Campus Fossil Fuel Divestment Campaigns: Key Texts

Campus Fossil Fuel Divestment Campaigns: Key Texts Milan Ilnyckyj November 6, 2017 Contents 1 Social movements 3 1.1 Institutionalization and radicalization in climate activism........... 4 1.2 Networks..................................... 5 1.3 Issue emergence.................................. 6 1.4 Framing...................................... 6 1.5 Political process theory.............................. 7 1.6 Resource mobilization.............................. 7 1.7 Contentious politics................................ 7 1.8 Climate change activism............................. 8 1.9 Youth activism.................................. 9 1.10 Technology and collaboration in activism.................... 10 2 Methodology 11 2.1 Case selection................................... 11 2.2 Interview methods................................ 11 2.3 Process tracing.................................. 12 2.4 Related disciplines................................ 12 1

1 Social movements Andrews, Kenneth T. and Bob Edwards Advocacy Organizations in the U.S. Political Process. Annual Review of Sociology. 30:479 506. 2004. Betsill, Michele Greens in the Greenhouse: Environmental NGOs, Norms and the Politics of Global Climate Change. 2000. Branch, Taylor Parting the Waters: America in the King Years 1954 63 (1989), Pillar of Fire: America in the King Years 1963 65 (1999), At Canaan s Edge: America in the King Years, 1965 68 (2006) Davis, Gerald F. et al. eds. Social Movements and Organization Theory. University Press. 2005. Cambridge Gamson, William The Strategy of Social Protest. Wadsworth, 1990. Gamson, William and David Meyer The Framing of Political Opportunity in McAdam, Doug et al eds. Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Framings. Cambridge University Press, 1996. Goldstone, Jack A. ed. States, Parties, and Social Movements. Cambridge University Press. 2003. Goodwin, Jeff, James M. Jasper and Francesca Polletta, eds. Passionate Politics: Emotions and Social Movements. University of Chicago Press, 2009. Giugni, Marco G. Was it Worth the Effort? The Outcomes and Consequences of Social Movements. Annual Review of Sociology. 24: 371-393. 1998. Giugni, Marco G. Political, Biographical, and Cultural Consequences of Social Movements. Sociology Compass. 2/5, 1582 1600, 2008. Hadden, Jennifer Explaining Variation in Transnational Climate Change Activism: The Role of Inter-Movement Spillover. Global Environmental Politics. 2014. 14 (2): 7 25 Ingold, Karin and Manuel Fischer Drivers of Collaboration to Mitigate Climate Change: an Illustration of Swiss Climate Policy over 15 Years. Global Environmental Change. Volume 24, January 2014, p. 88 98 Jackson, John L. The Symbolic Politics of Divestment: Protest Effectiveness on US. College and University Campuses. Paper presented at the NEH Seminar Symposium. Cornell University. 1992. Jasper, James The Emotions of Protest: Affective and Reactive Emotions in and Around Social Movements. Sociological Forum. 1998. 2

Klandermans, Bert, and Dirk Oegema Potentials, Networks, Motivations, and Barriers: Steps Towards Participation in Social Movements. American Sociological Review (1987): 519-531. Klandermans, Bert New Social Movements and Resource Mobilization: the European and the American Approach Revisited. Politics & the Individual (1991). Klandermans, Bert, and Sidney Tarrow The Peace Movement and Social Movement Theory. International Social Movement Research 3 (1991): 1-39. McAdam, Doug and Hilary Boudet Putting Social Movements in their Place: Explaining Opposition to Energy Projects in the United States, 2000 2005. Cambridge University Press. 2012. Seidman, Gay W. Divestment Dynamics: Mobilizing, Shaming, and Changing the Rules. Social Research. 82(4). 2015. Soule, Sarah A. The Student Divestment Movement in the United States and Tactical Diffusion: the Shantytown Protest. Social Forces. 1997. Soule, Sarah A. The Student Anti-Apartheid Movement in the United States: Diffusion of Tactics and Policy Reform. Ph.D. dissertation. Cornell University. 1995. Stroup, Sarah S. Borders among Activists: International NGOs in the United States, Britain, and France. Cornell University Press, 2012. Tarrow, Sidney The New Transnational Activism. Cambridge University Press. 2007. Taylor, Verta Watching for Vibes: Bringing Emotions into the Study of Feminist Organizations. American Political Science Review. 1995. Wong, Wendy The Organization of Non-state Actors: Structures and Agents. ISA Workshop. 2014. Varieties of Linkages between Wong, Wendy Internal Affairs: how the Structure of NGOs Transforms Human Rights. Cornell University Press. 2012. 1.1 Institutionalization and radicalization in climate activism Rootes, Christopher A. The Transformation of Environmental Activism: Activists, Organizations and Policy Making. Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research 12.2 (1999): 155-173. Porta, Donatella, and Dieter Rucht The Dynamics of Environmental Campaigns. Mobilization: An International Quarterly 7.1 (2002): 1-14. 3

