VIETNAM WAR 1965-1972
FRENCH CONTROL French controlled Vietnam until World War II Vietnam taken by Japan Ho Chi Minh called for an independence of Vietnam Eight Year war between France and Ho Chi Minh to determine who would rule Vietnam United States backed France France becomes weak United States vs. Vietnam
COMMUNISM Spread of Communism due to Cold War Fear of Domino Theory America s need for containment
NORTH VIETNAM Under Communist Control Supported by Communist Allies Leader was Ho Chi Minh Wanted to Unify Vietnam under one Communist Rule
SOUTH VIETNAM U.S. financially, economically, and politically supported President Ngo Dinh Diem Supported by Non-Communist Allies Viet Cong Communist Group within South Vietnam led by Ho Chi Minh Capitol city Saigon
U.S. INVOLVEMENT Never officially declared a war John F. Kennedy approved a secret plan for military actions in Vietnam and Laos Sent thousands of men to Vietnam Lyndon B. Johnson set events that led to war on Vietnam Only wanted to push North Vietnamese defenses
1 st Tonkin Incident GULF OF TONKIN - USS Maddox was fired upon by three North Vietnamese torpedo boats resulting in a sea battle - Not enough for LBJ to send more men to Vietnam 2 nd Tonkin Incident - Claimed by the U.S. National Security Agency that another sea battle occurred between U.S. and Vietnam - Did not occur used as a way to justify war Gulf of Tonkin Resolution - Does not declare war but gives LBJ authority to put men in Vietnam
RESPONSE TO WAR Birthday Draft Protests - Pick birthday, if picked, going to Vietnam More men go - Student protests Berkeley and Kent State - More students going to college - African Americans Get in the way of the Civil Rights Movement - South Vietnamese Monks are committing suicide https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uyykmrd_l9i
WAR IN VIETNAM Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia 1965 Operation Rolling Thunder - US Air Division, US Navy, South Vietnam Air Force aerial bombardment against North Vietnam - Wanted North Vietnam to cease fire and stop supporting Communism in South Vietnam - North Vietnam created one the most effective air defenses that the US ever faced - Realized war was a Quagmire
WAR IN VIETNAM Nature of Jungle - Animals, Heat, Diseases, Monsoon Season Guerilla Warfare - North Vietnamese war tactics Hit and Run - Man-holes, explosions, land mines - Didn t know who to trust https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xdcff5epajc
WAR IN VIETNAM
MY LAI MASSACRE U.S. soldiers found this village in Vietnam Completely massacred the village - Unarmed men, women, children, and infants Many women were raped and found mutilated Only the Platoon leader was convicted and served three and a half years under house arrest Burned and destroyed homes Increased domestic opposition to the U.S. involvement in Vietnam
TET OFFENSIVE Agreement of cease fire by North Vietnam, South Vietnam, and the United States North Vietnam used this as a surprise attack Very successful and turned around entire course of the war Downhill battle for the U.S. and South Vietnam
DOMESTIC PROBLEMS Americans upset with LBJ because of war - Growing dislike Needed to stop Great Society because it was not serving the country domestically - Funding of Vietnam LBJ doesn t run for re-election Election of Richard Nixon - Won because promised to end Vietnam and has a plan
NIXON S POLICIES Concerned with containment but build relations with Communist governments Vietnamization - Americans turn more political power to South Vietnamese and slowly pull away Nixon starts pulling men out of Vietnam
HO CHI MINH TRAIL BOMBING Trail that ran through North and South Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos Primary way of passing supplies to North Vietnam and the Viet Cong Nixon decides to bomb trail Involves Cambodia and Laos
HO CHI MINH TRAIL
DOMESTIC PROBLEMS Release of Pentagon Papers secret document - LBJ had mismanaged the war and ignored it - Most unpopular war of all time January 27, 1973 declare a cease fire logical end to Vietnam - Paris Peace Accords Ending the war and restoring peace in Vietnam April 30, 1975 airlift out of Saigon - North Vietnam takes over South Vietnam
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 1) Is Vietnam considered a war? Why or why not? 2) Is this war justifiable? Why or why not? 3) How did the climate and Vietnamese warfare affect American soldiers? 4) What events caused American opposition to the war in Vietnam? 5) What was the leading reason for U.S. involvement in Vietnam?