Grade/Course: Eighth Grade Georgia Studies Standards: H1, G1, G2, E1 3 weeks Standards: H1b, c, H2, G1d, E1 4 weeks Standards: H3, H4, E1, E2a 2 weeks Standards: H12a, c, CG1 1 week Unit One focus: Georgia s Beginnings Unit Two focus: Georgia s Colonization Unit Three focus: Revolution in Georgia Unit Four focus: Foundations of Government in Georgia Themes with Concepts/Topics: Themes with Concepts/Topics: Themes with Concepts/Topics: Themes with Concepts/Topics: Location Absolute and relative location of Georgia Human/Environmental Interaction Georgia s geographic regions, features and climates Civilization, Cultural Diffusion and Innovation Development of prehistoric cultures Conflict and Compromise European/Native American Civilization, Cultural Diffusion and Innovation Colonization Migration (voluntary and forced) Territorial Growth Social & Political Interaction Colonial Governments Conflict and Compromise Revolution Trade, Industry, & Technology Regional Specialization Social & Political Interaction Key Documents Constitutional Governments State and National Governments Social & Political Interaction Political Parties Representative Government Association for the Social Studies (GLASS), January 2007. Electronic copies are available at www.gcss.net in Microsoft Word - 1 -
Standards: CG2a,b,c 2 weeks Standards: CG3a,b 2 weeks Standards: CG4a,b,c,d, CG6a,b,c,d 2 weeks Standards: CG5a,b,c, E4a,b,c 2 weeks Unit Five focus: The Legislative Branch in Georgia Unit Six focus: The Executive Branch in Georgia Unit Seven focus: The Judicial Branch in Georgia Unit Eight focus: Local Government in Georgia Themes with Concepts/Topics: Themes with Concepts/Topics: Themes with Concepts/Topics: Themes with Concepts/Topics: Social & Political Interaction Political Parties Representative Government Taxation Social & Political Interaction Political Parties Representative Government Taxation Social & Political Interaction Political Parties Representative Government Key Documents Citizenship Responsibility Juvenile Justice System Social & Political Interaction Representative Government Taxation Local Governments Citizenship Responsibility Association for the Social Studies (GLASS), January 2007. Electronic copies are available at www.gcss.net in Microsoft Word - 2 -
Standards: H5, H6, E1, E2a 4 weeks Standards: H7, E3 3 weeks Standards: H8, H9, E1, E 2a 3 weeks Standards: H10, H11, H12b, d,e, G2, CG5a, E1, E2a,b, E3b,c 3 weeks Unit Nine focus: Georgia in a Divided Nation Unit Ten focus: Developing National Identities Unit Eleven focus: Depression & World Conflict Unit Twelve focus: Societal & Technological Growth Themes with Concepts/Topics: Themes with Concepts/Topics: Themes with Concepts/Topics: Themes with Concepts/Topics: Conflict and Compromise Civil War Social & Political Interaction Regional Development Development of Southern Culture Social & Political Interaction Reconstruction Civil Rights Reform Trade, Industry, & Technology Development of Atlanta and the State Conflict & Compromise World War I Social & Political Interaction Political Practices and Policies - Eugene Talmadge - FDR Trade, Industry, & Technology Causes and Effects of the Great Depression Conflict & Compromise World War II - Ethnic Conflict - Economic Opportunities Social & Political Interaction Urban Development Leadership - Ellis Arnall - Jimmy Carter Civil Rights Trade, Industry, & Technology Agricultural Production Technological Advancements Entrepreneurs Transportation Globalization 1996 Olympics Immigration International Trade Association for the Social Studies (GLASS), January 2007. Electronic copies are available at www.gcss.net in Microsoft Word - 3 -
8 th Grade Georgia Studies Unit 1: Georgia s Beginnings Elaborated Unit Focus: This unit will focus on the relationship between natural forces and features and human activities. History SS8H1 The student will evaluate the development of Native American cultures and the impact of European exploration and settlement on the Native American cultures in Georgia. a. Describe the evolution of Native American cultures (Paleo, Archaic, Woodland, and Mississippian) prior to European contact. b. Evaluate the impact of European contact on Native American cultures; include Spanish missions along the barrier islands, and the explorations of Hernando DeSoto. c. Explain reasons for European exploration and settlement of North America, with emphasis on the interests of the French, Spanish, and British in the southeastern area. Geography SS8G1 The student will describe Georgia with regard to physical features and location. a. Locate Georgia in relation