1.2 Networks Borzel, Tanja A. Organizing Babylon on the Different Conceptions of Policy Networks. Public Administration 76: 263-73. 1998. Dowding, Keith Model or Metaphor? A Critical Review of the Policy Network Approach. Political Studies, 43: 136-58. 1995. Diani, Mario and Doug McAdam Social Movements and Networks: Relational Approaches to Collective Action. Oxford University Press, 2003. Hafner-Burton, Emilie M. and Alexander H. Montgomery International Organizations, Social Networks, and Conflict. Journal of Conflict Resolution 50/1 (February 2006), 3-27. Hay, Colin The Tangled Webs we Weave: the Discourse, Strategy and Practice of Networking in D. Marsh ed. Comparing Policy Networks. Buckingham: Open University Press. 1998. Howlett, Michael Do Networks Matter? Linking Policy Network Structure to Policy Outcomes: Evidence from Four Canadian Policy Sectors 1990-2000. Canadian Journal of Political Science 35, 2: 235-67. 2002. Keck, Margaret and Kathryn Sikkink Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics. Cornell University Press, 1998. Marin, Bernd and Renate Mayntz, eds. 1991. Policy Networks, Empirical Evidence and Theoretical Considerations. Boulder: Westview Press. (Especially chapter by Schneider and Kenis) Marsh, David and Martin Smith 2000. Understanding Policy Networks: Towards a Dialectical Approach. Political Studies. 48: 4-21. Paterson, Matthew, Matthew Hoffmann, Michele Betsill, and Steven Bernstein 2014. The Micro Foundations of Policy Diffusion Toward Complex Global Governance: An Analysis of the Transnational Carbon Emission Trading Network. Comparative Political Studies. 47, 3: 420-449. Skogstad, Grace Policy Networks and Policy Communities: Conceptualizing State-Societal Relationships in the Policy Process in The Comparative Turn in Canadian Politics. Linda A. White, Richard Simeon, Robert Vipond and Jennifer Wallner eds. Vancouver: UBC Press, 2008. Thatcher, Mark The Development of Policy Network Analyses: From Modest Origins to Overarching Frameworks. Journal of Theoretical Politics. 10, 4: 389-416. 1998. 4

True, Jacqui and Michael Mintrom Transnational Networks and Policy diffusion: The Case of Gender Mainstreaming. International Studies Quarterly. 45 (March 2001), 27-58. Ward, Michael D., Katherine Stovel, and Audrey Sacks Network Analysis and Political Science. Annual Review of Political Science. 14: 245-264. 2011. 1.3 Issue emergence Baumgartner F.R. and B.D. Jones. Agendas and Instability in American Politics. University of Chicago Press, 1993. (Especially chapters 1 and 3) Birkland, Thomas A. Focusing Events, Mobilization and Agenda Setting. Journal of Public Policy. 18, 1: pp. 53-74. 1998. Carpenter, R. C. Setting the Advocacy Agenda: Theorizing Issue Emergence and Nonemergence in Transnational Advocacy Networks. International Studies Quarterly. 51(1), 99-120. 2007. Carpenter, R. C. Vetting the Advocacy Agenda: Network Centrality and the Paradox of Weapons Norms. International Organization. 65(01), 69-102. 2011. Cohen, M., March, J, and Olsen, J. A garbage can model of organizational choice. Administrative Science Quarterly. 17, 1-25. 1972. Durant, R., and Diehl, P. Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policy: Lessons from the u.s. Foreign Policy Arena. Journal of Public Policy. 9, 179-205. 1989. Kingdon, John. Agendas, Alternatives and Public Policies. Boston: Harper Collins, 1995. (Especially chapters 1, 4 and 8.) 1.4 Framing Benford, Robert D. and Snow, David A. Master Frames and Cycles of Protest. in Frontiers in Social Movement Theory. Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClurg Mueller. Yale University Press. 1992. Benford, Robert D. and Snow, David A. Ideology, Frame Resonance, and Participant Mobilization. International Social Movement Research. 1999. Benford, Robert D. and Snow, David A. Framing Processes and Social Movements: an Overview and Assessment. Annual Review of Sociology. 611-639. 2000. Capek, S. M. The Environmental Justice Frame: a Conceptual Discussion and an Application. Social Problems. 40, 5-5. 1993. Goffman, Erving Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience. Havard University Press; Cambridge. 1974. 5

