Define : 1. Geography: is the study of the world, its people, and the interaction between them. 2. Longitude: imaginary lines circling the earth; run north-south. 3. Latitude: imaginary lines circling the earth; run east-west. 4. Mountain: a large natural elevation of the earth's surface rising abruptly from the surrounding level 5. Hill: a naturally raised area of land. 6. Plain: a large area of flat land with few trees. 7. Plateau: an area of relatively level high ground that drops sharply at one or more sides; tableland; mesa; highland. 8. Basin: lowlands surrounded by higher lands: area between mountains. 9. Escarpment: a long, steep slope, especially one at the edge of a plateau or separating areas of land at different heights. 10. Primary Sources: are original materials that have not been altered or distorted in any way. 11. Secondary Sources: second hand information generally scholarly books and articles. 12. Era: periods in which historians divide the past; Texas Revolution; Civil War, Star Wars Era; Grand Theft Era; Sketchers shoes era; skinny jeans era. 13. Artifact: an object made by a human being, typically an item of cultural or historical interest; 1700s gun, 1400s pottery 14. Anthropologist: scientist who study peoples to learn how they live or have lived; they study artifacts left behind. 15. Culture: a learned system of shared beliefs, traits or values; religion; music; food. Themes of Geography Location 1. Absolute Location: Describes where a place is in relation to other place. (ex. My house is near McDonalds) 2. Relative Location: the exact position of a place on Earth. Movement Movement refers to the way people, products, information and ideas from one place to another. (ex. McDonalds restaurants around the world. McDonalds is an American fast food idea that has gone worldwide.) Human-Environment Interaction Human and Physical Characteristics Considers how humans adapt to and modify the environment (physical). Humans shape the landscape through their interaction with the land; positive or negative. *Map Skills: Legend, Compass Rose, Cardinal directions need to be addressed. Place A place is an area that is defined by everything in it. All places have features that give them personality and distinguish them from other places. Region A region is an area that is defined by certain similar characteristics. Those unifying characteristics can be physical,(flat land), natural,(weather), human, (German, Asians, Hispanics live in that area), cultural, ( types of food, language in that area). Government Bill of Rights Branch: Executive Who is in this branch? President Branch: Legislature Who is in this branch? House of Representatives and Senate Branch: Judicial Who is in this branch? Courts 1. Freedom of religion, press, speech, assembly & petition. 2. Right to bear arms 3. Right not to quarter soldiers 4. No illegal search and seizure 5. Due Process of the Law, no selfincrimination, no double jeopardy 6. Speedy trial 7. Trial by jury 8. No cruel or unusual punishment 9. Power to the people 10. Power to the state Three Branches of Government
Regions of Texas Regions Gulf Coast North Central Plains Great Plains Mountain and Basin Location From the Piney Woods area along the Sabine River all along the Gulf of Mexico coast. Begins at the Balcones Escarpment extends west as far as the Caprock Escarpment The Great Plains region has three subregions. Two are large plateaus the High Plains and the Edwards Plateau. The third subregion, the Llano Basin Guadalupe Mountains, border of Texas and New Mexico(north) Mexico(South) Physical Characteristics Flat land Aquifers, flat lands and rolling plains Rolling plains Plains, plateaus and mountains Weather Mild winters, hot summers Climate is dry Little rainfall Extreme weather, hot summers cold winters Economics Farming, ranching, retail and international trade tourism, military bases Farming: corn, cotton and hay; ranching: cattle, horses and sheep; timber and manufacturing plants Oil and gas, cattle ranching; meat processing and distribution centers Farming and ranching; cattle sheep and goats, alfalfa, cotton, pecan and vegetable; tourism Growing Season 240-309 days of the year 180-220 days of the year 220 days of the year 220-245 days of the year Native American in Texas Native American Group Region they live in Type of Homes Food: Hunter /Gather/Farming Other Information Comanches Great Plains Teepee Hunters: buffalo Originally lived in the western United States Apaches Texas plains between Hill Country and the Rio Grande Teepee Hunters: buffalo some groups did plant Original homeland was Canada Karankawas Gulf Coast Portable huts call wigwams Hunters/gathers; fished, hunted sea turtles, and collected shellfish; hunted deer and small game Fall and winter lived along the coast; spring and summer they moved inland Coahuiltecans Southern Texas Portable huts call wigwams Nomads; hunted (deer) and gathered Independent groups; had celebrations that Spanish called Mitotes Caddos Eastern Texas Permanent settlements Farming: beans, corn, squash, sunflower seeds, and tobacco Matrilineal society Jumanos Along the Rio Grande River north of the Big Bend Area Adobe homes; permanent settlements Farming: corn and other crops also hunted buffalo and gathered wild plants. Tattooed oar painted their faces, wore jewelry and their hairstyles quite ornate
