Integrating Immigrants in Germany

Integrating Immigrants in Germany Presentation at the International Conference INTEGRATING NEW IMMIGRANTS European experiences CERMES, Sofia 17.05.08 Dr. Vera Gerling Querstr. 29 44139 Dortmund

Outline 1. Immigrants in Germany: Migration History, Groups and Life Circumstances 2. Migration and Integration Policy in Germany 3. Exemplary Illustration of Models of Good Practice 3.1 Language and Orientation Classes: New Immigrants 3.2 Education: Children with a Migration Background 3.3 Care System: Minority Ethnic Elders 4. Conclusion / Perspectives: Don ts in Integration Work 5. Sources 2

1. Immigrants in Germany: Migration History (1) 19 th and first half of 20 th century: Germany a country of emigration 1945 1949: immigration of 12 million displaced persons, refugees and repatriates to West and East German territory West Germany (FRG): since 1950s important country of immigration 1964: 1.2 million foreigners (2.1%); 2007: 6.7 million foreigners (8.2%) labour recruitment (so-called guest workers ) (1955 Italy, 1960 Spain & Greece, 1961 Turkey, 1963 Morocco, 1964 Portugal, 1965 Tunisia, 1986 Yugoslavia) 1973 labour recruitment stop: decline of foreign employees but only slight decline of foreign population in general; unifications of foreign families from 1987 increase of immigration due to asylum seekers, fall of the Iron Curtain, war in Yugoslavia, situation in Turkey, and short-term rise of new guest workers from Eastern Europe after Germanys re-unification Source: Özcan & Grimbacher 2007; Gerling 2001 3

1. Immigrants in Germany: Migration History (2) East Germany (GDR): recruitment of so-called contract workers (1965 Poland, 1967 Hungary, 1979 Mozambique, 1980 Vietnam) concentration on limited periods 1989: 190 000 foreigners (90 000 contract workers of whom 60 000 Vietnamese) (Spät-)Aussiedler ethnic Germans, so-called (late) repatriates: important source of immigration, not registered as foreigners, but as German citizens countries: Central and Eastern Europe and former Soviet Union 1950 1987: 1.4 million Aussiedler, primarily from Poland and Rumania 1988 2005: 3 million Spätaussiedler ; decline since mid 1990s Source: Özcan & Grimbacher 2007; Gerling 2001 4

1. Immigrants in Germany: Migration History (3) Source: Özcan & Grimbacher 2007 5

1. Immigrants in Germany: Migration History (4) Source: Özcan & Grimbacher 2007 6

1. Immigrants in Germany: Groups (1) statistical limitations: official statistics identify foreigners, i.e. persons without German citizenship excluded are naturalised immigrants or migrants with German passports such as repatriates new definition since 2005: persons with a migration background groups: foreigners born abroad, foreigners born in Germany, naturalised citizens and their offspring, repatriates (illegal immigrants not listed) some groups have experienced migration themselves, others not - being second or third-generations of descendants of immigrants according to microcensus data, there are 15.1 million people with a migration background in Germany (18,4% of total population) in 2006 these comprise 7.3 million foreigners (8.9%), and 7.9 million migrated Germans (9,5%) Source: Özcan & Grimbacher 2007; Statistisches Bundesamt 2008 7

1. Immigrants in Germany: Groups (2) 10.4 million people have experienced migration themselves (2/3 of population with a migration background) compared to German population, the one with a migration background has younger age structure (33,8 years vs. 44,6 years), higher amounts of men (50,8% vs. 48,5%) and is more often unmarried (45,3% vs. 38,1%) 59.5% from European countries, 23,5% from the 25 EU member states 11 largest countries of origin: Turkey (14.2% of all immigrated people), Russian Federation (8.4%), Poland (6.9%), Italy (4.1%), Serbia and Montenegro (3.4%), Kazakhstan (3.3%), Rumania (3.0%) Croatia (2.5%), Greece and Bosnia and Herzegovina (both 2.2%) Ukraine (1.9%) 95.9%: area of former West Germany and Berlin under five years: 1/3 are children with a migration background more than 2/3 of foreign population stem from former labour recruitment countries Source: Statistisches Bundesamt 2008; Özcan & Grimbacher 2007 8

