Social Outcomes of Immigrants and Refugees in Canada: Data Innovations, Knowledge and Gaps International Forum on Migration Statistics January 15-16, 2018 Xiaoyi Yan (Ph. D.) Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada
Purpose and outline Purpose To present on data innovation initiatives for measuring integration outcomes To present on social and health outcomes of immigrants and refugees To identify knowledge and data gaps and the way forward Outline Overview of strategic data development that enabled the understanding of social and health outcomes of immigrants and refugees in Canada Knowledge of social and health outcomes of immigrants and refugees: o The differences in social outcomes of recent immigrants, established immigrants and the Canadian-born in terms of: Social, physical and mental well-being Perceptions of society and self Social support and connections Social, civic and political participation o How are social outcomes associated with employment status and knowledge of official languages? Knowledge gaps and forward plans
Strategic data development initiatives Immigrants landing file (ILF): administrative data of permanent residents Oversampling of immigrants in Statistics Canada surveys o Oversampling of immigrants in General Social Survey (GSS) on Social Identity o Oversampling of immigrants in GSS on Victimization Administrative and survey data linkages: o ILF-tax file linkage (IMDB dating back to 1980) o Post survey record linkage of GSS with ILF o ILF-National Household Survey 2011 (NHS) linkage o ILF-2016 Census linkage and inclusion of immigration categories in Census release o IMDB-hospital discharge abstract database Social and economic record linkage environment o ILF-Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) 2000-2014 including modules on mental health o Canadian Employer-Employee Dynamics Database (CEEDD) In-house program data development o Immigration Contribution Agreement Reporting Environment (icare) 3
Social data linkage environment (SDLE) CCHS IMDB CCHS - Canadian Community Health Survey IMDB Longitudinal Immigrant Database
The Canadian employer and employee dynamic database (CEEDD) - linkage environment
icare Development: *SPOrtal & Admin development includes: SPO user interface CIC user interface (Help Desk) Security Functionality Client Profile icare Reporting Indirect Services Modules & Launch Dates Phase I in progress More development needed for Phase II & III TBC TBC APRCP Annual Performance Report for Community Partnerships May eventually include Multiculturalism Program reporting Pre- Arrival Services July 2015 Jan-Feb 2015 Client Survey Capability APPR* / Narrative *Annual Project Performance Report Add RAP APPR/ Narrative (date TBD) Language Assessment Language Training Waitlist January 2014 March 2014 April 2013 Resettlement Assistance Program Community Connections Information and Orientation Employment Related Needs Assessment and Referrals SPOrtal & Admin* Citizenship language verification (ilove) December 2012 6
Highlights: social and health outcomes of immigrants and refugees in Canada Social, physical and mental wel-being Sense of belonging of immigrants increases with additional time in Canada; Economic principal applicants reports slightly lower sense of community belonging compared to the Canadian born and other immigrant categories; Immigrants are generally less likely to have excellent or very good self-perceived health, compared to the Canadian-born; Refugees are less likely to report having excellent or very good mental health status compared to the Canadian born and other immigrants Immigrants are as likely as the Canadian-born to report mental Health conditions, but much less likely to seek professional help; The children of immigrants are more likely to report being treated unfairly because of their race, ethnicity, religion or language; Perceptions of society and self Immigrants attitudes towards society and people are more positive than the Canadian-born; A higher portion of recent immigrants feel challenged to contribute to society and improve themselves, compared to the Canadian born; 7
Highlights: social and health outcomes of immigrants and refugees in Canada Social support and connections Immigrants social support and connections slightly increase with more time spent in Canada; despite that, they remain lagged behind the Canadian-born who report significantly more social support and connections; Social, civic and political participation Immigrants generally participate as much as the Canadian-born in social and civic activities, although there are observed differences among immigrants of different admission categories and source countries; Immigrants are less likely to volunteer than the Canadian-born, but contribute about the same number of hours as the Canadian born; Spouses and dependents of economic class immigrants have rates of volunteering and organization membership comparable to the Canadian born; Immigrants political participation increased between the last two elections Established immigrants vote more than recent immigrants, but voting rates significantly vary across world regions of birth; Citizenship take up rates are high and increasing (85.8% in 2016 Census); 8