Significant Dates and Events Columbian Exchange 1519 De pineda maps coastline of Texas/Cortes makes landfall in the Aztec Empire 1718 San Antonio is established 1821 Mexico gains its independence from Spain Define: Presidio-Military bases in Spanish colonial America Filibuster-Military adventurers who came to Texas from the United States in the early 1800s Culture-A learned system of shared beliefs, traits, and values Empresario-Businesspeople who promoted migration to the Texas colonies Empresario System-A system authorized by the Mexican government to allow empresarios to bring immigrants into Texas mostly from the United States European Explorers Explorer Date Country of Origin 1528- Spain Cabeza de Vaca 1536 Area of Exploration/ Reason for Exploration Texas/To find riches/later Cabeza de Vaca publishes a book describing his travels in North America Coronado 1540-1542 Spain New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas/Searching for the cities of gold (Cibola) Cortes 1519 Spain Aztec Empire (Mexico)/to claim land for Spain in North America Eventually he will conquer the Aztec Empire by 1520 La Salle 1685-1687 France East Texas/To establish a settlement near the Mississippi River Pineda 1519 Spain Coastline of Texas/Becomes the first European to map the coastline of Texas
Person/Event Date Significance in Texas History Other information 1825 Established a colony along the Guadalupe River, with the major 2 nd Most successful Empresario Green DeWitt town being Gonzales Martin De Leon Stephen F. Austin James Long Philip Nolan Father Miguel Hidalgo Gutierrez-Magee Expedition 1824 Established a colony of primarily Mexican settlers near the lower Guadalupe River 1821-1824/1825-1828 Brought the first Anglo-American settlers to Texas/The old three hundred 1819 A filibuster who invades Texas and captures Nacogdoches and declares that Texas is now independent Late 1800 A mustang trader who entered Texas without permission and was later killed by Spanish soldiers 1810 A creole priest in Dolores, Mexico who called for an end to rule by the Spanish. 1812-1813 Created the Republican Army of the North which invaded Texas led by Jose Gutierrez de Lara and Augustus William Magee Established the town of Victoria Most successful Empresario Wanted Texas to become a part of the U.S. and that most Texans agreed with him His actions increased Spanish fears of U.S. expansion His passionate cry, the Grito de Dolores, sparked a war. Eventually defeated after the Battle of Medina Adam-Onis Treaty Grito de Dolores 1819 A treaty between Spain and the United States which set the boundaries between their territories. 1810 A cry given by Father Miguel Hidalgo which called for war against Spain for Mexican independence U.S. gave up all claims to Texas in exchange for the Neutral Ground and Florida Raised an army of more than 50,000 with his call to arms Reasons for Settling Texas Spaniards To claim land for the crown Teach Indians Christianity To find riches Americans To start a new life Cheap land for farming Economic reasons
Road to Revolution Timeline 1826 Fredonian Rebellion Conflict over Haden Edwards contract leads the Mexican government cancelling the land contract. Edwards and others declare the Republic Fredonia and capture Nacogdoches. The Mexican government puts down the rebellion 1828 Mier Y Terran Report: to investigate concerns General Miguel Mier Y Teran was asked to determine how many Americnas lived in Texas and what their attitudes towards Mexico were. His report warned that the American influence was growing stronger in East Texas everyday. 1830, Law of April 6 In response to the Mier Y Teran report the Law of April 6 was passed to control American presence in Texas. It banned immigration from the U.S., slave no longer allowed in and unfilled empresario contracts suspended and taxed imports from the U.S. Settlers in Anahuac responded with engaging gunfire with Mexican troops and captured some soldiers. Settlers drew up statement of a group s opinion declareing that the events at Anahuac were not a rebellion against Mexico June 13, 1832 Turtle Bayou Resolution October 1, 1832 San Felipe; Convention of 1832: San Anna had taken power and Texans were excited for he had promised to restore the Constitution of 1824. Texan delegates to discuss possible reforms in policy. They ask for Mexico to allow legal immigrants for the U.S., asked Texas become a separate Mexican state, asked custom duties be removed and for public schools. Texas Revolution Spring 1832, Anahuac: to place the Law of April 6 in place Bradburn is sent to Anahuac by Mexico. Texans are upset and tension rise when William B. Travis and Patrick Jack are placed in jail for pestering Bradburn with false rumors of a possible invasion. June 26, 1832 Battle of Velasco: Unaware of the conflict at Anahuac John Austin s group arrive with cannon at Brazoria they meet up with Mexican troops. Fighting broke out, the Mexican surrender, they ran out of ammunition. The colonist won the Battle of Velasco. 