1. Immigrants in Germany: Groups (3) Source: Statistisches Bundesamt 2006 9

1. Immigrants in Germany: Groups (4) Source: Özcan & Grimbacher 2007 10

1. Immigrants in Germany: Age Structure Source: Statistisches Bundesamt 2008 11

1. Immigrants in Germany: Spatial Distribution Source: Statistisches Bundesamt 2008 12

1. Immigrants in Germany: Life Circumstances (1) very heterogeneous groups and thus differing life circumstances average duration of stay in Germany: 18.8 years compared to German population larger average household size (G: 2.0 vs. M: 2.5) less single household forms (G: 20,0% ; M: 11,5%), classical family form more often (G: 37,0% vs. 58,4%) lower education levels (9.4% no formal graduation from school, 33.8% no formal training qualification G: 1,5% and 19,1%) higher amounts of unemployed (25-65 - G: 6.9%; M 12.5%) and of workers (G: 24.9%; M 46.6%) lower living space per person (G: 45.9 m²; M 31.1 m²) higher amounts of rented flats (G: 48.3%; M: 71.3%), higher average rent per m² weighted per capita income 78,8% of German population health: higher risks of children and teenagers with a migration background (Survey KiGGS), worse health status of minority ethnic elders; poor data Source: Statistisches Bundesamt 2008, Die Beauftragte der Bundesregierung für Migration, Flüchtlinge und Integration, 2007; Gerling 2008 13

2. Migration and Integration Policy in Germany (1) Germany is not a country of immigration : for a long period principle of Germanys basic policy towards foreigners shortfalls of integration chronic state of surprise Citizenship: until 1993, foreigners generally not entitled to German citizenship 1993 reform of the Nationality Act with a right to naturalisation 2000 adoption of New Nationality Act: right of naturalisation prerequisites: 8 years legal and permanent residency in Germany, proof of adequate fluency of German, no criminal record, allegiance to the constitution and an independent source of livelihood children of foreign parents can acquire German citizenship at birth (ius soli) naturalisations: until 1990, between 10,000 and 20,000 foreigners annually; since then rising numbers, highest peak in 2000 (186,688), 2005: 117,241; largest group of Turkish origin Source: Özcan & Grimbacher 2007 ; Federal Ministry of the Interior, 2005 14

2. Migration and Integration Policy in Germany (2) Immigration: New Immigration Act 2005: legislative framework for controlling and restricting immigration as a whole and measures to promote integration of legal immigrants significant changes: former five types of residence permits reduced to two (the temporary residence permit and the permanent settlement permit) one application process for residence and work permit ban on recruiting unskilled, semi-skilled and skilled workers remains in effect promotion of immigration of highly skilled and self-employed persons all new legal immigrants are to be offered integration measures leaders of banned organisations can be expelled (security) Source: Federal Ministry of the Interior, 2005 15

2. Migration and Integration Policy in Germany (3) Integration: period of recruitment: consensus, that employment and residence was temporary and integration partial mid 1970s: gradual recognition that not all guest workers would go back; settlement process was under way 1978: installation of the office of a Commissioner for the Promotion of Integration of Foreign Employees and their Families; integration of migrants was officially and recognised as necessary; but still denial of the immigration situation by Federal Government 2000: new law on citizenship 2005: new immigration law today integration policy based on the principle of offering more support for integration efforts while making requirements stricter Source: Federal Ministry of the Interior 2005, European Foundation 2007 16

2. Migration and Integration Policy in Germany (4) immigrants are required to learn German and to know and respect the basic values of German society German society has to give immigrants equal treatment and equal access to all important areas of society, politics and the economy core element of federal measures is the integration course with a total of 630 lessons (600 lessons language and 30 lessons so-called orientation class, i.e. aspects of German law, history and culture) reorganisation of previous nonuniform federal support nation-wide programme intended to better co-ordinate integration measures offered at the federal, state and local level Source: Federal Ministry of the Interior, 2005 17

