AP World History Class Notes In 1800, e U.S. was a shaky new republic, and e rest of e Americas were controlled by European states. By 1900, e U.S. and Canada had claimed e entire Nor American continent, and most of Latin America had broken free from colonial rule. The states at emerged were vastly different from one anoer. Some of ose differences had been apparent since e colonial era. (see Ch 25) Events of e 19 century furer defined e societies at emerged in e Americas: Territorial expansion. A booming population and continual immigration impelled American and Canadian settlers to press onto e western lands. Railroad construction in e late 19 century facilitated at expansion. Conflicts wi indigenous peoples. Across e Americas, expansion brought settlers into lands claimed by indigenous peoples. Conflicts between Native Americans and military forces in e U.S., Canada, Argentina, and Chile invariably ended badly for e natives. Survivors were usually forced onto marginal lands. Constitutional issues in Nor America. After 1800, e U.S. became increasingly divided, nor and sou, over slavery and related issues. The Civil War determined at e American house would no longer be divided and at e federal gov t would be more powerful an e state gov ts. Canada achieved independence wiin e framework of e British Empire, but faced challenges in creating a gov t at respected bo British and French citizens. Constitutional issues in Latin America. Independence left many unresolved questions. What system would best address e inequities between creole elites and e vast majority of landless peasants? How would order be maintained? How best to advance reforms? Often, e solution seemed to be a military dictator. Economic development in Nor America. Foreign capital, a stable gov t, free enterprise, and abundant cheap labor: all contributed to e dramatic economic expansion of e U.S. in e 19 century. Canadian economic expansion was less spectacular but steady, especially after completion of e Canadian Pacific RR in 1885. Economic colonialism in Latin America. Wi a few exceptions, e economies of Latin America did not develop or diversify. Instead, Latin America continued e colonial pattern of exporting raw materials to industrial powers. While wealy elites profited, e peasants saw eir standard of living decline. 1. The Building of American States A. The United States: Westward Expansion and Civil War 1) By 1820s all adult white men could vote and hold office 2) Rapid westward expansion after e revolution a. Britain ceded all lands east of e Mississippi River to The U.S. after e revolution b. 1803, U.S. purchased France s Louisiana Territory, west to e Rocky Mountains c. By 1840s, coast-to-coast expansion was claimed as e Manifest Destiny of e U.S. How and why did some governments reform eir practices because of e Ind. Rev?
2 AP World History Class Notes 3) Conflict wi indigenous peoples followed westward expansion a. 1830, Indian Removal Act forced eastern natives to move west of e Mississippi b. Thousands died on e Trail of Tears to Oklahoma, 1838 c. Stiff resistance to expansion: Battle of Little Big Horn, 1876, Sioux victory d. U.S. massacre at Wounded Knee, 1890, ended Indian Wars 4) The Mexican-American War, 1846-1848 a. Texas declared independence from Mexico in 1836, was annexed by U.S. in 1845 b. U.S.-Mex conflict over border ended w/ resounding U.S. victory c. By Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, U.S. purchased Texas, California, New Mexico 5) Sectional conflict: Nor versus Sou over slavery a. 19 C cotton cultivation in e sou depended on slave labor b. N states didn t want slavery to expand into new territories c. Lincoln elected president, 1860; publicly opposed to slavery 6) The U.S. Civil War, 1861-1865 a. 11 souern states seceded when Lincoln was elected b. S ers believed eir economy of cotton & slaves = self-sufficient c. Norerners fought to preserve e Union as much as in opposition to slavery d. 1863, Lincoln s Emancipation Proclamation made abolition a goal of e war e. By 1865, e industrial nor defeated e agricultural sou f. War ended slavery, enhanced auority of federal gov t B. The Canadian Dominion: Independence wiout War 1) Autonomy and division characterized Canadian history a. French Quebec taken by Britain after Seven Years War b. British auorities made large concessions to French Canadians c. After 1781, many British loyalists fled U.S. to seek refuge in Canada 2) The War of 1812 unified Canada against U.S. invaders a. Anti-U.S. sentiments created sense of unity among French & British Canadians b. 1830s, tensions between French citizens & growing English population c. 1840-1867, British auorities granted home rule to Canadians 3) Dominion of Canada created in 1867 a. Federal gov t w/ a Governor-General acting as Brit. representative b. Britain retained jurisdiction over foreign affairs until 1931 c. Prime Minister John MacDonald strengened Canadian independence & unity d. Persuaded western & maritime provinces to join Dominion, 1860s e. Transcontinental RR completed, 1885 What raw materials were commonly exported to industrialized areas?
AP World History Class Notes 3 C. Latin America: Fragmentation and Political Experimentation 1) Creole elites faced political instability after independence a. Creole leaders had little experience wi self-gov t b. White minority dominated politics; peasant majority w/o power c. Political instability aggravated by division among elites 2) Conflicts btwn farmers & ranchers & indigenous peoples common a. Intense fighting in Argentina & Chile; modern weapons against native peoples b. Colonists had pacified most productive land by 1870s 3) Caudillos: military leaders who held power after revolutionary era a. Juan Manuel de Rosas dominated Argentina from 1835-1852 b. Took advantage of chaotic times; brought order to Argentina c. Used personal army to crush opposition; opposed liberal reforms 4) Mexico: war & reform from 1821-1911 a. Shifted from monarchy to republic to caudillo rule b. La Reforma: liberal movement in 1850s led by President Benito Juarez c. Granted universal male suffrage; limited power of priests & military d. Reforms strongly opposed by landowning elites 5) Mexico: Revolution (1911-1920) a. Fundamentally a class conflict: 95% of people = landless/poor b. Middle class joined wi peasants & workers to overrow e dictator Porfirio Diaz c. Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa led popular rural uprisings d. Wi U.S. support, Mexican gov t regained control e. New constitution of 1917 brought sweeping reform What was e relationship between nationalism and anticolonialism? What is e basis of national identity and nationalism? How did governments use ese new ideas on eir populations? 2. American Economic Development A. Migration to e Americas 1) Industrial migrants to U.S. and Canada a. 1850s, 2.3 million Europeans migrated to U.S., & numbers increased after at b. Low cost of immigrant labor U.S. industrial expansion c. 1852-1875, 200,000 Chinese migrated to Calif to work in mines & RRs, ough outlawed/restricted after 1881. 2) Latin American migrants mostly worked on agric. plantations a. Italians migrated to Brazil & Argentina b. Asians migrated to Cuba & e Caribbean sugar fields How did migrations in is period compare to earlier periods? What were e main social, economic, and political causes and effects of is new age of migration?