to region, nation, continent, and hemispheres. b. Describe the five geographic regions of Georgia; include the Blue Ridge Mountains, Valley and Ridge, Appalachian Plateau, Piedmont, and Coastal Plain. c. Locate and evaluate the importance of key physical features on the development of Georgia; include the Fall Line, Okefenokee Swamp, Appalachian Mountains, Chattahoochee and Savannah Rivers, and barrier islands. d. Evaluate the impact of climate on Georgia s development. SS8G2 The student will explain how the Interstate Highway System, Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport, and Georgia s deepwater ports help drive the state s economy. a. Explain how the three transportation systems interact to provide domestic and international goods to the people of Georgia. b. Explain how the three transportation systems interact to provide producers and service providers in Georgia with national and international markets. c. Explain how the three transportation systems provide jobs for Georgians. Civics/Government Economics SS8E1 The student will give examples of the kinds of goods and services produced in Georgia in different historical periods. 4
Unit 1 Enduring Understandings and Unit Essential Questions Cultures change and develop over time as they are influenced by natural forces and encounter other cultures. How did various developments in the culture of prehistoric indigenous Americans mark their evolution from the Paleo period through the Mississippian Period? (H1a) What impact did environment have on the development of the prehistoric indigenous American cultures?(h1b,g1c,d) Each location in the world is unique in terms of global position and geographic features. What is the relative location of Georgia in terms of hemisphere, continent, nation, region and global position? (G1a, b) How have Georgia s transportation systems (air, land, water) changed over time and affected human activity and economic opportunities? (G2a,c) Particular physical and cultural features and climate have affected the development of Georgia. What are the significant geographic regions of Georgia and how have they impacted Georgia s growth and development? (G1b,c) How has climate played a role in Georgia s growth and development? (G1d) 5
8 th Grade Georgia Studies Unit 2: Georgia s Colonization Elaborated Unit Focus: This unit will focus on the geographical, political, social and economic factors that contributed to Georgia s colonization. History SS8H1 The student will evaluate the development of Native American cultures and the impact of European exploration and settlement on the Native American cultures in Georgia. b. Evaluate the impact of European contact on Native American cultures; include Spanish missions along the barrier islands, and the explorations of Hernando DeSoto. c. Explain reasons for European exploration and settlement of North America, with emphasis on the interests of the French, Spanish, and British in the southeastern area. SS8H2 The student will analyze the colonial period of Georgia s history. a. Explain the importance of James Oglethorpe, the Charter of 1732, reasons for settlement (charity, economics, and defense), Tomochichi, Mary Musgrove, and the city of Savannah. b. Evaluate the Trustee Period of Georgia s colonial history, emphasizing the role of the Salzburgers, Highland Scots, malcontents, and the Spanish threat from Florida. c. Explain the development of Georgia as a royal colony with regard to land ownership, slavery, government, and the impact of the royal governors. Geography SS8G1 The student will describe Georgia with regard to physical features and location. d. Evaluate the impact of climate on Georgia s development. Civics/Government Economics SS8E1 The student will give examples of the kinds of goods and services produced in Georgia in different historical periods. 6
Unit 2 Enduring Understandings and Unit Essential Questions Cultures change and develop over time as they are influenced by natural forces and encounters with other cultures. How did life change for the Mississippian Indians after the arrival of European explorers? (H1b) How did the contributions of various political and cultural groups contribute to the development of the Georgia colony during the Trustee period? (H2b) Many factors contribute to migration (colonization), and the decision to migrate is a combination of political, economic, geographic and social factors. Why did European countries explore, claim, and settle the North American continent? (H1c) How was the founding of the Georgia colony and its evolution to statehood unique? (H2a, c) Particular physical and cultural features and climate affect the development of a region. How did physical features and climatic factors play a role in settlement of the Georgia colony? (G1d) 7