2. Migration and Integration Policy in Germany (5) special integration courses for female immigrants projects to support the integration of foreigners and ethnic German repatriates (for instance by model projects) (500 projects in 2006) migration counselling (mainly by welfare associations) 2006: 50.000 60.000 re-organisation of the former Federal Office for the Recognition of Foreign Refugees to a competence centre for migration and refugees (Federal Office for Migration and Refugees) Federal Government Commissioner for Migration, Refugees and Integration (since 2005: Maria Böhmer, CDU); Role: to promote the integration of foreigners, assist the Federal Government in developing integration policy, monitor immigration trends adoption of National Integration Plan (2007) Source: Federal Ministry of the Interior, 2005; Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge 2006 18

2. Migration and Integration Policy in Germany (6) National Integration Plan (2007): coordinated by Commissioner Böhmer, new approach of integration policy two integration summits (14.7.06 & 12.7.2007) concomitant dialogue with migrant organisations goals: better co-ordination of all state activities; focus on competencies instead of deficits, better integration of second and third-generations of descendants of immigrants recommendations of working groups covering following fields: (1) improving integration courses, (2) early promotion of German, (3) securing education and improving job market chances, (4) improving life situation of girls and women, (5) supporting integration at local level, (6) strengthen intercultural competencies, (7) integration through sports, (8) media using diversity Source: Die Beauftragte der Bundesregierung für Migration, Flüchtlinge und Integration, 2007 19

2. Migration and Integration Policy in Germany (7) Stakeholders of Integration in Germany: federal state: legal framework and different ministries and commissioners (mainly Federal Ministry of the Interior - BMI, Federal Office for Migration and Refugees - BAMF, Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs BMA, Federal Minsitry of Family, Senior Citizenss, Women and Youth BMFSFJ, Federal Government Commissioner for Migration, Refugees and Integration, Federal Government Commissioner for Repatriates and National Minorities) Länder - States: for instance Ministry for Intergenerational Affairs, Family, Women and Integration of the State of North Rhine-Westphalia (MGFFI NRW), relevant ministries for school and education local authorities and respective organisations of counties, municipalities and cities (Deutscher Landkreistag, Deutscher Städtetag und Deutscher Städte- und Gemeindebund) 6 welfare associations (Caritas, AWO, Diakonie, DPWV, German Red Cross, Jew.ZWST) voluntary organisations and migrant self organisations foundations (such as Bertelsmann-Stiftung, Robert Bosch Stiftung) schools, companies, political parties, labour unions, churches, mosques Source: own compilation 20

3. Exemplary Illustration of Models of Good and Bad Practice there are models of good and bad practice on different levels and from different stakeholders concerning the local level, the Bertelsmann-Foundation has developed following recommendations for a successful local community integration policy (based on a good-practice competition) 1. developing a strategy and concept 2. anchoring integration as a multi-departmental task 3. establishing political commitment 4. securing participation and activating citizen commitment 5. establishing networks 6. planning and working at the district level 7. working on fields of activity: education and language, employment and dialog 8. communities as employers: pressing ahead with the administration s diversity management 9. communities as service providers: dismantling access barriers 10. Measuring success: evaluation and controlling Source: Bertelsmann Stiftung 2005 21

3.1 Language and Orientation Classes: New Immigrants (1) core element of federal measures is the integration course with a total of 630 lessons (600 lessons language and 30 lessons so-called orientation class, i.e. aspects of German law, history and culture) language abilities are seen as the key element for integration 2005 2006: 359,047 persons eligible, of which 129,064 mandatory (1/3) 2006: 65,5% women special courses (for instance for women, parents with children attending the Kindergarten, teenager and illiterate people): 15,5% 2005 2006: 3678 attended children 2006: largest groups people from Turkey (26,8%), Russian Federation (7,7%) and repatriates (6%) 1,851 responsible organisations with more than 5,000 course locations all over Germany (such as adult educations centres, language schools or educational institutions) Source: Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge, 2007 22

3.1 Language and Orientation Classes: New Immigrants (2) Participants in 2005 and 2006 12,7% repatriates 28,7% new immigrants 58,6% long standing immigrants Source: Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge, 2007 23

