Cultural Democratization, East and West: How People around the World View Democracy Central European University PCLS 5188, Spring 2015 Instructor: Doh C. Shin Since the fall of the Berlin Wall more than two decades ago, numerous public opinion surveys have been conducted to monitor and compare how ordinary citizenries have reacted to the democratization taking place around them. These surveys have revealed that a large majority of the global mass publics sees democracy as valuable and prefers it to autocratic regimes. On the basis of their findings, an increasing number of scholars and policymakers have recently begun to advocate the thesis that the entire world is becoming democratic. This course is designed to evaluate this thesis of global democratization by analyzing and comparing citizen views of democracy across regions in democratic transitions, including Africa, the Middle East, East Asia, Central and Eastern Europe, and Latin America. Conceptually, the course builds on the notion that democratization is a dynamic phenomenon that has multiple dimensions and levels, and it thus takes place in individual citizens as well as their political institutions. Theoretically, it is grounded in the perspective that to operate properly, a democratic political system requires software congruent with the various components of its institutional hardware, and citizen orientations to democracy and their favorable reactions to its institutions are key components of the software required for democracy to work. Objectives: I have three objectives in teaching this course. The first is to review recent developments in the study of democratic culture. The second is to introduce regional and global public opinion surveys recently conducted to monitor citizen reactions to democratization. The third is to encourage students to develop the skills of evaluating theoretical and empirical claims. Requirements: Students should note that this is not a lecture course; it is a seminar featuring discussion of the debates and issues raised in the daily assigned readings. As a seminar, class will be conducted in a conference style. In each session, students will take turns in presenting the assigned readings. As discussion leaders, they should draw the class into identifying the core questions (or issues) examined and overlooked in the assigned readings, and evaluating the answers and claims presented in those readings. All students should bring a short list of pertinent issues or questions (one paragraph) from the assigned readings and/or other sources. They should also note that this seminar is a thinking course, not a fact or quantitative analysis course. What matters most in research on political life always includes organizing concepts to sort out competing ideas and theoretical claims, and perform logical analyses on those. Because of the short period of the course, I do not require students to prepare a research paper. Instead, I ask them to prepare and present a short (2-3 pages) research proposal (or design) for the study of a conceptual, theoretical, or empirical issue, which concerns the emergence of democratic political culture in the non-western world. Because of limited time between classes, I do not use any of the books recommended below as a required reading. For each class session, I will assign a few relatively short journal articles. 1
Grading: Grading will be made according to the following weights: Class attendance and participation, 40%, Two short written assignments, 20%; and One written research proposal, 40%. Recommended Books: Paul Blokker, Multiple Democracies in Europe: Political Culture in New Member States, Routledge, 2012. John Booth and Patricia Richard, Latin American Political Culture: Public Opinion and Democracy, CQ Press, 2014. Hans Dieter Klingemann, Dieter Fuchs, and Jan Zielonka, eds., Democracy and Political Culture in Eastern Europe, Routledge, 2008. Michael Bratton, Robert Mattes, and E. Gyimah-Boadi, Public Opinion,Democracy, and Market Reform in Africa, Cambridge University Press, 2005. Russell J. Dalton and Christian Welzel eds., The Civic Culture Transformed, Cambridge University Press, 2014. Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner eds., How People View Democracy, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008. Pippa Norris, Democratic deficit. Critical citizens revisited. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. Doh Chull Shin, Confucianism and Democratization in East Asia, Cambridge University Press, 2012. Mark A. Tessler, Islam and the Search for a Political Formula: How Ordinary Citizens in the Muslim Middle East Think about Islam s Place in Political Life, Indiana University Press, 2015 (forthcoming). Christian Welzel, Freedom Rising: Human Empowerment and the Quest for Emancipation, Cambridge University Press, 2013. Journals: Resources Journal of Democracy Democratization Taiwan Journal of Democracy Comparative Political Studies Comparative Politics International Public Opinion Surveys: Afrobarometer: www.afrobarometer.org 2
AmericasBarometer: http://www.vanderbilt.edu/lapop/about-americasbarometer.php Arab Barometer: www.arabbarometer.org Asian Barometer: www.asianbarometer.org Comparative Study of Electoral Systems: www.cses.org European Social Survey: http://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/ Global Barometer Surveys: www.globalbarometers.org International Social Survey Programme: www.issp.org Latinobarómetro: www.latinobarometro.org/latino/latinobarometro.jsp New Europe Barometer: www.cspp.strath.ac.uk World Value Surveys: www.worldvaluessurvey.org Datasets on Democracy and Democratization: Freedom House: Freedom in the World Reports: http://www.freedomhouse.org Ratings on the guarantee of political rights and civil rights in all countries worldwide. Data available from 1972 onward and yearly updated. BTI - Bertelsmann Transformations Index: http://www.bertelsmann-transformation-index.de Index developed by the Bertelsmann Foundation on the political and economic development status of 120 countries in transition (2003-2012). Economist Intelligence Unit Democracy Index: http://www.eiu.com Democracy index developed on the basis of expert evaluations of 60 factors from five areas (election process, civil rights, government capability, participation and political culture) in 167 countries in the years 2006, 2008 and 2010, 2012). Transparencies International: Global Corruption Barometer http://www.transparency.org/research/gcb/overview Corruption perception index as evidence of corruption in 107 countries. Global Democracy Ranking http://www.democracyranking.org/en/index.htm Annual ranking of the quality of democracy Polity: http://www.systemicpeace.org/polity/polity4.htm Classification of political systems on a scale between the two extremes autocracy and democracy. Yearly updated data available for 167 countries over the period 1800-2012. World Bank - Worldwide Governance Indicators: http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/index.asp Indices for six governance dimensions based on the combination of data from a broad array of data sources. Available for 213 countries in the time span 1996-2009. 3
Course Schedule and Readings Readings listed below for each session are divided into two groups. All the items in the first group are mandatory readings, that is, everyone is required to read. Those in the second group are optional ones, which will be assigned to individual students who volunteer to make extra contributions to class discussion and earn bonus points. April 20 Introduction and Overview: What, Why, and How For this first session, students are asked to: (1) Prepare a short essay (1-page) introducing their educational backgrounds, research experiences and interests, and career goals; (2) Describe the most intellectually rewarding of all the political science books read; (3) Browse through the latest issues of Journal of Democracy, Democratization, and Taiwan Journal of democracy. April 21 Thesis of Global Democratization: Theoretical Debates Francis Fukuyama, At the end of History still stands liberal democracy, The Wall Street Journal (June 6, 2014). Amartya Sen, Democracy as a Universal