4 AP World History Class Notes B. Economic Expansion in e United States 1) British capital crucial for early development of U.S. industries a. Foreign capital supported textile, iron & steel, RRs b. Helped create an industrial rival at soon surpassed Britain 2) RRs integrated national economy by late 19 C a. 200,000 miles of RR in U.S.by 1900, coast to coast b. Economic stimulus: 75% of steel went to RR, supported oer industries 3) RRs changed American landscape & timetables; set time zones by 1880s 4) Dramatic economic grow between 1870 & 1900 a. New inventions & technologies: electric lights, telephones, etc. b. Labor conflicts over wages & working conditions: big business usually won C. Canadian Prosperity 1) The National Policy: plan to develop national economy a. Wanted to attract migrants & British capital, but also protect Canadian industries b. Construction of Canadian Pacific RR opened e west to settlement c. Boom in agricultural & industrial production 2) Heavy U.S. investment in Canada; owned 30% of Canadian industry by 1918 D. Latin American Dependence 1) Colonial legacy prevented industrialization of Latin Am states a. Spain & Portugal never encouraged industries b. Creole elites continued land-based economies after independence 2) British didn t invest in industry in Lat. Am.; no market for manufactured goods a. Instead invested in cattle & sheep ranching in Argentina b. Supplied British wool & beef; most of profits Britain 3) Some attempts at industrialization wi limited success a. Diaz encouraged foreign investors to build RRs, telegraphs, mines b. Profits to Mex. oligarchy & foreign investors, not reinvested for furer development c. While Mexican industry boomed, average Mexican standard of living declined 4) Economic grow in Lat. Am. driven by exports: silver, beef, bananas, coffee What were e important developments in transportation during e Ind. Rev? How did gov ts respond to e tremendous economic changes of e Ind. Rev? What meods and tactics did industrialized states use to establish and expand eir empires?
AP World History Class Notes 5 3. American Culture and Social Diversity A. Multicultural Society in e United States 1) By late 19 C, U.S. was a multicultural society but was dominated by white elites 2) Native peoples had been pushed onto reservations a. Dawes Severalty Act, 1887: encouraged natives to take up farming, often on marginal land b. Slaughter of buffalo reatened plains Indians survival c. Children sent to boarding schools, lost native language & traditions 3) Freed slaves often denied civil rights a. Norern armies forced e sou to undergo Reconstruction (1867-68) b. After Reconstruction, a violent backlash overturned reforms c. Sou rigidly segregated; blacks denied opportunities, political rights 4) American women s movement had limited success in 19 C a. Declaration of Sentiments issued by American feminists 1848 b. Sought education, employment, & political rights 5) Migrants: 25 million Europeans to America from 1840-1914 a. Hostile reaction to foreigners from native-born Americans b. Newcomers concentrated in districts like Little Italy & Chinatown c. Antagonism to Asians led to legal exclusion of Chinese & Japanese migrants B. Canadian Cultural Contrasts 1) Enic diversity beyond dominant British & French populations a. Significant minority of indigenous people displaced by whites b. Blacks free after 1833 but not equal; former slaves, some escaped from U.S. c. Chinese migrants came to goldfields of British Columbia, worked on RRs d. Late 19 and early 20 C, waves of European migrants e. Expansion into NW Territories increased British-French conflicts 2) Norwest Rebellion by e métis, descendants of French traders & native women a. Conflict among natives, métis, white settlers in west, 1870s-80s b. Louis Riel, leader of western métis & indigenous peoples c. Riel organized a gov t & army to protect land & trading rights d. Canadian auorities outlawed his gov t & exiled him, 1870s e. 1885 Riel again led métis resistance vs RRs & British settlements f. Rebels were subdued, & Riel was executed for treason 3) French Canadians suspicious of British elites after NW Rebellion How did migrants preserve and transplant eir culture in eir new homes? How did receiving societies react to e new presence of foreign migrants?
6 AP World History Class Notes C. Enicity, Identity, and Gender in Latin America 1) Lat. Am. societies organized by enicity & color (colonial legacy) 2) Large-scale migration in 19 C brought cultural diversity a. Small number of Chinese in Cuba assimilated rough intermarriage b. Larger group of East Indians in Trinidad & Tobago preserved cultural traditions c. European migrants made Buenos Aires Paris of e Americas 3) Gauchos: Argentine cowboys on e pampas a. Gaucho society: enic egalitarianism, mostly mestizos or castizos (mixed race) b. Distinctive gaucho dress, independent, celebrated in legend & song c. Caudillo rule disrupted gaucho life: impressed into armies, lands enclosed 4) Male domination central feature of Lat. Am. society in 19 C a. Machismo: culture of male streng, aggression b. No significant women s movement; some efforts to improve education for girls What types of migration were voluntary vs. involuntary? How were gender roles affected by migration?