Highlights: social and health outcomes of immigrants and refugees in Canada Recent immigrants, unemployed immigrants and immigrants without officiallanguage knowledge experience relatively lower levels of social support and connections, social well-being, and participation in social activities; Immigrants expectations of post-landing experience matter in terms of their social outcomes: Immigrants positive attitudes towards society and people diminish with longer time in Canada; Longer time in Canada does not significantly improve life satisfaction; Recent immigrants positive views towards society do not increase with employment; 9
Knowledge gaps and forward plans Analysis Lots of data remain to be mined in depth and systematically Extension of the analysis by admission category Interdependency between social and economic well-being Differences in outcomes of settlement service clients vs non-clients Differences in outcomes of landed permanent residents vs those transitioned from temporary status (e.g. international students, international experience class, open work permit holders etc.) Integration outcomes of a specific cohort (e.g. Syrian refugees) Efficiency and effectiveness of settlement programming (e.g. language training) Citizenship negotiation process (tests, take-up, barriers etc.) Data development Settlement outcomes survey (clients and non-clients) Citizenship grants database linkage with social and economic dimensions Specific cohort flags in 2016 Census and in icare (e.g. Syrian refugees) Refugee sponsorship database
IRCC Sponsorship Agreements Health Related Datasets Settlement services icare Settlement Outcome Survey Citizenship Grants PT Health Data Linkages IRCC s Data Roadmap Temporary Resident Database Confirmation of Permanent Residency Landing years 1980 to 2010 Application for permanent residency (e.g. language, age, education ) Pre-landing Canadian Experience (study experience, refugee claim) Tax Data Based on T1FF, converted to LAD structure (not held in GCMS) STC (Statistics Canada ) Immigration Landing File (ILF) Longitudinal Immigration Landing File (IMDB) Canadian Employer Employee Dynamic Database (CEEDD) PR & TR General Social Survey (GSS) 2011 National Household Survey (NHS)/2016 Census Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) STC surveys linked to ILF/IMDB Landing Health Linkage (ICES ON) Landing Health Linkage (PopData BC) Landing Health Linkage MB IRCC administrative data at STC IRCC data linked to 11 provincial/territorial health data Maintained at IRCC
THANK YOU QUESTIONS? Contact Xiaoyi Yan (Ph. D.) xiaoyi.yan@cic.gc.ca Classification (le cas échéant)
APPENDIX 1 13
Social, physical and mental well-being Sense of belonging of immigrants increases with additional time in Canada; but longer time in Canada does not significantly improve life satisfaction Sense of belonging to Canada and community 100% 75% Recent immigrants* Established immigrants** Canadian-born 94.3% 90.0% 90.1% 72.2% 74.5% 66.9% 50% 25% 0% Strong sense of belonging to Canada Strong sense of belonging to the local community Felt satisfied with life, by length of time in Canada 100% 89.9% 90.1% 93.1% 75% 50% 25% *Recent immigrants: immigrants with less than 10 years in Canada. **Established immigrants: immigrants with 10 or more years in Canada. 0% Recent immigrants* Established immigrants** Canadian-born Source: CCHS, 2011-2012; GSS, 2008 14
Percent Social, physical and mental well-being Economic principal applicants reports slightly lower sense of community belonging compared to the Canadian born and other immigrant categories 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Sense of community belonging by admission category Canadian Born Very or somewhat strong 0 Family class Refugees Economic class - principal applicants Economic class - spouses and dependents Other immigration class CCHS immigrant - landed before 1980, NL NL = Not Linked, unlinked CCHS immigrants landed after1980 are excluded. Source: CCHS 2014 IMDB linked file, Statistics Canada 15
Percent Social, physical and mental well-being Immigrants are generally less likely to have excellent or very good selfperceived health, compared to the Canadian-born 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Self-perceived health status by admission category Canadian Born Excellent or Very Good 0 Family class Refugees Economic class - principal applicants Economic class - spouses and dependents Other immigration class CCHS immigrant - landed before 1980, NL NL = Not Linked, unlinked CCHS immigrants landed after1980 are excluded. Source: CCHS 2014 IMDB linked file, Statistics Canada 16
Percent Social, physical and mental well-being Refugees are less likely to report having excellent or very good mental health status compared to the Canadian born and other immigrants 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Perceived mental health status by admission category Canadian Born Excellent or Very Good 0 Family class Refugees Economic class - principal applicants Economic class - spouses and dependents Other immigration class CCHS immigrant - landed before 1980, NL Note. All estimates have an acceptable C.V. (0.0 CV 16.6 ), applied bootstrap weights, age standardized, NL = Not Linked, unlinked CCHS immigrants landed after1980 are excluded. Source: CCHS 2014 IMDB linked file, Statistics Canada 17