Value, Journal of Democracy (July 1999), 3-17. Giovanni Sartori, How Far Can Free Government Travel, Journal of Democracy (July 1995), 101-111. Larry Diamond, Why Wait for Democracy? The Wilson Quarterly (winter 2013). Available online from http://wilsonquarterly.com/stories/why-wait-for-democracy/ Timothy Stanley and Alexander Lee, It is Still Not the End of History, The Atlantic (September 1, 2014). Karlsten Struhl, Is Democracy a Universal Value? Whose Democracy? available from https://www.academia.edu/3457921/is_democracy_a_universal_value_whose_democracy April 22 Scholarly Definitions of Democracy Aristotle, Constitutions and their Classification (handout). Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address (e-reserve). Robert Dahl, Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition, 1-9 (e-reserve). Larry Diamond, The Spirit of Democracy, 20-26. Richard Rose, Choosing Democracy as the Lesser Evil (e-reserve). Tony Blair, For True Democracy, the Right to Vote is not enough, New York Times (December 4, 2014). Quincy Wright, The Meaning of Democracy, UNESCO, March 10, 1949 (e-reserve). Ralf Dahrendorf, A Definition of Democracy, Journal of Democracy (October 2003), 103. Freedom House, Electoral Democracy Designation (e-reserve). Economist Intelligence Unit, Methodology (e-reserve). Adam Przeworski, Minimalist Conception of Democracy (e-reserve). 4
Michael Coppedge and John Gerring, Conceptualizing and Measuring Democracy: A New Approach, Perspectives on Politics (June 2011), 246-267. Mark Plattner, Populism, Pluralism, and Liberal Democracy, Journal of Democracy (January 2010), 81-92. Lisa Strom, An Elemental Definition of Democracy and its Advantages for Comparing Political Regime Types, Democratization (2008) 15(2), 215-229. Thomas Insua, A Maximalist Approach to Measure Democracy, (October 2014). April 23 Democratic Political Culture Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba, Civic Culture (1963), 13-26 (e-reserve). Aaron Wildavsky, Democracy as a Coalition of Cultures (e-reserve). Robert Putnam, What Makes Democracy Work? National Civic Review, (1993) (e-reserve). Christian Welzel and Ronald Inglehart, The Role of Ordinary People in Democratization Journal of Democracy (January 2008), 126-40. Russell Dalton and Doh Chull Shin, Reassessing the Civic Culture Model, in Russell Dalton and Christian Welzel, eds., The Civic Culture Transformed, 91-115. Inglehart-Welzel Cultural Map of the World, available online from https://moldovanpress.wordpress.com/2010/09/10/inglehart-welzel-cultural-map-of-the-world/ April 27 Public Opinion Research on Democracy For this class session, all students are asked to choose one of the regional barometer websites listed above, and report on its main achievements. Larry Diamond, Introduction in Diamond and Plattner, eds., How People View Democracy, ix xxii. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008. Russ Dalton and Christian Welzel, Political Culture and Value Change, in Russell Dalton and Christian Welzel, eds., The Civic Culture Transformed, 1-11. Robert Mattes, Public Opinion Research in Emerging Democracies, in W. Donsbach and M.W. Traugott (eds.), The Sage Handbook of Public Opinion Research. London: Sage, 2007, 113 22. Russell Dalton et al., Understanding Democracy, Journal of Democracy (October 2007), 142-156. Ellen Carnaghan, The Difficulty of Measuring Support for Democracy in a Changing Society: Evidence from Russia, Democratization 18, no. 3 (2011): 682-706. Andrea Schedler and Rodolfo Sarsfield, Democrats with Adjectives: Linking Direct and Indirect Measures of Democratic Support. European Journal of Political Research (2007) 46 (5): 637-659. Doh Shin, Democratization: Perspectives from Global Citizenries, in Oxford Handbook of Political Behavior eds. R. Dalton and H. Klingemann, New York: 2007 (e-reserve). Pippa Norris, The Globalization of Comparative Public Opinion Research. In Todd Landman and Neil Robinson, eds., The Sage Handbook of Comparative Politics. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Inc., 2009 (e-reserve). 5
