America In World War II Chapter 35
America in WWII : Objectives Explain how America reacted to the attack on Pearl Harbor and prepared for war with Germany and Japan Describe the domestic mobilization for war Explain the early Japanese successes in Asia and the Pacific and the American Strategy for countering them
America in WWII : Objectives Describe the early Allied efforts against the Axis Powers in North Africa and Italy Discuss FDR s 1944 fourth term election victory Explain the final military efforts that brought Allied victory in Europe and Asia and the significance of the atomic bomb.
Pearl Harbor
Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto
USS Arizona, Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor Memorial 2,887 Americans Dead!
Declarations of War U.S. declared war on Japan on December 8, 1941 December 11, Germany and Italy declared war on the U.S. Britain and U.S. decided to focus on Germany first; later concentrate on Japan Declaration of the United Nations Jan. 1, 1942 representatives of 26 nations met in Washington D.C. and signed the Declaration of the United Nations
President Roosevelt Signs the US Declaration of War
Japanese Empire Conquests in Pacific Guam, Wake Island, Gilbert Islands bye end of December; Singapore, Dutch East Indies, Malay Peninsula, Hong Kong, Burma, and Philippines by March of 1942 Resources Controlled 95% of worlds raw rubber; 70% of tin; 70% of rice Dominated population of 450 million Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere Recognized the independence of Burma (1943), Vietnam, & Indonesia Nationalists organized resistance to Japanese rule Chiang Kai-shek in china
The Home Front Military Mobilization Selective Service registration expanded to men 18-65 after Pearl Harbor 258,000 women enlisted as WAC s, WAVES and WAF s Economic Mobilization War Production Board Rosie the Riveter Sunbelt region began to emerge Controlling Inflation War Labor Board Office of Economic Stabilization Office Price Administration (OPA)
Paying for the War
Men in War
Conserve
The Home Front Taxes were increased to finance the war Beginning of National Debt Smith-Connolly Antistrike Act Science: Office of Scientific Research and Development - Manhattan Project (1942) - Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer
Discrimination during the war African American civil rights issues Detroit Race Riot in June 1943 A. Philip Randolph March on Washington Movement Fair Employment Practices Committee (FEPC) Mexican Americans Bracero Program Zoot Suit riots Internment of Japanese Americans Executive Order 9066 (Feb. 19, 1942) Korematsu v. US Supreme court upholds internment
Internment Camps
The Grand Alliance Coalition of the nations at war with the Axis powers created with the signing of the United Nations Declaration, Jan 1, 1942 Objectives: Hitler First then Japan Military Plans: Economic Blockades on Germany and Italy Air Attacks on Germany Peripheral strikes in the Mediterranean Final direct assault on Germany
Allied Defeats Asia and Pacific Japan took Guam, Wake Island, Hong Kong, Singapore, Burma, Dutch East Indies, and the Philippines U.S. loss of the Philippines Bataan Bataan Death march Germans pushed far into Russia by fall of 1942 and sank 8m million tons of allied supplies
Bataan Death March: April, 1942 76,000 prisoners [12,000 Americans] Marched 60 miles in the blazing heat to POW camps in the Philippines.
Bataan: British Soldiers A Liberated British POW
Operation Barbarossa: Hitler s Biggest Mistake
Operation Barbarossa: June 22, 1941 3,000,000 German soldiers. 3,400 tanks.
Allied Turning Points in the War Battle of Stalingrad (Sept. 1942) First major German defeat on land North Africa Operation Torch led by Gen Eisenhower Battle of El Alamein Europe Invasion of Italy (commanded by George C. Patton) D-Day (June 6, 1944): Invasion of Normandy Operation Overlord Commanded by General Dwight D. Eisenhower Invasion of Germany Battle of the Bulge General George Patton
Battle of Stalingrad: Winter of 1942-1943 German Army Russian Army 1,011,500 men 1,000,500 men 10,290 artillery guns 13,541 artillery guns 675 tanks 894 tanks 1,216 planes 1,115 planes
The North Africa Campaign: The Battle of El Alamein, 1942 Gen. Ernst Rommel, The Desert Fox Gen. Bernard Law Montgomery ( Monty )
Allies plan assault on weakest Axis area - North Africa - Nov. 1942-May 1943 George S. Patton leads American troops Germans trapped in Tunisia - surrender over 275,000 troops. The Italian Campaign [ Operation Torch ] : Europe s Soft Underbelly
Gen. Eisenhower Gives the Orders for D-Day [ Operation Overlord ]
D-Day (June 6, 1944)
Normandy Landing (June 6, 1944) German Prisoners Higgins Landing Crafts
The Liberation of Paris: August 25, 1944 De Gaulle in Triumph!