1834, Arrest of Stephen F. Austin: Austin set out to present Santa Anna with the conventions proposals. Austin meets up with one problem after another Santa Anna finally approves immigration from the U.S., lowering taxes on U.S. imports but refused to allow Texas to become a separate state. Austin leaves Mexico City to later be arrested in Saltillo after his letter to the San Antonio government was read where he advised them to propose a local government. Upon his return to Texas he warns that Texans had no choice but to go to war. Write in the significance of the event and how it leads the next one (domino effect).
Major Texas Revolution Battles Battles Date Leader Outcome/Significance Present day location Gonzalez 1835 Mexican General Ugartechea Texan militia attacked Mexican forces using cannon given to them to defend themselves from Native American attacks. Battle was brief but it marks the beginning of the Revolution Near present day Gonzales Texas Alamo February 1836 Bowie/Travis The Alamo falls and becomes a symbol to many Texans that they must fight at any cost. San Antonio Goliad March 1836 Fannin Fannin and his troops were held captive by Urrea, SantaAnna orders the execution of the prison. After the massacre Texans began to demand an al-out attack on Mexican forces. Near present day Goliad San Jacinto April 1836 Houston Marks the end of the Revolution; Santa Anna becomes a prisoner: The Treaty of Velasco is signed Houston *What were the provisions of the Treaty of Velasco, both public and private? President Sam Houston(1/3) Mirabeau Lamar (2) Anson Jones (4) Date 1 st -1836-1838 3 rd -1841-1844 2 nd -1838-1841 4 th -1844-1846 Native American Policy Peace Wanted Native American removed from Texas Peace with the Texas Native Americans Location of Texas Capital Houston Austin Austin Stand on Annexation For annexation Against Annexation For Annexation Finances during their Presidency Limited government spending Spending increased the national debt from 3.3 million to over 8million Economic problems; reduced spending
Define: Abolitionist: A person who wants to abolish the institution of slavery Sectionalism: Loyalty or interest to one s own region. Ex: North-Industrial, South-Agrarian Cede (Cession): To officially give, as a territory from one country to another Fugitive Slave Act Established present-day border between Texas and New Mexico New Mexico and Utah become Territories Compromise of 1850 Washington D.C. will not longer have a slave trade. California becomes a State 1844 1850 1854 1860 1861 April 1865 May 1865 June 1865 Telegraph is used which allows for news to be shared faster Railroad built In Houston, Tx Kansas- Nebraska Act Abraham Lincoln is elected President of the U.S. Civil War begins at Ft. Sumter, South Carolina Robert E. Lee surrenders at Appomattox Courthouse. The Civil War ends and the Union win s the war. Last land battle of the Civil War at Palmito Ranch, Texas near Brownsville Juneteenth Slaves are freed in Tx. *****The timeline above includes, people, advances in technology, events during the Civil War Era. *****
The following people and events need a date and the significance in their era. Person or Thing / Event Date Significance /Era Texas Annexation Prior to 1845 Northern States reaction: Northerners and Abolitionists opposed it because they believed their annexation was an expansion of slavery Southern States reaction: Southerners supported it because of Texas similarities to other Southern states in particular its land, which would lead to good farms. Rio Grande River Prior to 1846 Once Texas was annexed to the United States, the United States believed that the Rio Grande River was the border between Texas and Mexico. They claimed that Santa Anna had agreed to this when he signed the Treaty of Velasco giving Texas its independence after the Texas Revolution. U.S.- Mexican War 1846-1848 War fought between the United States and Mexico that started because the United States and Mexico could not agree on the border between the two. Mexico claimed that the Nueces River was the border, while the United States claimed that the Rio Grande River was the border Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1848 A treaty signed between the United States and Mexico that ended the U.S.-Mexican War. The treaty was negotiated by the American diplomat Nicholas Trist. Mexican Cession 1848 Under the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Mexico was to cede territory to the United States, which included California. In return the United States was to pay Mexico 15 million dollars for this territory. President James K Polk 1845-1849 President of the United States during the U.S.-Mexican war who believed in Manifest Destiny. By the end of his term he acquired territory for the United States all the way to the Pacific Ocean.