April 28 Citizen Views of Democracy in Confucian East Asia Doh Shin Confucianism in-principle (handout). What China Means by Democracy? The Economist (November 2014). Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats, Asians on Democracy available from http://cald.org/site/cald/?page_id=5265 (e-reserve). Doh Shin, The Asian Values Debate: a Reassessment (April 2015) (e-reserve). Min-Hua Hwang, Understanding of Democracy in East Asian Societies, presented at 23 rd World Congress of Political Science, held in Montreal, July 2014 (e-reserve). Doh Shin and Jason Wells, Is Democracy the Only Game in Town? Journal of Democracy (April 2005), 88-101. Yun-han Chu and Min-hua Huang. 2010. Solving an Asian Puzzle, Journal of Democracy 21 (4): 114-121. Doh Shin and Youngho Cho, How East Asians Understand Democracy, Asien (July 2010): 21-40. Jie Lu and Tianjian Shi, The Battle of Ideas and Discourses before Democratic Transition, International Political Science Review (January 2015), 36: 20-41. Larry Diamond, Coming Wave, Journal of Democracy (January 2012), 5-13. Taiwan Journal of Democracy (July 2013) special issue on Contending Perspectives on the Sources of International Trust and Regime Support in East Asia. April 29 Citizen Views of Democracy in the Middle East Mark Tessler, Mapping and Explaining Attitudes toward Political Islam among Ordinary Citizens in the Middle East and North Africa, Economic Research Forum Working Paper 902, 2015. Amaney Jamal and Mark Tessler, Attitudes in the Arab World, Journal of Democracy (January 2008), 97-110. Fares Braizat, What Arabs Think, Journal of Democracy (October 2010), 131-138. Sabrina de Regt, Arabs Want Democracy, but What Kind? Advances in Applied Sociology (2013), 37-46. Ephraim Yuchtman-Ya ar and Yasmin Alkalay, Political Attitudes in the Muslim World, Journal of Democracy (July 2010), 122-134. Pippa Norris and Ronald Inglehart, Islamic Culture and Democracy: Testing the Clash of Civilization Thesis, Comparative Sociology (2002): 297-333. Mark Tessler and E. Gao. 2005. Gauging Arab Support for Democracy Journal of Democracy (July 2005): 83 97. David Doherty and Jessica Mecellem, Conceptions of Democracy in the Arab World. (unpublished working paper). Lindsay J. Benstead, Why Do Some Arab Citizens See Democracy as Unsuitable for their Country? Democratization published on line (September 2014), 1-24. Alfred Stepan and Grame Robertson, An Arab More than a Muslim Democracy Gap, Journal of Democracy (2003), 30-44. Larry Diamond, Why are there no Arab Democracies? Journal of Democracy (January 2010), 93-104. 6
April 30 Citizen Views of Democracy in Africa Michael Bratton and Robert Mattes, Support for Democracy in Africa: Intrinsic or Instrumental? British Journal of Political Science (2001) 31(3): 447 474. Robert Mattes, South Africa: Democracy without People, Journal of Democracy (2002) 13 (1): 23-36. Michael Bratton and Robert Mattes, Neither Consolidating nor Fully Democratic: The Evolution of African Political Regimes, 1999-2008, Afrobarometer Briefing Paper No. 67. Michael Bratton, Anchoring the D-Word in Africa, Journal of Democracy (January 2010), 106-113. Nic Cheeseman, Does African Middle Class Defend Democracy, Afrobarometer Working paper 150 (December 2014). Robert Mattes and Doh Chull Shin, Democratic Impact of Cultural Values in Africa and Asia, (20015), Afrobarometer Working Paper 40. Elke Zuern, Democratization as Liberation: Competing African perspectives on Democracy, Democratization (2009) 16(3): 585-603. Mattes, Robert and Michael Bratton, Learning about democracy in Africa: Awareness, Performance, and Experience, American Journal of Political Science (2007), 192-217. Dan Ottemoeller, Popular Perceptions of Democracy: Elections and Attitudes in Uganda, Comparative Political Studies (1998) 31 (1): 98-124. E. Gimah-Boadi, Africa s Waning Commitment to Democracy, Journal of Democracy (January 2015), 101-113. May 4 Citizen Views of Democracy in Latin America Marta Lagos, Latin America s Diversity of Views, Journal of Democracy (January 2008), 111-125. Latinobarometro Poll: Listen to Me, The Economist (November 2, 2013). Available