1.5 Political process theory Goodwin, Jeff and James M. Jasper Caught in a Winding Snarling Vine: The Structural Bias of Political Process Theory. Sociological Forum. 14:27-54. 1999. McAdam, Doug Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency, 1930 1970. University Of Chicago Press. 1999. Meyer, David S., and Debra C. Minkoff Conceptualizing political opportunity. Social Forces. 82.4 (2004): 1457-1492. 1.6 Resource mobilization McCarthy, John D., and Mayer N. Zald The Trend of Social Movements in America: Professionalization and Resource Mobilization. General Learning Press, 1973. McCarthy, John D., and Mayer N. Zald Resource Mobilization and Social Movements: a Partial Theory. American journal of Sociology. 82.6 (1977): 1212-1241. 1.7 Contentious politics Aminzade, Ronald R. et al eds. Silence and Voice in the Study of Contentious Politics. Cambridge University Press, 2001. della Porta, Donatella and Diani, Mario eds. The Oxford Handbook of Social Movements. Oxford University Press, 2015. della Porta, Donatella Where Did the Revolution Go? Contentious Politics and the Quality of Democracy. Cambridge University Press. Forthcoming. Diani, Mario and McAdam, Doug eds. Social Movements and Networks: Approaches to Collective Action. Oxford University Press, 2003. Relational Diani, Mario The Cement of Civil Society: Studying Networks in Localities. Cambridge University Press, 2015. Hadden, Jennifer Networks in Contention: Cambridge University Press, 2015. The Divisive Politics of Climate Change. Hadden, Jennifer and Sidney Tarrow Spillover or Spillout: The Global Justice Movement in the United States after 9/11. Mobilization. 12:359 376. 2007. McAdam, Doug, Sidney Tarrow, and Charles Tilly Dynamics of Contention. Cambridge University Press. 2005. Meyer, David S. and Suzanne Staggenborg Movements, Countermovements, and the Structure of Political Opportunity. American Journal of Sociology. 101: 1628 1660. 1996. 6

Meyer, David S. and Debra C. Minkoff Conceptualizing Political Opportunity. Social Forces. 82 (4): 1457 1492. 2004. Piven, Frances Fox and Richard Cloward Poor People s Movements: Why They Succeed, How They Fail. New York; Vintage. 1977. Soule, Sarah A. Contention and Corporate Social Responsibility. New York; Cambridge University Press. 2009. Tarrow, Sidney Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics. Cambridge University Press, 2011. Tarrow, Sidney Strangers at the Gates: Movements and States in Contentious Politics. Cambridge University Press, 2012. Cam- Tarrow, Sidney The Language of Contention Revolutions in Words, 1688 2012. bridge University Press, 2013. Tilly, Charles From Mobilization to Revolution. Addison-Wesley, 1978 Tilly, Charles Popular Contention in Great Britain, 1758 1834. Routledge, 1995. Tilly, Charles Social Movements, 1768 2004. Paradigm Publishers, 2004. Tilley, Charles and Sidney Tarrow Contentious Politics. Oxford University Press. 2015. Wood, Lesley J. Direct Action, Deliberation, and Diffusion: Collective Action after the WTO Protests in Seattle. Cambridge University Press, 2012. 1.8 Climate change activism Castells, Manuel The Greening of the Self: The Environmental Movement in The Power of Identity: The Information Age: Economy, Society, and Culture, Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, UK. 2009. Cheon, Andrew and Johannes Urpelainen Targeting Big Polluters: Understanding Activism against the Fossil Fuel Industry. Oxford University Press, forthcoming. Delina, Laurence L. and Mark Diesendorf Strengthening the Climate Action Movement: Strategies from Contemporary Social Action Campaigns. Interface: a Journal for and About Social Movements. Volume 8 (1): 117 141. May 2016. Endres, Danielle and Sprain, Leah M. and Peterson, Tarla Rai Social Movement to Address Climate Change: Local Steps for Global Action. Cambria Press, 2009. Garvey, James The Ethics of Climate Change: Right and Wrong in a Warming World. Bloomsbury Academic. 2008. 7