John Slidell 1845-1846 A diplomat sent by James Polk to Mexico for the purpose of trying to buy New Mexico and California from Mexico for a maximum of $25 million, he was later expelled from Mexico because they were under the impression he was there to discuss the Texas question.
Define: Sharecropper: Farmers who lacked land necessary supplies and thus promised a large part of their crop to the landowner in exchange for these items Tenant farming: people who rent land to grow crops; usually cotton Buffalo Soldiers : name Native American gave to African American soldier; stationed along the border of Texas and Mexico Longhorns: cattle breed result of Spanish and English mix of cattle Barbed wire: fencing designed with sharp points; difficult to cut Labor Unions: organizations formed to support the interest of workers (laborers) Wildcatter : oil operators who worked on their own in search of new oil fields; this could be very expensive and no guarantee of striking oil Regulate: control or supervise (something, especially a company or business activity) by means of rules and regulations; to avoid over drilling Suffrage: voting rights Redeemers : limited the size of the government and cut back on African American political participation Events that took place during Reconstruction 13th Amendment Abolished Slavery 14th Amendment guaranteed citizenship 15th Amendment prohibited states from denying citizens the right (suffrage)to vote based on race or color
Person//Event Date Significance Governor Davis 1872 Accused by Republican for taking money to frighten Democratic voters Freedmen s Bureau 1865 To provide help and legal aid t freed people William Tecumseh Sherman 1871 Sent to investigate Texans complaints Quanah Parker 1887 She tried until she died to try and improved Comanche way of life, she went to Washington D.C. to negotiate on behalf of American Indians. Treaty of Medicine Lodge Under the treaty several thousand moved to Indian Territory, government was to provide schools, farming tools and $25,000 a year. Satanta s and Ten Bears disagreed they chose to stay on the plains and maintain their hunting grounds. Battle of Palo Duro Canyon 1874 Mackenzie and about 500 troops attack Comanches villages, this attack takes a toll on the Comanche they lost most of their supplies Dawes General Allotment Act 1887 Divided up the land amongst the American Indians but as a result American Indians lost enormous amounts of land. Spindletop 1901 Well stikes oil producing more than 17 million barrels of oil made prices drop. Cattle Branding: meant to identify cattle to specific owners Goodnight-Loving Trail 1866 Cowboys: drove cattle drives, wore hats to protect themselves from the sun, worked many hours through blizzards, floods and stampedes Reason for trailriders:to get cattle to market
Groups/ events that had a significant impact in the molding of today s Texas culture: Group/Event Date Significance German Americans 1914-1918 During World War I, Texans accused Germans of being unpatriotic and not supporting the United States. Feelings ran high, sauerkraut was changed to liberty cabbage. Scott Joplin 1900s A Texarkana native who was one of the best-know ragtime musicians and who toured the state and played in vaudeville shows. Conjunto music Juneteenth Cinco de Mayo 1900s June 19 May 05 Music that can trace its roots to Spanish dance music, but also to German and Czech settlers such as polkas and waltzes. A celebration by African Americans throughout Texas to celebrate the day when Emancipation Proclamation was announced in the state, freeing enslaved Texans. A celebration by Mexican Americans celebrating their ethnic heritage. It was on that day in 1862 that the Mexican army defeated a French force at the Battle of Puebla. Economy: Political and Economic Controversies Resources Date What is it and how did it impact the economy 1994 An agreement between the United States, Canada and Mexico which made trade NAFTA easier. Texas, because of its location became a major center of trade with Mexico. Windfarms Dust Bowl WWI Great Depression Oil Industry 2002 Depend on constant winds to move the turbines to generate electricity. Texas now produces more wind power than any other state and is also a great alternative to fossil fuels which are in limited supply 1900s A phenomenon that occurred when the actions