3.1 Language and Orientation Classes: New Immigrants (3) duration: 7-8 months (fulltime) German certificate: in 2005-2006, 107,879 persons graduated from courses, whereof 68,434 took the test whereof 48,750 persons passed the test (71.2%) only 45,2% of all participants passed the German certificate costs: in general, participants pay one Euro per hour comparable courses exist in Austria, the Netherlands, Denmark and Sweden Evaluation: external evaluation of all courses in 2006 by Ramboll Management in general, courses are assessed as a considerable improvement of German integration; good integration of different instruments and instruments deficiencies: inadequate offers for different performance levels; insufficient co-operation between responsible organisations; missing controlling of success, no mandatory tests, often 600 hours not sufficient Source: Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge, 2007; Bundesministerium des Innern, 2006 24

3.1 Language and Orientation Classes: New Immigrants (4) Future Emendations: increase of language lessons from 600 up to 900 increase of orientation lessons from 30 to 45 implementation of language tests in two competence levels (A2 and B1) implementation of special support courses for people with special language pedagogical needs reduction of a maximum of 20 participants per class increase of teacher payment of : 2.35 per lesson per participant implementation of better child care rearrangement of reimbursement of transportation expenses reimbursement of costs (50%) if closing tests are successful better interlocking with other integration approaches and stakeholders on local level Source: Die Beauftragte der Bundesregierung für Migration, Flüchtlinge und Integration, 2007 25

3.2 Education: Children with a Migration Background (1) German education system: major role in the debate around integration; should support equal opportunities but does clearly not growing cultural and social heterogeneity: 33,7% children (0-6 years old) have a migration background (2005) but: up to now, pedagogic practice mostly dominated by mono-cultural approaches scientific publications from mid 1970s on: existence of foreign children as a huge challenge for German education system until mid 1990s: slight improvements in the educational situation of foreign children and teenagers from mid 1990s on: consistently poorer performance (Mecheril p. 38) PISA study and others: immigrant children (especially the second generation born in Germany) less successful than German classmates Source: Mecheril 2006, Özcan & Grimbacher 2007, Die Beauftragte der Bundesregierung 2000 & 2007 26

3.2 Education: Children with a Migration Background (2) neither social background nor cultural distance responsible for disparities in educational participation but differences of German language abilities reading competencies especially low for children with parents that both have a migration background but: poorer performance of children with a migration background differs by regions and Länder (different policies), by nationality and by sex worst for Italian boys in Bavaria (Mecheril, p. 39) indications for poorer performance: preschool (elementary education), allocation to special schools ( Sonderschulen ), continuative schools, unqualified graduation from school and vocational education and training ( Berufsbildung ) Source: Mecheril 2006 27

3.2 Education: Children with a Migration Background (3) one consequence: necessity to promote language at an early age recommendations by a working group of the National Integration Plan (2007) (proposals of commitments on different levels such as federal state, Länder, local authorities, voluntary sector and NGOs for instance in form of model projects) 1. strengthening the competencies of parents (for instance by better advice, social work at home and language courses for parents ) 2. promoting language abilities in early childhood day-care facilities (for instance through the development of an assistant concept and curricula, media initiatives) 3. targeted and continuous language education in the last year of Kindergarten (better qualification of educators, better transition from Kindergarten to school) Source: Bundesregierung 2007 28

3.2 Education: Children with a Migration Background (4) Elementary Education (pre-school education) important precondition for successful performance in German school system due to legal claims, number of places in Kindergarten (3-6 years) has increased since mid 1990s almost full supply with half day places great disparities between Eastern and Western Länder day places with lunch make 98% of all Kindergarten places in Eastern but only 24% in Western Länder (2002) places for under three year old kids (day care for children) exist for 40% of all children of that age in Eastern Länder and for 8% of Western Länder (2004) 90% of children in Germany (4-6) visit Kindergarten Source: Konsortium Bildungsberichterstattung 2006, Die Beauftragte der Bundesregierung 2007 29

