CHAPTER 22
SECTION 1: MOVING TOWARD CONFLICT PAGE 730 Main Idea: America gets involved in Vietnam to stop the spread of communism TERMS AND NAMES: Ho Chi Minh Ngo Dinh Diem Vietcong Vietminh domino theory Dien Blen Phu Ho Chi Min Trail Tonkin Gulf Resolution Geneva Accords
WAR BEGINS France-Japan-France ruled Indochina (Vietnam, Cambodia, & Laos) Ho Chi Minh = leader of the Indochinese Communist Party & later Northern part of Vietnam. Vietminh = Vietnamese Communist & nationalist groups who fought for Vietnamese independence
WAR BEGINS USA sent economic aid from 1950-1975. USA sent troops from 1965-1973 Domino Theory = idea that a nation falls under communism, near by nations will fall too. French get out of war after Dien Bien Phu = French post in northwestern Vietnam that was taken over by Vietminh.
WAR BEGINS Geneva Accords = peace agreement that divided Vietnam at the 17 th parallel until unification elections in 1956. North = Communist South = non-communist
NGO DINH DIEM South Vietnamese President Corrupt, cancelled unification elections and executed opponents. Jailed Buddhist monks, destroyed Buddhist temples. Buddhist monks protested by burning themselves.
CHAPTER 22 Vietcong (VC) = South Vietnamese communist who fought against South Vietnam, with the support of North Vietnam. National Liberation Front (NLF) Ho Chi Minh Trail = trails used by North Vietnam to transport supplies to the Vietcong in South Vietnam.
CHAPTER 22 August 2, 1964 North Vietnam attacks USS Maddox & losses, Later another attacked occurred & Presidents Johnson finally ordered to bomb North Vietnam. Tonkin Gulf Resolution = contract by Congress that allowed the president to wage war in Vietnam. USA fully in Vietnam to contain Communism.
SECTION 2: US INVOLVEMENT INCREASES PAGE 736 Main Idea: The United States involvement in Vietnam quickly turns into a stalemate. TERMS AND NAMES: Robert McNamara Napalm Dean Rusk Agent Orange William Westmorland Credibility Gap Search-and-destroy missions ARVN
VIETNAM FOREIGN-POLICY ADVISORS Robert McNamara = Secretary of Defense that resigned in 1968 Clark Clifford = replaced Robert McNamara as Secretary of Defense in 1968 Dean Rusk = Secretary of State
CHAPTER 22 General William Westmoreland = Commander of USA in South Vietnam, that kept requesting more troops. Tactics: wear enemy down by harassment, & destroy morale Started body count
VIETCONG S SURVIVAL Lacked high power weaponry, unless stole from dead USA troops Used hit & run tactics, knowledge of jungle terrain, booby traps, land mines USA could not tell friend or foe Elaborate underground tunnel system. Homes, hospitals, storage
USA SOLDIERS SURVIVAL Dealt with hot weather & leeches Strategy: keep South Vietnamese on USA side & not Vietcong. Napalm = gasoline bomb that set fire to jungle Agent Orange = toxic chemical that destroyed jungle landscaping
USA SOLDIERS SURVIVAL Morale low: alcoholism, drugs, & murder Search-and-Destroy Missions = uprooting villagers with suspected ties to Vietcong Killed livestock Burned villages
USA SOLDIERS SURVIVAL Ideas split some patriotic & some not POW: tortured & confined Gerald Coffee = POW for 7 years, finally released in 1973.
USA DURING VIETNAM WAR: SOCIETY Inflation & taxes rose Great Society programs reduced TV media repeatedly showed stories of Vietnam War, that contradicted government. Credibility Gap = public distrust of statements made by government
USA DURING VIETNAM WAR: DRAFT Created draft lottery system, because of the imbalance in the original draft. Most lower class people were being picked. Some people volunteered or proudly accepted their draft papers. Other people avoided the draft Medical excuses Enrolling in college & had good academic standing Change residence Joined National Guard or Coast Guard Fled to Canada & Mexico
USA DURING VIETNAM WAR: OPPOSITION Protest formed all over dividing the country into supporters & nonsupporters. Doves = person who opposed Vietnam War & thought USA should withdraw Hawks = person who supported Vietnam War & thought USA should increase military force.