of ranchers and farmers removed grasses that held soil in place causing dust storms to occur which led to crop prices 1914-1918 1929-1941 1920s dropping so low, that some farmers burned their crops rather than selling them. After the war, the U.S. shifted from a wartime economy to a peacetime economy. This meant that the government was spending less on the economy which caused a decrease in wages as well as less of a need for workers. A global economic slowdown that affected millions of people. Eventually FDR s New Deal, WWII, and the expansion of chemical, oil, and steel industries in Texas put an end to the Great Depression Starting with Spindletop the Texas oil boom continued and allowed a number of Texans including C.M. Dad Joiner and Howard Hughes Sr. to become very wealthy, thanks in large part to the oil industry. Organizations and Laws after Reconstruction: Organizaton/Law What was it? What group of people did it impact? A group founded in 1929 to end unfair Mexican-Americans LULAC treatment toward Mexican-Americans Ku Klux Klan Jim Crow Laws Texas Equal Rights Amendment A group who threatened, attacked, and sometimes murdered people whom they disliked. Laws passed by Redeemers to enforce segregation. The name came from the racist song, Jump Jim Crow. An amendment which called for equal rights to all Texans regardless of sex. Was approved in 1972 led by Hermine Tobolowsky They targeted African Americans, Jews, Roman Catholics, and recent immigrants. African-Americans Women
Technology advances in Texas: Technological Advances Television Telephone NASA Columbia Rural Roads After WWII, they became commonplace in homes. They became the medium that influenced public opinion. First telephone line installed in Texas in 1878 by newspaper magnate A.H. Belo. Established in 1958 and they took charge of the space program and worked to make U.S. goals in space a reality. The first space shuttle which was built in 1973. Most early roads were bumpy dirt roads and few bridges. Then streets began to be paved with brick or wood. Most cities were walking cities. Newest form of communication and entertainment. By 1906, more than 100,000 Texans had telephones. Houston was chosen in 1961 as its headquarters and became the Mission control center for all manned space flights. It was launched into space in 1981. The automobile changed that and Texas saw an increase in road building, in particular the paving of roads. Significant Individuals in Contemporary Texas: Person Date Significance/Accomplishment RoughRiders T.R. Roosevelt 1898 The 1 st volunteer Calvary led by Teddy Roosevelt which trained in San Antonio. They were the first troops to land in Cuba during the Spanish-American war and defeated Spanish troops in the Battle of San Juan Hill. Francisco Pancho Villa 1916 Angry at the U.S. for recognizing his rival as president of Mexico, he raided a train in El Paso as well as the town of Columbus, New Mexico. John Black Jack Pershing led an expedition into Mexico to try and capture Villa. Neil Armstrong 1969 Was aboard Apollo 11 and became the first man to take a step on the moon announcing, Houston, the Eagle has landed. Bill Clements George W. Bush Rick Perry 1978 Becomes the first Republican governor of Texas since 1874 and showed that the Republican party was now challenging the Democrats for control of power in Texas. 1994-2000 Defeated Ann Richards to gain the governorship and he encouraged bipartisanship to accomplish his agenda. He will go on and get elected in 2000 and become President of the U.S. 2000-2014 Became governor when Bush became President in 2000. Is the longest serving governor in the history of Texas. Sandra Cisneros 1980s Author who writes about the lives of Mexican American families in America. Ma Ferguson Ann Richards Lulu Belle Madison White 1924 Became the first female governor in Texas. As governor she limited state spending while increasing state aid to Texans during the 1930s 1980s/1990s Elected state treasurer in 1982 becoming the first woman since Ma Ferguson elected to state office and was elected governor in 1990. 1939-1949 She was an active opponent of white primaries and worked to get African American woman involved in the campaign to end them. She became the first female president of the NAACP local chapter and by 1949 she became the state director of the NAACP.