online from http://www.economist.com/news/americas/21588886-slightly-brighter-picturedemocracy-not-liberal-freedoms-listen-me Marta Lagos, Democracy in Latin America (February 2014). Margarita Corral, The State of Democracy in Latin America: a Comparative Analysis of the Attitudes of Citizens and Elites, (January 2011). Elizabeth J. Zechmeister, The Political Culture of Democracy in the Americas, 2014: Democratic Governance across 10 Years of the AmericasBarometer Executive Summary Julio Carrión, Illiberal Democracy and Normative Democracy: How is Democracy Defined in the Americas? In Mitchell Seligson, ed. Challenges to Democracy in LatinAmerica and the Caribbean: Evidence from the AmericasBarometer. VanderbiltUniversity, 2008. Available from http://www.vanderbilt.edu/lapop/ab2006/challenges1-en.pdf (e-reserve). Mitchell Seligson and Amy Smith, Political Culture of Democracy, 2010: Democratic Consolidation in Americas in Hard Times. Available online from http://lapop.ccp.ucr.ac.cr/pdf/report_on_the_americas_english_final2.pdf Damarys Canache, Citizens Conceptualizations of Democracy: Structural Complexity, Substantive Content, and Political Significance, Comparative Political Studies (2012) 45(9), 1132 1158. 7
David Crow, The Party s Over: Citizen Conceptions of Democracy and Political Dissatisfaction in Mexico, Comparative Politics (2010) 43(1), 41 61. Scott Mainwaring and Anival Perez-Linan, Cross-currents in Latin America, Journal of Democracy (January 2015), 114-127. May 5 Citizen Views of Democracy in Europe Richard Rose, Learning to Support Democracy, Journal of Democracy (July 2007), Richard Rose, Advancing into Europe? The Contrasting Goals of Post-Communist Countries. Ellen Carnaghan, 2012. Popular Support for Democracy ad Autocracy in Russia, Russian Analytical Digest (September 19), 2-4. Henry Hale. 2012. Trends in Russian Views on Democracy 2008-2012: Has There Been a Russian Democratic Awakening? Russian Analytical Digest (September 19), 9-12. Opinion Polls: Conceptions of Democracy, Russian Analytical Digest (September 19), 5-8. Dieter Fuchs and Edeltraud Roller. Learned Democracy? Support for Democracy in Central and Eastern Europe. International Journal of Sociology (2006) 36 (3): 70-96. Robert Rohrschneider, Transitional Democracies: The East/West German Model, presented at Rethinking Democracy in the New Millennium, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, February 17-20, 2000 (e-reserve). Monica Ferrin and Hanspeter Kriesi, Europeans Understandings and Evaluations of Democracy. Available from http://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/permalink/800ea36f- 3a8d-11e4-95d4-005056b8065f.pdf. Besir Ceska and Pedro Magalhael, The Meaning of Democracy and its Determinants. (2014, unpublished manuscript) (e-reserve). Elenora Tafuro, Support for Democracy in Russia: Where Next, (April 25, 2013). Available online from http://fride.org/blog/support-for-democracy-in-russia-where-next/ Dieter Fuch, The Democratic Culture of United Germany. In Pippa Norris (ed.), Critical Citizens, 123-145. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1999. Monica Pereira, Types of Democrats in Europe: Hierarchy and Differences. Paper presented at the Seminar in Politics and Society, Collegio Carlo Alberto, November 8 2012. Christian Haerpfer and Kseniya Kisilov, Support for Democracy in Postcommunist Europe and Post-Soviet Eurasia, in Dalton and Welzel, eds., The Civic Culture Transformed, 158-183. May 6 Global Democratization Thesis: Empirical Tests Doh Chull Shin, Citizen Conceptions of Democracy: an Evaluation and Synthesis of Recent Public Opinion Research. The Center for the Study of Democracy, University of California, Irvine, April 2015. Pippa Norris, Democratic Deficit, chap. 8 Democratic Knowledge, 142-168. Christian Welzel, Freedom Rising, chap. 10 Paradox of Democracy, 307-331. Alejandro Moreno Alvarez and Christian Welzel, How Values Shape People s View of Democracy? available from http://www.democracy.uci.edu/files/docs/ conferences/2011/moreno%20welzel_chapter.pdf May 7 Presentations of Research Proposals 8