8 th Grade Georgia Studies Unit 3: Revolution in Georgia Elaborated Unit Focus: This unit will focus on the conflicts and compromises that led to our country s independence, the economic changes that occurred, and the obligations of individual states to create representative governments. History SS8H3 The student will analyze the role of Georgia in the American Revolution. a. Explain the immediate and long-term causes of the American Revolution and their impact on Georgia; include the French and Indian War (i.e., Seven Years War), Proclamation of 1763, Stamp Act, Intolerable Acts, and the Declaration of Independence. b. Analyze the significance of people and events in Georgia on the Revolutionary War; include Loyalists, patriots, Elijah Clarke, Austin Dabney, Nancy Hart, Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, George Walton, Battle of Kettle Creek, and siege of Savannah. SS8H4 The student will describe the impact of events that led to the ratification of the United States Constitution and the Bill of Rights. a. Analyze the strengths and weaknesses of both the Georgia Constitution of 1777 and the Articles of Confederation and explain how weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation led to a need to revise the Articles. b. Describe the role of Georgia at the Constitutional Convention of 1787; include the role of Abraham Baldwin and William Few, and reasons why Georgia ratified the new constitution. Geography Civics/Government Economics SS8E1 The student will give examples of the kinds of goods and services produced in Georgia in different historical periods. SS8E2 The student will explain the benefits of free trade. a. Describe how Georgians have engaged in trade in different historical time periods 8
Unit 3 Enduring Understandings and Unit Essential Questions Wars for independence are not the result of a single event but the culmination of a series of events in which failure to compromise results in conflict. How did the immediate and long-term causes of the American Revolution impact Georgia? (H3a) What role did Georgia play in the American Revolution? (H3b) Past experiences of a group of people influence their decisions regarding the creation of a new government. What led to the evolution of Georgia s government from a royal colony to a constitutional democracy? (H4a, b) People engage in trade in order to acquire the goods and services they want. Why did people produce particular goods during the Revolution and how did they choose with whom to trade? (E1, E2a) 9
8 th Grade Georgia Studies Unit 4: Foundations of Georgia Government Elaborated Unit Focus: This unit will examine the framework for Georgia s government, the electoral process, and the rise of two-party politics in the state. History SS8H12 The student will explain the importance of significant social, economic, and political developments in Georgia since 1970. a. Evaluate the consequences of the end of the county unit system and reapportionment. c. Analyze the impact of the rise of the two-party system in Georgia. Geography Civics/Government SS8CG1 The student will describe the role of citizens under Georgia s constitution. a. Explain the basic structure of the Georgia state constitution. b. Explain the concepts of separation of powers and checks and balances. c. Describe the rights and responsibilities of citizens. d. Explain voting requirements and elections in Georgia. e. Explain the role of political parties in government. Economics 10
Unit 4 Enduring Understandings and Unit Essential Questions Individuals and governmental agencies have responsibilities to each other that help build a strong democratic society. How does the Georgia Constitution provide the framework for the rights and responsibilities of citizens and government? (CG1) How does the structure of Georgia s government ensure that its citizens are fairly represented? (H12a, CG1c) How do political parties serve the purposes of voters with different opinions? (H12c, CG1e) 11
8 th Grade Georgia Studies Unit 5: The Legislative Branch in Georgia Elaborated Unit Focus: This unit will examine the legislative process of Georgia s government. History Geography Civics/Government S8CG2 The student will analyze the role of the legislative branch in Georgia state government. a. Explain the qualifications, term, election, and duties of members of the General Assembly. b. Describe the organization of the General Assembly, with emphasis on leadership and the committee system. c. Trace the steps in the legislative process for a bill to become a law in Georgia. Economics 12
