The biggest challenge was the massive move from rural farms to the city London became the largest city in Europe England s cities grew so rapidly they had no developed plans for building or sanitation codes
Problems Soot and smoke hang over the city all the time Alleys collect filth and excrement no sewer system Disease was rampant
Problems 4. Miserable living conditions dark, dirty and cramped Lacked adequate housing, education and police protection Merchant and factory owners lived in large homes in suburbs
Working Conditions Average worker 14 hour days for 6 days Work in very dangerous conditions, with no government aid if injured Worst place to work was the coalmines Children worked long hours and were useful because of their size Women and children were the cheapest labor
Class Tensions Grew Between Middle and Lower Classes Middle class factory owners, merchants, gov t employees, doctors, etc All enjoyed a comfortable standard of living Working class factory workers who saw little improvement in living or working conditions
Chapter 9 Section 4 Reforming the Industrial World
The Philosophers of Industrialization Business believed government should stay out of economic affairs Reformers believed government should help the poor
Adam Smith Believed government shouldn t interfere in business Three Natural Laws of Economics Law of self interest Law of competition Law of supply and demand
Thomas Malthus Argued the population increased more rapidly than the food supply Most were destined to be poor David Riccardo Believed wages would be forced down as population increased
All favored capitalism and opposed government efforts to help poor workers because it would upset the free market system
Jeremy Bentham Utilitarianism people should judge ideas and actions on the basis of their usefulness John Stuart Mill wanted government to do away with great differences in wealth and questioned unregulated capitalism
Robert Owen built a community for his workers with good housing, good working conditions and free schooling Charles Fourier & Saint Simon Socialism argued the government should control the economy
Karl Marx and Frederick Engels Wrote the Communist Manifesto Theorized that economic forces are key to understanding history Society has a class struggle between two groups The haves bourgeoisie - upper class The have-nots proletariat - working class
Karl Marx and Frederick Engels He predicted the proletariat would overthrow the bourgeoisie They would united and create a classless society