Hadden, Jennifer Beyond Transnational Advocacy Networks: Conflict and Competition in Global Climate Change Politics. Unpublished paper, Ithaca, NY; Cornell University Government Department. Hansen, James et al. Target Atmospheric CO 2 : Where Should Humanity Aim? Open Atmospheric Science Journal. 2: 217-231. 2008. Helferty, A. and Clarke, A. Student-led Campus Climate Change Initiatives in Canada. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education. 10 (3). 2009. Jacobs, Michael High Pressure for low Emissions: how Civil Society Created the Paris Climate Agreement. Juncture. 22 (4). 2016. LeQuesne, Theo Revolutionary Talk: Communicating Climate Justice. 2016. (MA Thesis) Mitchell, Timothy Carbon Democracy: Political Power in the Age of Oil. Verso, 2013. Roberts, J. Timmons and Bradley Parks A Climate of Injustice: North-South Politics, and Climate Policy. MIT Press, 2006. Global Inequality, Shue, Henry Deadly Delays, Saving Opportunities In: Climate Ethics: Essential Readings. Ed. by Stephen Gardiner. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010. Thomas Black, S., Anthony Milligan, R., and Heynen, N. Solidarity in Climate/Immigrant Justice Direct Action: Lessons from Movements in the US South. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. 40(2). 2016. 350.org strategy documents: How to Create Momentum Spectrum of Allies How campaigns are really created 1.9 Youth activism Altbach, P. G. Perspectives on Student Activism. Comparative Education. 25(1). 1989. Altbach, P. G., and Cohen, R. American Student Activism: the Post-sixties Transformation The Journal of Higher Education. 32-49. 1990. Booker, Angela Framing Youth Civil Participation: Technical, Pragmatic and Political Learning in L. Lin, H. Varenne, and E. W. Gordon eds. Educating Comprehensively: Varieties of Educational Experiences. Edwin Mellen Press, Lewiston, New York. 2010. 8

Boren, M. E. Student Resistance: a History of the Unruly Subject. New York: Routledge. 2001. Conner, J.O. Youth Organizers as Young Adults: Their Commitments and Contributions. Journal of Research on Adolescence. (21) 4, 2011. Conner, Jerusha and Sonia M. Rosen eds. Contemporary Youth Activism: Advancing Social Justice in the United States. ABC-CLIO, 2016. (especially ch. 7 Youth Environmental Stewardship and Activism for the Environmental Commons, part II How Youth Activism Supports Youth, and ch. 19 Injustice is Not an Investment: Student Activism, Climate Justice, and the Fossil Fuel Divestment Campaign.) Curnow, Joe Climbing the Leadership Ladder: Legitimate Peripheral Participation in Student Movements. Interface: A Journal on Social Movements. 2014. Feuer, Lewis Samuel The Conflict of Generations: Student Movements. Basic Books. 1969. the Character and Significance of Ginwright, S.A., Noguera, P. and Cammarota, J. eds. Beyond Resistance!: Youth Activism and Community Change: New Possibilities for Practice and Policy For America s Youth. Routledge; New York. 2006. Rogers, J, Morrell, E. and Enyedy, N. Studying the Struggle: Contexts for Learning and Identity Development for Urban Youth. American Behavioural Scientist. 51 (3). 2007. 1.10 Technology and collaboration in activism Online collaborative tools and platforms have been central to the functioning of CFFD campaigns: from social media platforms like Facebook and Twitter as means of awarenessraising, person-to-person communication, and event promotion to Google Docs and Nation- Builder as powerful tools for collaboration among activists and organizers and outreach to those they seek to influence. Benkler, Yochai Sharing Nicely: On Shareable Goods and the Emergence of Sharing as a Modality of Economic Productio.n Bennett, W. Lance, Christian Breunig, and Terri Givens Communication and Political Mobilization: Digital Media and the Organization of Anti-Iraq War Demonstrations in the U.S. Political Communication. 25:269 289. 2008. Buettner, Ricardo and Katharina Buettner A Systematic Literature Review of Twitter Research from a Socio-Political Revolution Perspective. HICSS-49 Proceedings: 49th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. 2016. Davison, Patrick The Language of Internet Memes. in Mandiberg, Michael ed. The Social Media Reader. NYU Press, 2012. 9