3.2 Education: Children with a Migration Background (5) early childhood day-care facilities: Eastern Länder: 44% of age 1-2, 72% (age 2-3) and 83% (age 3-4) early childhood day-care facilities: Western Länder: 5% of age 1-2, 18% (age 2-3) and 69% (age 3-4) children of parents with lower educational status and of immigrated parents visit Kindergarten less often in Turkish families pre-school educations often takes places in the family (Turkish language more important than German) (Mecheril 2006) further installations of day care places for children under three is planned by Federal State and Länder (230 000 additional places by 2010 and by 2013 for 35% of all children) benefits for children with migration background still unclear (legal claims: both parents have to work) Source: Konsortium Bildungsberichterstattung 2006, bmfsfj.bund.de, Mecheril 2006, Die Beauftragte der Bundesregierung 2007 30

3.2 Education: Children with a Migration Background (6) rare targeted offers for day care places for children with migration background language tests for small children exist in all Länder, however different approaches, NRW has mandatory tests for all 4-year-olds no lack of concepts but lack of broad implementation and of scientific evaluation of programmes and projects Models of good practice in pre-school-education: - BLK Model Programme FörMig - Bund-Länder-Programme Sprachliche Förderung in der Kita - Griffbereit RAA NRW - Rucksack RAA NRW Source: Die Beauftragte der Bundesregierung 2007, Bundesregierung 2007 31

3.2 Education: Good Practice Model (1) BLK Model Programme FörMig model programme Supporting Children and Teenagers with a Migration Background by the Federal State-State-Commission for Education Planning and Research Support duration: 2004 2009; participation by 10 German Länder scientific evaluation by University of Hamburg aim: developing better language support for children and teenagers with a migration background approaches: interlocking of school and leisure activities, transitions from different education fields (e.g. from kindergarten to school), vocational training for educators and teachers, development of (supra-)regional networks, support of evaluation) Source: RAA NRW (2005) 32

3.2 Education: Good Practice Model (1) BLK Model Programme FörMig in NRW (Förderung von Kindern und Jugendlichen mit Migrationshintergrund) actors: Ministry for School and Vocational Training (MSW NRW), Main Office for Regional Offices Supporting Children and Teenagers with Migration Background (RAA NRW) and State Institute for School/Quality Agency (LfS/QA) Co-operative partners: hundreds of organisations from school, youth welfare, migration, science, economy and education aim: testing different methods of supporting language abilities / German as a second language concomitant measures: e.g. methods of testing language abilities, teaching in mother tongue, bilingual support, work with parents 2006: developing quality indicators for a better language support, testing modules of curricula 2007: evaluation and transfer of results Source: www.raa.de 33

3.2 Education: Good Practice Model (2) Bund-Länder-Programme Sprachliche Förderung in der Kita (Federal State- State-Programme Language Support in Early Childhood Day-Care Facilities) Project run by German Youth Institute and funded by Federal Ministry of Family, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth (BMFSFJ) and six Länder duration: 2005 2008; age of children: 3-6; holistic approach Phase 1 (2005 2006): development of a basic concepts for language support in early childhood day-care facilities including four education fields (1) exercise, (2) music, (3) media work and (4) natural science Phase 2 (2006-2008): didactic implementation of concepts and evaluation at eleven locations in six German states Source: dji.de 34

3.2 Education: Good Practice Model (3) Griffbereit ( ready to be grabbed ) run by the Regional Offices Supporting Children and Teenagers with Migration Background (RAA NRW) since 1999 in NRW, since 2001 in other Länder stems from Rotterdam / Netherlands aims: fostering the general development of children between one and three and supporting their mother tongue abilities project is linked to Kindergarten or a family education organisation is also offered bilingual addressees: parents (mainly mothers) and children with a migration background parents receive support in supporting their children by a qualified and bilingual trainer and by mother tongue work material Source: RAA NRW (2005) 35

3.2 Education: Good Practice Model (3) trainers are either other qualified mothers or professional educators mothers have groups of five-seven parents with a migration background, professional educators have larger groups duration: 2 years procedure: parents visit the institution and learn with the help of the trainer ways of supporting their children in learning and playing with all senses they receive a work sheet for the following week that will be discussed in the following week Source: RAA NRW (2005) 36