The Battle of the Bulge: Hitler s Last Offensive Dec. 16, 1944 to Jan. 28, 1945
Hitler Commits Suicide April 30, 1945 Cyanide & Pistols The Führer s Bunker Mr. & Mrs. Hitler
V-E Day (May 8, 1945) General Keitel
V-E Day (May 8, 1945)
Allied Turning Points in the War Japan Pushed back to its mainland Battle of Midway Island Hoping Campaign began in 1943 Iwo Jima (Feb. 1945) Okinawa (April 1, 1945 ended in June)
Pacific Theater of Operations
Allied Counter-Offensive: Island-Hopping
Battle of Midway Island: June 4-6, 1942
Battle of Midway Island: June 4-6, 1942
US Marines on Mt. Surbachi, Iwo Jima [Feb. 19, 1945]
Election of 1944 and death of FDR FDR, with running-mate Harry S. Truman, defeated Republican Thomas Dewey Unprecedented fourth term in office April 12, 1945 FDR died at Warm Springs, GA VP Harry Truman becomes president
The Atomic Bomb U.S. successfully tests bomb in mid-july, 1945 at Alamagordo, New Mexico Potsdam Conference (Mid-July- August) August 6, 1945- First atomic bomb ( Fat Man ) dropped on Hiroshima Bomb dropped by Enola Gay Aug. 9, 1945, second bomb ( Little Boy ) dropped on Nagasaki Aug. 14, 1945, Japan surrendered The decision to drop the atomic bomb became controversial in later few decades Most compelling reason to drop the bomb was that it saved countless U.S. lives who would have had to invade Japan
The Manhattan Project: Los Alamos, NM Major General Lesley R. Groves Dr. Robert Oppenheimer I am become death, the shatterer of worlds!
Col. Paul Tibbets & the A-Bomb
Hiroshima August 6, 1945 70,000 killed immediately. 48,000 buildings. destroyed. 100,000s died of radiation poisoning & cancer later. Hiroshima Reenactment
Nagasaki August 9, 1945 40,000 killed immediately. 60,000 injured. 100,000s died of radiation poisoning & cancer later.
Japanese A-Bomb Survivors
Hiroshima Memorials
V-J Day (September 2, 1945)
Allied Diplomacy during the War Casablanca Conference (Jan 14-25, 1943) Moscow Conference (Oct 1943) Declaration of Cairo (issued Dec 1, 1943) FDR met with Chang Kai-shek Tehran Conference (Nov-Dec, 1943) Allies agree to an invasion of Western Europe in 1944 Stalin reaffirmed the Soviet commitment to enter war against Japan
Allied Diplomacy during the War Yalta Conference (Feb, 1945) Stalin agreed to Declaration of Liberated Europe which called for free elections Called for a world organization to meet in the U.S. beginning on April 25, 1945 Germany divided into occupied zones Potsdam Conference (July-Aug, 1945) During conference Truman ordered dropping of the atomic bomb on Japan
Yalta: February, 1945 FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific war. FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of influence and a weak Germany. Churchill wants strong Germany as buffer against Stalin. FDR argues for a United Nations.
Potsdam Conference: July, 1945 FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime Minister during conference. Stalin only original. The United States has the A-bomb. Allies agree Germany is to be divided into occupation zones Poland moved around to suit the Soviets. P.M. Clement President Joseph Atlee Truman Stalin
Aftermath Massive Casualties 46-55 million dead; 35 million wounded; 3 million missing 30 million Europeans lost their homeland (60% German and relocated) Holocaust Six million Jews liquidated as part of Hitler s Final Solution
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed Entrance to Auschwitz Crematoria at Majdanek
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Post-war Political issues WWII made allies of ideological enemies Once the war was over, the rivalry between East and West quickly reemerged: The Cold War Fate of Eastern Europe Soviets controlled most of Eastern Europe Germany divided into four zones among Allies As Europe declined, their colonies demanded their independence Technology Synthetic materials such as plastics created Improved airplanes and radar A-Bomb
WW II Casualties: Europe Each symbol indicates 100,000 dead in the appropriate theater of operations
WW II Casualties: Asia Each symbol indicates 100,000 dead in the appropriate theater of operations
The Division of Germany: 1945-1990
The Creation of the U. N.
The Nuremberg War Trials: Crimes Against Humanity
Japanese War Crimes Trials General Hideki Tojo Bio-Chemical Experiments
7 Future American Presidents Served in World War II
The Race for Space
The Emergence of Third World Nationalist Movements
The De-Colonization of European Empires