Name Date Per Vietnam Before WWII During the early 1900s, nationalism was strong in. As the Vietnamese sought or reform of the colonial government, several political parties formed. One of the leaders of the nationalist movement was who, during his travels to the Soviet Union, had become an advocate of. Under Japanese Control In 1930 Ho Chi Minh helped form the Indochinese & worked to overthrow the French. Ho Chi Minh was exiled to the Soviet Union and China. Upon his return to Vietnam in, Japan had control of the country ( ). He organized nationalist group, Vietminh, which united Communists & non-communists to force Japan out. Under French Control Again With the Allies victory over Japan in 1945, Ho Chi Minh and his forces declared Vietnam an. But France sent in troops to regain its colonial empire. backed because we didn't want Vietnam to be Communist Domino Theory The United States, under Truman and Eisenhower, supported the French military. Eisenhower defended the United States policy in Vietnam with the the belief that if Vietnam fell to communism, other nations in Southeast Asia would do the same. was created in French Have Difficulties Despite aid from the United States, the French struggled against the Vietminh. They frequently used the tactics of, or irregular troops who usually blend into civilian population and are for regular armies to. They used hit-and-run and ambush tactics. Geneva Accords By 1954 the Vietminh force the French to make peace and withdraw from. Negotiations to end the conflict, called the Geneva Accords, divided Vietnam along the parallel, with Ho Chi Minh and the Vietminh controlling Vietnam and a pro-western regime in Vietnam. The Accords also recognized s independence. Tensions Escalate In 1956 elections were held to form a single government. The United States stepped in to protect the new government in the South led by Ngo Dinh, a pro- Westerner and. The tension between North and South Vietnam escalated with the United States caught in the. Truman Doctrine Stated in the, the United States would have to step in here. This was our major for U.S. foreign policy during the Cold War Tensions continue to Escalate After Ngo Dinh Diem refused to hold national elections, Ho Chi Minh and his followers created a new guerrilla army known as the. Their goal was to and Vietnam. The continued to to South Vietnam. Diem is Disliked The unpopularity of South Vietnam s President Diem increased because his government was, and he discriminated against, one of the country s most widely practiced religions.
Monks publicly to protest corrupt Southern government Diem was overthrown and later. forcing the United States to become more. Johnson s War After Kennedy s assassination, President Lyndon inherited the problem of Vietnam. At first, President Johnson was regarding Vietnam, yet he was determined to prevent South Vietnam from becoming. Politically, Democrats needed to keep South Vietnam from becoming Communist, or Republicans would. Gulf of Tonkin On August 2, 1964, President Johnson announced that North Vietnamese torpedo boats fired on two American destroyers in the. A similar attack reportedly occurred two days later. The Senate and the House passed the on August 7, 1964, authorizing the president to take all to repel any armed. Authorized the President to take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States and to prevent any further aggression. This essentially gives the Operation Rolling Thunder After the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution was passed, the Vietcong began attacking bases where American advisers were stationed in South Vietnam. After an attack in February 1965, Johnson ordered massive bombing in North Vietnam Increased American Involvement While the polls showed that Johnson s approval rating had increased, some dissenters in the White House warned that if the United States became too involved, it would be difficult to get out. In March 1965, however, Johnson American involvement, and American soldiers were fighting alongside the South Vietnamese troops against the. The Draft million men were drafted for the Vietnam Conflict Methods of War Viet Cong Ambushes, Tunnels, Booby Traps, Guerrilla Tactics Blended in with general population Trail that the Viet Cong used to transport arms and supplies to armies in the South; transported through various countries via the jungle Where Are They? The lived amongst the people, so it was hard to tell who was friend or foe The Vietcong also had elaborate networks of These tunnels could withstand airstrikes, help them launch surprise attacks and then disappear. Even fought for the Viet Cong. American Tactics By 1965 some American combat troops were fighting in Vietnam, with the number doubling by. Many Americans believed they in Vietnam. To take Vietcong s hiding places away, American planes dropped, a jellied gasoline that explodes on contact, and, a chemical that strips leaves from trees and shrubs. Farmlands and forests were turned into wastelands. Search and Missions US soldiers (esp. ) Killing suspected Vietcong members & their livestock & burning their villages Bringing the enemy into the open to fight by bombing and cutting off supply lines Many villagers fled to refugee camps (over 3 million people) in S. Vietnam
Napalm Jellied gasoline that explodes on contact - extremely flammable! Painful weapon that can generate temperatures in excess of Agent Orange Herbicide (plant killer) used by the U.S. during the Vietnam War Strips plants of leaves; ruins farmland and destroys jungle (important in the thick jungle areas of Vietnam) An estimated 21,136,000 gal. of Agent Orange was sprayed across South Vietnam 4.8 million Vietnamese people were exposed to Agent Orange, resulting in 400,000 and, and 500,000 children born with Vietcong Stamina Americans the Vietcong s strength, stamina, and morale. Johnson refused to order full invasion of North Vietnam, fearing would get involved in war. President Johnson also refused to allow a full-scale attack on the Vietcong s supply line, known as the. This made winning difficult. As American casualties increased, many American citizens began the United States involvement in the war Body Count Tallies Westmoreland s strategy was attrition destroy their morale and wear them down He also introduced the idea of a body count to encourage his men and discourage the enemy The US viewed Vietnam as a military struggle the Vietcong viewed Vietnam as a battle for there very existence American Difficulties We were fighting a guerilla war in territory. The South Vietnamese government we were defending was very. We could win every battle and still lose the. U.S. bombing raids only people against the South Vietnamese government. Sinking Morale Troops eventually became frustrated because of: Guerilla warfare Harsh Jungle Conditions Making no headway against the enemy Coping with War Many troops turned to: Alcohol, drugs, prostitution, infighting among their own men Overview of the Protest Movement The antiwar movement gained momentum in 1965, when President Lyndon B. Johnson ordered massive U.S. military intervention and the sustained bombing of North Vietnam. In the spring of 1965, "teach-ins" against the war were held on many college campuses. (SDS) organized the first national antiwar demonstration in Washington; 20,000 people, mainly students, attended. Origins of the Movement The boom of the led to a dramatic increase in enrollment. College gave young people opportunity to share their and about the future with others. UC Berkeley A group of activists at the University of California at began the Movement. The group, disgruntled by several practices at the university, staged a at the building.