Social, physical and mental well-being Immigrants are as likely as the Canadian-born to report mental Health conditions, but much less likely to seek professional help. % of respondents who reported good mental health 2007/08 2011/12 % of respondents with poor/fair perceived mental health who consulted mental health professional 100% 96.5% 96.5% 94.5% 94.3% 95.1% 94.2% 2007/08 2011/12 80% 60% 60% 50% 40% 41% 36% 52% 52% 40% 30% 24% 20% 20% 10% 14% 0% Immigrant, years in canada<10 Immigrant, years in canada>=10 Canadian-born 0% Immigrant, years in canada<10 Immigrant, years in canada>=10 Canadian-born Sources: Canadian Communities Health Survey, 2007/08, 2011/12
Experiencing discrimination, young adults (15-34) Social, physical and mental well-being The children of immigrants are more likely to report being treated unfairly because of their race, ethnicity, religion or language 0.50 Share of perceived discrimination relating to race, ethnicity, religion and language in the last 5 years 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.00 Adult immigrant 1.5 generation 2nd generation 3rd+ generations Source: Pooled samples from GSS 2004, 2009, 2013. 19
Perceptions of society and self Immigrants attitudes towards society and people are more positive than the Canadian-born, but they become less positive as time in Canada increases Having positive perceptions of society and self 80% 75.1% 71.9% 70.5% 65.0% 60% 40% 57.7% 52.1% 43.8% 54.4% 47.4% Recent immigrants Established immigrants Canadian-born 20% 0% Felt people are good Felt society becoming a better place Felt way society works makes sense Source: CCHS, 2011-2012 20
Perceptions of society and self A higher portion of recent immigrants feel challenged to contribute to society and improve themselves 100% 80% 77.9% 72.7% 72.7% 60% 56.0% 56.7% 60.0% Recent immigrants Established immigrants Canadian-born 40% 34.9% 35.5% 35.1% 20% 0% Felt challenges in selfimprovement Felt something important contribute to society Felt had influence on the political process* Source: CCHS, 2011-2012; *PIAAC, 2012 21
Social support and connections Immigrants, especially recent immigrants, report a significantly lower level of social support and connections, compared to the Canadian-born The Canadian-born enjoy a higher level of social support and connections than immigrants: stronger sense of being integrated to society (Social Integration Scale), stronger assurance that others can be counted when needed (Reliable Alliance Scale), more advice or information available to them (Guidance Scale), more close relationships with others (Attachment Scale), a high level of recognition of competence (Reassurance of Worth Scale). * Established immigrants have slightly more social support and connections than recent immigrants. * Appendix 2 provides the information on the scales in more details. 37 36 35 34 33 7.5 7.0 6.5 6.0 Social Provision Scale: a higher score reflects a higher overall level of social support and connections Recent immigrants Established immigrants Canadian-born Scales of social support and connections: a higher score means more support and connections Recent immigrants Established immigrants Canadian-born Social Integration Reliable Alliance Guidance Attachment Reassurance of Worth Source: CCHS, 2011-2012 22
Hours Social, civic and political participation Immigrants are less likely to volunteer than the Canadian-born, but contribute about the same number of hours as the Canadian born Percent of people volunteered in 2010 60% 49%, Canadian-born 40% 250 Average annual volunteer hours per volunteer 200 20% 39% 39% 36% 37% 42% 150 155 hours, Canadian-born 0% All immigrants Recent immigrants Immigrants, 10-19 years in Canada Immigrants, 20-29 years in Canada Immigrants, 30+ years in Canada 100 50 0 162 167 All immigrants Recent immigrants 133 118 193 Immigrants, Immigrants, Immigrants, 10-19 years 20-29 years 30+ years in in Canada in Canada Canada Source: Statistics Canada, Canada Survey of Giving, Volunteering and Participating (CSGVP), 2010 23
Social, civic and political participation Spouses and dependents of economic class immigrants have rates of volunteering and organization membership comparable to the Canadian born Canadian born Immigrants Volunteering - 95% ci s 37% 32% Immigration Programs Landed 1980 to 2011 Membership social organization(s) (excluding volunteering) - 95% ci s Canadian born Immigrants 67% 61% Immigration Programs Landed 1980 to 2011 Economic PA 30% Economic PA 60% Economic SD 36% Economic SD 66% Family 33% Family 56% Refugees 26% Refugees 55% Source: 2013 GSS on Social Identity linked to IMDB 24
Immigrants political participation increased between the two elections Voter turnout rates by immigration status 2011 and 2015 federal elections Social, civic and political participation 100% Immigrants with Canadian citizenship, 10 years or less Immigrants with Canadian citizenship, more than 10 years Canadian-born citizens 80% 71% 70% 70% 76% 78% 60% 56% 40% 20% 0% 2011 federal election 2015 federal election Sources: Labour force Survey 2011, 2016 25
Social, civic and political participation Established immigrants vote more than recent immigrants, but voting rates significantly vary across world regions of birth Citizen voting rates at 2011 Federal election, recent and established immigrants Recent immigrant Established immigrant Canadian-born Total immigrants 51.1 67.1 66.3 U.S.,U.K.,Aus.,NZ 68.2 76.3 Southern Asia 60 70.8 Africa Eastern Europe 43.1 45.2 66.3 70.3 Central/South Amer. 56.3 61.7 Southeast Asia 48.3 60.7 Middle East/West Asia 39.6 57 Eastern Asia 48.1 55.2 Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Survey, 2011 26