3.2 Education: Good Practice Model (4) Rucksack-KiTa ( backpack ) run by the Regional Offices Supporting Children and Teenagers with Migration Background (RAA NRW) since 1999 in NRW, since 2001 in other Länder project is linked to early childhood day-care facilities aims: systematic and multi-dimensional support of pre-school children mothers and educators as partners in supporting language abilities of pre-school children (first and second language) duration: 9 months procedure: mothers meet 2 hours a week at the institution and demonstrate activities that they do with their children at home by doing so, they learn the role of literature, picture books, songs and games Source: RAA NRW (2005) 37

3.2 Education: Good Practice Model (4) two models: trainers are (1) qualified bilingual mothers or (2) professional educators Evaluation 192 Rucksack-KiTa groups in NRW (1999-2006) in 37 local authorities outside NRW: 23 local authorities in school year 2007/2008: 4706 mothers participate in project results from an evaluation in Essen: mothers: good assessments, improvement of self-assurance development of language abilities: improvements in first and second language Interaction mother-child: relationships more positive, more intense interaction further results: emergence of new activities and groups, children more willing to learn, parents more outgoing Source: RAA NRW (2005) 38

3.3 Care System: Minority Ethnic Elders (1) numbers of foreign elders are still relatively small end of 2003: about 760 000 foreign elders in the age group 60 years and older in 2005 largest groups (55 +) stem from Turkey (289 000), Italy (105 000), Serbia and Montenegro (89 000), Greece (72 000), and Croatia (69 000) from 1995 to 2003, this figure has increased by 70 % increase in the number of foreign senior citizens to about 1.1 million in 2010 and to almost 2.1 million foreign elders aged 60 years and older in 2020 growing needs and demands for services for minority ethnic elders life circumstances of elders from ethnic minority groups much more disadvantaged than those of the indigenous elders in Germany spectrum of needed services: creating possibilities for independent living and social participation, special health and care services for elders since the mid 1990s, public sponsorship of model projects characteristic feature of the German attempt to gather information about the life situation of immigrant elders and about strategies for opening up services Source: Gerling 2008 39

3.3 Care System: Minority Ethnic Elders (2) services for minority ethnic elders have not yet been developed evenly on all local levels and there are still service gaps ethnic minority elders are still not well-informed about the existence of public and voluntary personal social services for elders the take-up of services is relatively low, which is especially valid for inpatient services significant distinctions between different ethnic groups side of service providers: barriers include a lack of attention to special ethnic, lingual, religious and nutritious needs of minority ethnic elders, a lack of information about their life situations and a lack of possibilities for reaching them side of minority ethnic elders: largest barriers of access due to insufficient knowledge about services and institutions, wrong perceptions about the contents and structures of services, certain cultural and religious concepts, language difficulties and bad experiences with the use of services Source: Gerling 2008 40

3.3 Care System: Minority Ethnic Elders (3) Recent Initiatives and Projects in Germany increase of projects at the local level, a better co-operation of different actors and a stronger support by the German Government Campaign for a Culture-Sensitive Care for Elders launched in 2004, adoption of a Memorandum and Checklist for a Culture-Sensitive Care for Elders 2002: establishment of a clearing, contact and information office (IKOM) by the Federal Ministry for Family, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth (BMFSFJ) 2004: evaluation of 30 projects at the local level in NRW comprising following approaches: 1. intercultural socialising and exchange of experiences 2. advice and counselling for ethnic minority elders 3. opening up and adapting mainstream services of community care to their needs 4. biographic approaches 5. self-help, campaigning and social participation of minority ethnic elders, and 6. development of adequate information material Source: Gerling 2008 41

3.3 Care System: Minority Ethnic Elders (4) projects differ in terms of their content, target groups, institutional setting, form of organisation, and methodology in recent years a stronger emphasis on care activities such as dementia services or sheltered housing target groups: minority ethnic elders and staff of outpatient services, institutional care or advice services only a few projects concentrate on both target groups intercultural and mono-ethnic approaches are quite balanced broad spectrum of institutional setting: most projects still linked to one of the German welfare associations or to the local public sector, only a few projects offered by self-help groups or organisations of ethnic minority groups methodology: classical counselling approach still widespread Source: Gerling 2008 42