Unit 5 Enduring Understandings and Unit Essential Questions The power to create laws and ordinances rests with the legislative branch of government. How are the actions of members of the General Assembly related to the desires of citizens to be safe and free? (CG2) 13
8 th Grade Georgia Studies Unit 6: The Executive Branch in Georgia Elaborated Unit Focus: This unit will examine the role of the executive branch in enforcing state laws. History Geography Civics/Government SS8CG3 The student will analyze the role of the executive branch in Georgia state government. a. Explain the qualifications, term, election, and duties of the governor and lieutenant governor. b. Describe the organization of the executive branch, with emphasis on major policy areas of state programs. Economics 14
Unit 6 Enduring Understandings and Unit Essential Questions The power to enforce laws and ordinances rests with the executive branch of government. How do the governor and the agencies of the executive branch protect the citizens of the state? (CG3) 15
8 th Grade Georgia Studies Unit 7: The Judicial Branch in Georgia Elaborated Unit Focus: This unit will examine the judicial process in state government, the interpretation of state law, and the juvenile justice process. History Geography Civics/Government SS8CG4 The student will analyze the role of the judicial branch in Georgia state government. a. Explain the structure of the court system in Georgia including trial and appellate procedures and how judges are selected. b. Explain the difference between criminal law and civil law. c. Describe the adult justice system, emphasizing the different jurisdictions, terminology, and steps in the criminal justice process. d. Describe ways to avoid trouble and settle disputes peacefully. SS8CG6 The student will explain how the Georgia court system treats juvenile offenders. a. Explain the difference between delinquent behavior and unruly behavior and the consequences of each. b. Describe the rights of juveniles when taken into custody. c. Describe the juvenile justice system, emphasizing the different jurisdictions, terminology, and steps in the juvenile justice process. d. Explain the seven delinquent behaviors that can subject juvenile offenders to the adult criminal process, how the decision to transfer to adult court is made, and the possible consequences. Economics 16
Unit 7 Enduring Understandings and Unit Essential Questions The power to interpret laws and ordinances rests with the judicial branch of government. How does Georgia s judicial system provide justice and protect the rights of its citizens? (CG4) How are juveniles treated differently under our judicial system? (CG6) 17
8 th Grade Georgia Studies Unit 8: Local Government in Georgia Elaborated Unit Focus: This unit will examine local government, special-purpose governments, and the collection and distribution of state revenues. History Geography Civics/Government SS8CG5 The student will analyze the role of local governments in the state of Georgia. a. Explain the origins, functions, purposes, and differences of county and city governments in Georgia. b. Compare and contrast the weak mayor-council, the strong mayor-council, and the council-manager forms of city government. c. Describe the functions of special-purpose governments. Economics SS8E4 The student will identify revenue sources and services provided by state and local governments. a. Trace sources of state revenue such as sales taxes, federal grants, personal income taxes, and property taxes. b. Explain the distribution of state revenue to provide services. c. Evaluate how choices are made given the limited revenues of state and local governments. SS8E5 The student will explain personal money management choices in terms of income, spending, credit, saving, and investing. 18
Unit 8 Enduring Understandings and Unit Essential Questions State governments extend their power through counties and cities which exist at the discretion of the state. Why do local governments collect and use taxes? (CG5a, c, E4) Why are there different forms of local governments? (CG5 ) Personal economic decisions affect quality of life and standard of living. What is the role of personal money management in being a responsible citizen? (E5) 19