Mandiberg, Michael Giving Things Away Is Hard Work. in Mandiberg, Michael ed. The Social Media Reader. NYU Press, 2012. Obar, Jonathan et al. Advocacy 2.0: An Analysis of How Advocacy Groups in the United States Perceive and Use Social Media as Tools for Facilitating Civic Engagement and Collective Action. Journal of Information Policy. 2012. Obar, Jonathan A. Canadian Advocacy 2.0: An Analysis of Social Media Adoption and Perceived Affordances by Advocacy Groups Looking to Advance Activism in Canada Canadian Journal of Communication. 39 (2). 2014. Shirky, Clay Gin, Television, and Social Surplus (The social/cognitive surplus concept connects to how activism requires privilege, at least in terms of spare time. This can lead to accusations of hypocrisy when activists position themselves as champions of the poor and politically disenfranchised.) Wong, Wendy and Peter Brown E-Bandits in Global Activism: WikiLeaks, Anonymous, and the Politics of No One. Perspectives on Politics. 11:04, 2013. Wooten, Will Case Study: Tar Sands Blockade. In: The Most Amazing Online Organizing Guide: A Practical Handbook for Community Organizers Who Want to Leverage Social Media For Social Change. Ed. by Green Memes. 2015. 2 Methodology 2.1 Case selection Collier, David and James Mahoney Insights and Pitfalls: Selection Bias in Qualitative Research World Politics. 49: 74. (October 1996) 2.2 Interview methods Eckstein, Harry Case Study and Theory in Political Science. in Gomm, Roger, Martyn Hammersley and Peter Foster. Case Study Method. 2009. Elgin, Dallas J. Utilizing Hyperlink Network Analysis to Examine Climate Change Supporters and Opponents. Review of Policy Research. 2015. Geddes, Barbara How the Cases You Choose Affect the Answers You Get: Selection Bias in Comparative Politics. Political Analysis. 2 (1): 131-150. 1990. Gerring, John What is a Case Study and What is it Good For? The American Political Science Review. Vol. 98, No. 2 (May, 2004), pp. 341-354. 10

Hestres, Luis E. Preaching to the Choir: Internet-mediated Advocacy, Issue Public Mobilization, and Climate Change. New Media and Society. 2014. ( based on interviews with key staff members of two climate change advocacy campaigns ) Mosley, Layna ed. Interview Research in Political Science. Cornell University Press, 2013. Rogowski, Ronald How Inference in the Social (but Not the Physical) Sciences Neglects Theoretical Anomaly. in Brady, Henry and David Collier. Rethinking Social Inquiry: Diverse Tools, Shared Standards. 2004. Schatz, Edward ed. Political Ethnography: What Immersion Contributes to the Study of Power. University of Chicago Press. 2009. 2.3 Process tracing Betsill, Michele M. and Elizabeth Corell. A Comparative Look at NGO Influence in International Environmental Negotiations: Desertification and Climate Change. Global Environmental Politics. 1 (4). 2001. Jacobs, Alan Process Tracing the Effects of Ideas. in Process Tracing: From Metaphor to Analytic Tool edited by Andrew Bennett and Jeffrey Checkel, 41-73. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2014. Zurn, Michael The Rise of International Environmental Politics: A Review of Current Research. World Politics. 50 (4). 1998. 2.4 Related disciplines Hachen, David S. Jr. Sociology in Action: Cases for Critical and Sociological Thinking. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press. 2001. Stoddart, Mark C.J., David B. Tindall, and Kelly L. Greenfield Governments Have the Power? Interpretations of Climate Change Responsibility and Solutions Among Canadian Environmentalists. Organization & Environment 25.1. 2012. p. 39-58. Stoddart, Mark C.J., Randolph Haluza-DeLay, and David B. Tindall. Canadian News Media Coverage of Climate Change: Historical Trajectories, Dominant Frames, and International Comparisons. Society & Natural Resources. 29.2 2016. p.218-232 Tindall, David. Collective Action in the Rainforest: Personal Networks, Collective Identity and Participation in the Vancouver Island Wilderness Preservation Movement. University of Toronto Press, 1994. Tindall, David B., Joanna L. Robinson, and M. C. Stoddart. Social Network Centrality, Movement Identification, and the Participation of Individuals in a Social Movement: the Case of the Canadian Environmental Movement. Quantitative Graph Theory: Mathematical Foundations and Applications 2014. p. 407. 11