3.3 Care System: Good Practice Model (1) Integration of Minority Ethnic Elders in the County of Unna run by the county of Unna (near Dortmund) and a minority ethnic organisation funded by the Ministry of Health, Social Affairs, Women and Family of the land North Rhine-Westphalia academic analysis of the needs and demands of minority ethnic elders two qualification and information seminars were developed and conducted supported and strengthened by extensive public relations work minority ethnic elders from Turkey were given 12 information units on issues such as German long term care insurance, health and social care services, and consumer advice all information units took place in Turkish, some of them in community centres and mosques Source: Gerling 2008 43

3.3 Care System: Good Practice Model (1) staff of outpatient services, institutional care or advice services, were qualified for the special (care) needs of minority ethnic elders eight units focused on topics such as life situation of minority ethnic elders in Germany, culture- specific perceptions of ageing, culture-specific attitudes regarding care, and illness and body concepts project was evaluated and its approaches were proven quite successful Source: Gerling 2008 44

3.3 Care System: Good Practice Model (2) Project MiMi (With Migrants for Migrants) actors: Ethnomedizinisches Zentrum Hannover (ethno-medical centre); BKK Bundesverband (federal association of health insurance companies) start of project 2003; by now 16 locations (u.a. Bremen, DRK) Training of inter-cultural mediators by actors of German health care system for topics such as handling of medicine, German health care system, mental health, old age, health and care, nutrition and exercises continuous an autonomous information events in mother tongue at local level by mediators development of mother tongue training materials, multi-lingual health directory Source: www.bkk-promig.de 45

3.3 Care System: Good Practice Model (3) Senior Citizens: Media Migration Integration Participation model project of Bürgermedienzentrums Bennohaus Münster (voluntary organisation) (3/2003 12/ 2005) with two staff (both part time) funding: MGFFI NRW aims: re-exploration of cultural identity of minority ethnic elders by usage of new media, citizen television and citizens radio; integration and participation target groups: immigrants mainly from Portugal, Spain, Turkey and Greece, ethnic German repatriates (mainly Russia and Poland), Turkish women and German elders partners: institutions and voluntary organisations, (in total 13) such as Ausländerbeirat der Stadt Münster; Seniorenrat Münster e.v.; Landesseniorenvertretung NRW; Stadt Münster Source: www.senioren-migranten.de 46

3.3 Care System: Minority Ethnic Elders (3) Results: different modules of vocational training and qualification (usage of new media and different television and media formats) results: 38 trainings on pc and Internet; 13 courses for radio and television production of 5 television contributions; development of a special format Merhaba, 30 documentations, short contributions and video films generation of an internet platform in total 40 inter-cultural activities (events, workshops, festivals, concerts) good co-operation between volunteers and full-time employees difficult to find mother tongue part-time employees generation-comprehensive approach important Source: www.senioren-migranten.de 47

3.3 Care System: Minority Ethnic Elders (4) StadtSportBund (SSB) Duisburg Exercising for Elders (Bewegungstreff für Ältere) (2001-2004), funded by state campaign Aktiv und bewegt älter werden in NRW aim: development of local, open and voluntary services co-operation of two minority ethnic voluntary organisations (SV Rhenania Hamborn & BKSV Yildirim Duisburg) focus on older immigrant women procedure: information by mosques and catholic churches, doctors as multipliers high demand, varying composition of groups (women from Turkey and Africa, former Soviet Union, former Yugoslavia) courses: water gymnastics, Nordic walking, fitness for women low fees Source: FfG & ZfT, 2006 48

3.3 Care System: Minority Ethnic Elders (5) AAMEE Active Ageing of Migrant Elders across Europe focuses on the promotion of active ageing and social, cultural and economic integration of migrant and minority ethnic elders, emphasising volunteer activities and the emergence of new culturally sensitive products and services in the fields of, for instance, housing, care, education, leisure, culture and marketing initiated and co-financed by the Ministry for Intergenerational Affairs, Family, Women and Integration of the State of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany (MGFFI NRW) funded by the Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities of the European Commission (ENEA programme) Source: www.aamee.eu 49