USA DURING VIETNAM WAR: OPPOSITION New Left = youth-dominated political movement of the 1960 s, embodied such groups as Students for a Democratic Society & Free Speech movement. Students for Democratic Society = New Left group that called for greater individual freedom & responsibility. Free Speech Movement = New Left group that clashed between students & administrators at colleges.
USA DURING VIETNAM WAR: OPPOSITION Protest music formed: Eve of Destruction People burned draft papers at protest David Harris = served 20 months in jail for refusal to serve in Vietnam Reasons for protest: Vietnam was a civil war USA cannot police the world War draining USA economy
CHAPTER 22 Tet = Vietnamese New Year Tet Offensive = surprise attack of Vietcong on South Vietnamese towns in 1968 on day of Tet
1968 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION Johnson announced he would not run. Hubert Humphrey = won the Democratic primary election against Eugene McCarthy & lost presidential election against Richard Nixon.
1968 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION George Wallace = ran in presidential election on American Independent Party ticket Reasons Nixon won: Democratic party split vote Riots formed with Democratic party Yippies = republicans promoted & provoked violence that made democrats look bad.
VIETNAMIZATION Gradual withdrawal of USA troops & their replacement with South Vietnamese forces. Started withdrawing in August 1969
USA REACTS TO NIXON S PRESIDENCY WITH VIETNAM Silent Majority = Americans who quietly supported the Vietnam War My Lai Massacre = March 16, 1968 troops entered My Lai village rounded up villagers & shot them.
USA REACTS TO NIXON S PRESIDENCY WITH VIETNAM April 30,1970 USA troops invaded Cambodia to Clear out North Vietnamese & Vietcong. Caused massive protest, to where Colleges had to close down.
USA REACTS TO NIXON S PRESIDENCY WITH VIETNAM Protest occurred all over. Kent State & Jackson State ended up burning buildings, National Guard came out, killed & wounded protesters when a riot broke.
USA REACTS TO NIXON S PRESIDENCY WITH VIETNAM Pentagon Papers = 1971 document that leaked to the press by Daniel Ellsberg, which revealed the USA government had not been honest about its intentions in Vietnam War.
CHAPTER 22 Henry Kissinger = Nixon s National Security Advisor on Vietnam. Expert in international relations & announced peace is at hand
END OF VIETNAM WAR FOR USA Christmas Bombings = USA bombed Hanoi & Haiphong for 11 days, 100, 000 bombs except on Christmas as a final shot. January 27, 1973 USA & Vietnam form an agreement to end the war March 29, 1973 last USA troops leave
CHAPTER 22 March of 1975, North Vietnamese attack South Vietnam. USA only sent money no troops to help. Vietnam soon after became communist. Khmer Rouge = communist group that seized power in Cambodia in 1975.
VIETNAM WARS LEGACY: TROOPS Veterans coming home faced: hostility & bitterness when returned home. Delayed stress syndrome Recurring nightmares Migraines Memory lapse Highly apathetic Committed suicide Turned to alcohol & drugs
VIETNAM WARS LEGACY: TROOPS USA troops: 58,000 dead & 365,000 wounded. Vietnam Veterans Memorial = located in Washington D.C., built in 1982, 2 granite walls with the names of the dead & missing in action of the Vietnam War.
VIETNAM WARS LEGACY: GOVERNMENT War Powers Act = limited president s right to send troops into battle without consulting congress. Troops can only remain for 90 days without congress consent.
COPY & ANSWER Short Answer Name 4 things USA soldiers dealt with or did to survive Vietnam Essay Explain the legacies that Vietnam left behind for the USA. (give at least 6 examples)