W.W.II Part 2 Chapter 25
Warm-Up 4/12/2018 What battles were the turning points of W.W.II? In Europe? In the Pacific?
I. Europe first (U.S. strategy) A. U.S. and G. Britain attacked Germans in North Africa 1. Patton U.S. commander v. Rommel German commander 2. Germans surrender at Tunisia and El Alamein in Egypt B. Goal in Europe: 1. Capture Berlin 2. Demand unconditional surrender C. First strategy to achieve goal: 1. Invade Sicily from No. Africa (island off coast of Italy) 2. Try to get to Germany through Italy
D. 1942***Battle of Stalingrad: turning point of war in Europe 1. Russians defeated Germans 2. Russians shot if surrendered 3. Germans never recovered Note: In all of W.W. II, Russians killed 2/3 of German army. E. 1943: 1. Italian troops surrendered 2. Americans began bombing Germany from England
F. 1944: 1. FDR elected to 4 th term 2. D-Day (June 6) a. G.B. U.S. and Canada attacked coast in northern France: Normandy Beach b. Largest combined air and water military attack in history (4600 ships ) c. Leader: Dwight D. Eisenhower 3. After D-Day, a. American troops walked across Europe freeing Netherlands, Paris, and other French towns. b. Battle of the Bulge: Bastogne, Belgium 1. Last German offensive surprised Americans in woods (tanks) - 2. Largest land battle of the war
G. 1945: 1. Russians captured Berlin 2. Russians and Americans freed prisoners - concentration camps 3. Yalta Conference: Feb. a. Roosevelt U.S. ; Churchill G. Britain; Stalin U.S.S.R. b. Eastern European countries to Stalin promised free elections to form democracies 1. Poland, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania 2. Broke pledge forced communist governments in countries with violence 3. Set up distrust of Stalin and the communists = Cold War c. Divided Germany into four zones 4. Germany surrendered in May, 1945
II. War in the Pacific: A. Goal: to reach Tokyo B. Strategy: island hopping C. 1941: Pearl Harbor D. 1941-42: Battle of Philippines 1. 10,000 Am. captured 2. Bataan Death March a. 5,000 died on march to POW camps b. Bushido Code of Samurai Warrior 1. Reason for brutal treatment of POWS 2. Those who surrender do not deserve to live
E. 1942: 1. Battle of Midway: turning point of the war in Pacific a. Decoded Japanese message b. Deceived with false message c. Total battle from aircraft carriers d. U.S. sank 4 Japanese a/c carriers e. Japan never recovered 2. Battle of Coral Sea: a. U.S. saved Australia from Japanese invasion 3. Battle of Guadalcanal: First defeat of Japan on land a. America lost 2,000 Japan lost 24,000
F. 1943: 1. Battle of Leyte Gulf: a. Largest naval battle in history b. Japanese first use kamikazes G. 1945: 1. FDR died: Harry S. Truman became president 2. Tokyo bombing raids 3. Battle of Okinawa a. Fighting from caves and bunkers b. U.S. losses: 80,000 c. 30 ships sank by kamikazes
4. Philippines retaken by U.S. a. General MacArthur b. 60,000 Am casualties 5. Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki a. Military led country: Bushido Code = no surrender 1. Kidnapped emperor would not allow him to surrender 2. Told every man, woman and child to fight to the death when Americans invaded b. Pres. Truman estimated from reports that dropping bomb would prevent a land invasion and save 1. 2 million Japanese lives and 1 million American lives 6. Japan surrendered August 14, 1945
III. Americans during War: A. Problem solvers: 1. Battlefield: a. Problem: U.S. soldiers stranded without commanders b. Solution: Invented solutions when stranded without leaders to complete assigned mission (German soldiers waited for commands from leaders) 2. Homefront: a. Problem: Time of Pearl Harbor attack U.S. Army ranked 17 th in world in size - behind Poland s army Solution: Arsenal of Democracy (Only country to do this) 1. Factories produced war material: a. 300,000 planes c. 20 million rifles
b. Problem: Needed workers on homefront men at war Solution: Women and minorities went to work Imported workers from Mexico c. Problem: Army needed supplies Solution: U.S. rationed supplies 1. Gas: A sticker = 3 gallons a week B sticker = essential war people C sticker = doctors (made house calls) 2. Food rationed: bought with stamps
IV. American society: A. Music and dance: Swing B. Sports: boxing and baseball C. Stars in windows: 1. Gold Star: family member died in war 2. Blue Star: family member fighting in war