3.3 Care System: Minority Ethnic Elders (5) Measures of AAMEE two European good practice competitions addressing (1) voluntary organisations and (2) local authorities and NGOs European conference "Migrant Elders across Europe - from Challenges to Opportunities", 30 September - 2 October 2008 in North-Rhine Westphalia exchange programme for voluntary organisations from different European countries focusing on the needs and potentials of migrant elders development of a checklist on how to stimulate and strengthen voluntary work of and with migrant elders in Europe development of a code of practice with models of good practice and recommendations for new activities and initiatives concerning migrant elders across Europe adoption and implementation of a research agenda accumulating current research gaps Source: www.aamee.eu 50

3.3 Care System: Minority Ethnic Elders (5) Measures of AAMEE establishment of a scientific research network formulation and adoption of a memorandum which will comprise guidelines on how to sensitise societies and governments for the needs of migrant elders Call for Co-operation AAMEE aims at generating a broad basis of actors - e.g. NGOs, voluntary organisations, local authorities, researchers, policy makers and supporters from various economic areas - from all over Europe Source: www.aamee.eu 51

4. Conclusion / Perspectives: Don ts in integration Work assuming people with a migration background have mostly deficits (e.g. in school) presuming people with a migration background are a homogenous group expecting people from the same nationality to be the same reducing explanations of difference between people by national / ethnic / migration background criteria developing projects for and not with immigrants ignoring gender specific needs and differing cultural concepts regarding topics such as old age, health, and care neglecting broad co-operation with actors from different fields transferring marketing approaches that work for indigenous population groups making only immigrants responsible for integration Source: own compilation 52

Many Thanks for your Attention! Dr. VERA GERLING GER-ON Consult & Research Querstr. 29 44139 Dortmund Tel. 0231/5896905 Mobil 0163/2497969 Email info@ger-on.de Home www.ger-on.de 53

5. Sources (1) BertelsmannStiftung (2005): Successful integration is no coincidence Strategies for a local community policy, Shortversion of the publication of the BertelsmannStiftung, German Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge (2007): Integrationsbilanz für das Jahr 2006, Berlin Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge (2006): Integration in Zahlen, Berlin Bundesministerium des Innern (2006): Evaluation der Integrationskurse nach dem Zuwanderungsgesetz, Berlin Beauftragte der Bundesregierung für Migration, Flüchtlinge und Integration (2007): 7. Bericht über die Lage der Ausländerinnen und Ausländer in Deutschland, Berlin Beauftragte der Bundesregierung für Migration, Flüchtlinge und Integration (2000): 4. Bericht über die Lage der Ausländerinnen und Ausländer in Deutschland, Berlin Bundesregierung (2007): Nationaler Integrationsplan, Berlin European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions (2007): Local integration policies for migrants in Europe; Dublin Federal Ministry of the Interior (2005): Immigration Law and Policy, Berlin FfG & Stiftung Zentrum für Türkeistudien (2006): Erschließung der Seniorenwirtschaft für ältere Migranten/innen, Düsseldorf 54

5. Sources (2) Gerling, Vera (2001): Soziale Dienste für zugewanderte Senioren/innen, bod Gerling, Vera (2008): Minority Ethnic Elders in Germany and UK, in: Walker, Alan & Naegele, Gerhard (Eds.): Social Policy in Ageing Societies: Britain and Germany Compared Konsortium Bildungsberichterstattung (2006): Bildung in Deutschland Mecheril, Paul (2006): Die Schlechterstellung Migrationsanderer. Schule in der Migrationsgesellschaft, in: Reiberg (Hrsg.): Berufliche Integration in der multikulturellen Gesellschaft. Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung, Bonn MGFFI NRW (2004): Integration älterer Migrantinnen und /innen. Ergebnisse eines Modellprojektes im Kreis Unna, Düsseldorf Özcan, Veysel & Grimbacher, Stefan (2007): Germany, in: focus Migration, Country Profile RAA NRW (2005) (Hrsg.): 25 Jahre interkulturelle Kompetenz - Konzepte, Praxis, Perspektiven, Essen Statistisches Bundesamt (2006): Leben in Deutschland. Haushalte, Familien und Gesundheit Ergebnisse des Mikrozensus 2005, Wiesbaden Statistisches Bundesamt (2008): Bevölkerung und Erwerbstätigkeit. Bevölkerung mit Migrationshintergrund - Ergebnisse des Mikrozensus 2006 -, Wiesbaden 55