Social, civic and political participation Citizenship take up rates are high and increasing 78.7% Citizenship Take-up Rate for Immigrants with 3+ Years since Landing (YSL) in Canada, 1986 to 2011 Censuses/National Household Survey 81.0 % 83.2 % 83.9 % 85.1% 85.6% 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011 Citizenship Take-up Rate for Immigrants 3+ Years Since Landing Citizenship Take-up Rate for Immigrants who landed in Canada after 1980 with 3+ Years since Landing (YSL) by Immigration Category, NHS-ILF Dataset 78.6% 80.6% 80.2% 88.3% 83.4% Family class Economic immigrants - p.a. Economic immigrants - s.d. Source: 2011 National Household Survey-Immigration Landing File Linkage Database Refugees Other immigrants 27
Social outcomes by employment status Employment improves immigrants social well-being, participation in society, and perceived political influence. 100% 92.1% Social outcomes by employment status 85.1% 80% 60% 59.7% 49.5% 40% 29.2% 23.7% 36.1% 32.7% Employed unemployed 20% 0% Satisfied with life Felt something imp. contribute society Paricipation in voluntary organization Perceived political Infulence* Source: CCHS, 2011-2012; *PIAAC, 2012. 28
Score of indexes Score of index Social outcomes by employment status Employed immigrants enjoy significantly more social support and connections than unemployed immigrants. 35.2 Social Provision Scale: a higher score means more social support and connections * 34.8 34.4 34.0 Employed Unemployed Scales of social support and connections: a higher score means more support and connections 7.2 Employed Unemployed 6.8 6.4 * Appendix 1 provides the information on the scales in more details. Source: CCHS, 2011-2012 6.0 Social Integration Reliable Alliance Guidance Attachment Reassurance of Worth 29
Social outcomes by employment status Being employed, however, does not result in more positive attitudes towards society and people 100% Felt society works makes sense Felt people are good 80% 60% 40% 69.3% 61.8% 53.7% 52.3% 100% 80% 60% 73.8% 76.6% 69.2% 61.6% 20% Felt society becoming better 40% 0% Recent immigrants Established immigrants 100% 80% 60% 60.0% 55.3% 51.5% 52.4% 20% 0% Recent immigrants Established immigrants 40% 20% 0% Recent immigrants Established immigrants Employed Unemployed Source: CCHS, 2011-2012. 30
Social outcomes by official-language knowledge Knowledge of official languages contributes to immigrants sense of belonging to Canada and life satisfaction. 100% Strong sense of belonging to Canada 94.8% Felt satisfied in life, immigrants by knowledge of official language 80.4% 94% 75% 65.5% 92% 90% 90.20% 91.40% 50% 88% 86% 87.70% 86.40% 25% 84% 82% 0% English French Other 80% English French both Neither Source: CCHS, 2011-2012; GSS, 2008. 31
Social outcomes by official-language knowledge Knowledge of official languages is a key factor in securing social support and connections 36 Social Provision Scale: a higher score means more social support and connections 34 32 30 7.5 English French Both Neither Scales of social support and connections: higher score means more support and connections 7.0 6.5 6.0 Social integration Reliable Alliance Guidance Attachment Reassurance of worth Source: CCHS, 2011-2012 English French Both Neither 32
APPENDIX 2 Classification (le cas échéant)
About Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) The CCHS is a cross-sectional survey that annually collects information related to health status, health care utilization, social capital (e.g. social activity, social support, etc.), other health determinants, and socialdemographic characteristics for immigrants and the Canada-born. The CCHS relies upon a large sample of respondents and is designed to provide reliable estimates at the health region level. It produced an annual microdata file with about 1000 variables for a sample of around 65,000 respondents each year starting from 2007. Our analysis uses the Public Use Microdata File (PUMF) combining two years of data in 2011 and 2012. In total, there are 17,574 immigrants in this combined sample of 124,929 respondents. The Social Provision Scale measures the level of social connections and support from others, groups as well as the community. The data is only available for Quebec, British Columbia, Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut. The CCHS also developed 5 sub-scales for five main social functions including Attachment, Guidance, Social Integration, Reliable Alliance, and Reassurance of Worth. Reliable Alliance Scale: assurance that others can be counted on when needed. Guidance Scale: advice or information available. Social Integration Scale: a sense of being integrated into a group that shares similar interests, concerns or recreational activities. Attachment Scale: a measure for emotional closeness to family, friends, and others Reassurance of Worth Scale: a measure for recognition of one s competence. The rating system is based on the methodology developed by Cutrona and Russell (1987), and Caron (1996). The scales are based on the a list of 10 survey questions in the CCHS 2011-2012. 34