Freedom of Speech After some protesters were, a campus-wide stopped classes for days. The administration to the student s demands, and the Supreme Court validated the student s rights to of and assembly on campus. The Berkeley revolt became the for college around the country. The Draft Young protestors focused their attention on what they felt was an system. While college students could delay military service until, those with income and limited were called to. As a result,, especially Americans, were called to. Many draftees to serve. Others moved to and other nations. Doves vs Hawks By 1968 the nation seemed divided into two camps the doves and the hawks. Doves Hawks Counterculture Some young Americans did not challenge the system. wanted to create their. The, or hippies, were mostly youths from - and upperclass backgrounds. lived a life that promoted dress, music, use, and and independent living. Hippies a society that was, closer to full of,,, and. rejected, many embraced hair, Native American, shabby, and were common. Bright Colors During the beginning of the hippie subculture, the drug of choice at the time was. Using LSD was inspired by the use of by Americans in the Southwest. In addition, the Native American s dress of bright colors inspired the clothing of the hippies Drug Culture Drugs like and were a big part of the hippy/counterculture movement. Using drugs made hippies feel like they were from mainstream society. Woodstock -Over 500,000 people arrived to hear the most and bands of the era. Music festival in that lasted days For thousands who couldn t even hear the music it was a. Meager resources were with everyone. Many people at Woodstock used drugs Communes or arrangements in which members everything and worked together, were formed as hippies dropped out of society. One of the most popular hippie destinations was the district in. Hippie Decline The counterculture, as some hippie communities became a place where activity was common. Drug use declined as the excitement faded and as more young people became or from overdoses.
Credibility Gap When American troops entered the Vietnam War, many Americans the effort. As the war drag on, public support. Americans began to the and believed a had developed, making it difficult to what the administration said about the war. TV War Government said we were winning but saw on TV that was not true. 1968 Tet Offensive The year 1968 began with a by the and the North Vietnamese army on numerous cities. The simultaneous strikes, while in military for the Communist guerillas, the American public. That same year Robert and were assassinated Both sides agreed to a to celebrate the New Year. Vietcong launched major on over cities and U.S. air bases that lasted month Militarily it was a for the. defeat for the The credibility gap increased as the US continued to lose. Turning Point in the 60s After the Tet Offensive, for the war tells the nation that he will run for wins the election, promises to War Nixon Takes Office 1969 In 1969, Nixon announced the U.S. troop from Vietnam. However, as Nixon pulled out the troops, he the against North Vietnam, a policy that some critics would charge the war for several more Vietnamization talks but no agreement who should Vietnam -Nixon s plan to the war withdrawal of US, would take on more combat roles Nixon in the White House with -maintain US during the withdrawal. Nixon ordered the bombing of and which held a number of Vietcong soldiers Anti-War Feelings In 1969 Americans learned of a 1968 event that further increased their feelings that this was a war. Massacre- US troops were ordered to find in the. Vietcong were found, troops shot people. Kent State Nixon invades students and held the nation s 1st general student. million students closed down campuses -students protesting the war and entrance into sent in and killed students
Pentagon Papers 1970 Congress the due to escalation of the war- -Secret documents about the war. Confirmed the. about the war Showed to the even though promised he would not a plan to the war as long as the persisted American leaves in 1973 U.S. signed an Agreement on the and Restoring in Vietnam Conditions U.S. to all North could troops already in Vietnam would war For the war ends in Finally a united Vietnam more of fighting continued. attacks and the. South s capital of is renamed Fall of Saigon April 30, US abandons its Impact Vietnam under Vietnamese Americans killed wounded $ U.S. spent funding the war Changed about war 26th Amendment - lowered Impact -president Congress in hrs if troops sent into areas without of May not stay for more than days unless 2,583 American POWs / MIAs still for today. Lessons for Future Presidents 1. must be of duration. 2. Wars must yield American. 3. to battlefields. 4. Develop and and. 5. Set clear,. 6. Set for troop.