8 th Grade Georgia Studies Unit 9: Georgia in a Divided Nation Elaborated Unit Focus: This unit will analyze those factors that caused Georgia and the Southeast to develop as a distinct economic and political region before and after the Civil War. History SS8H5 The student will explain significant factors that affected the development of Georgia as part of the growth of the United States between 1789 and 1840. a. Explain the establishment of the University of Georgia, Louisville, and the spread of Baptist and Methodist churches. b. Evaluate the impact of land policies pursued by Georgia; include the headright system, land lotteries, and the Yazoo land fraud. c. Explain how technological developments, including the cotton gin and railroads, had an impact on Georgia s growth. d. Analyze the events that led to the removal of Creeks and Cherokees; include the roles of Alexander McGillivray, William McIntosh, Sequoyah, John Ross, Dahlonega Gold Rush, Worcester v. Georgia, Andrew Jackson, John Marshall, and the Trail of Tears. SS8H6 The student will analyze the impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction on Georgia. a. Explain the importance of key issues and events that led to the Civil War; include slavery, states rights, nullification, Missouri Compromise, Compromise of 1850 and the Georgia Platform, Kansas-Nebraska Act, Dred Scott case, election of 1860, the debate over secession in Georgia, and the role of Alexander Stephens. b. State the importance of key events of the Civil War; include Antietam, Emancipation Proclamation, Gettysburg, Chickamauga, the Union blockade of Georgia s coast, Sherman s Atlanta Campaign, Sherman s March to the Sea, and Andersonville. c. Analyze the impact of Reconstruction on Georgia and other southern states, emphasizing Freedmen s Bureau; sharecropping and tenant farming; Reconstruction plans; 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments to the constitution; Henry McNeal Turner and black legislators; and the Ku Klux Klan. Geography Civics/Government Economics: SS8E1 The student will give examples of the kinds of goods and services produced in Georgia in different historical periods. SS8E2 The student will explain the benefits of free trade. a. Describe how Georgians have engaged in trade in different historical time periods 20
Unit 9 Enduring Understandings and Unit Essential Questions The growth and development of a region are influenced by social, economic, and political factors. What is the role of social institutions (e.g., religion, education, technology) in the development of a region? (H5a, c) How do political policies influence growth and development? (H5b) How do economic and political factors affect disenfranchised groups? (e.g., Creeks and Cherokees) (H5d) Political, economic, and social factions within a country sometimes lead to conflict and subsequent resolution. How did national political issues lead to the decision for Southern states to secede from the Union? (H6a) How did key military, political and economic strategies influence the outcome of the Civil War? (H6b, E1, E2a) How did political actions and social reactions change Southern culture after the Civil War? (H6c) 21
8 th Grade Georgia Studies Unit 10: Developing National Identities Elaborated Unit Focus: This unit will focus on the social, economic, and political changes that led to conflicts between cultures, as well as conflicts among nations. History SS8H7 The student will evaluate key political, social, and economic changes that occurred in Georgia between 1877 and 1918. a. Evaluate the impact the Bourbon Triumvirate, Henry Grady, International Cotton Exposition, Tom Watson and the Populists, Rebecca Latimer Felton, the 1906 Atlanta Riot, the Leo Frank Case, and the county unit system had on Georgia during this period. b. Analyze how rights were denied to African-Americans through Jim Crow laws, Plessy v. Ferguson, disenfranchisement, and racial violence. c. Explain the roles of Booker T. Washington, W. E. B. DuBois, John and Lugenia Burns Hope, and Alonzo Herndon. d. Give reasons for World War I and describe Georgia s contributions. Geography Civics/Government Economics SS8E3 The student will evaluate the influence of Georgia s economic growth and development. a. Define profit and describe how profit is an incentive for entrepreneurs. b. Explain how entrepreneurs take risks to develop new goods and services to start a business. 22
Unit 10 Enduring Understandings and Essential Questions The ideals of a nation influence social, political, and economic changes. How did politics, public discourse, and social reaction lead to divisions in Georgia after Reconstruction? (H7a) How did influential African-Americans influence social, political and economic change? (H7c, E3a, b) How did World War I impact Georgia? (H7d, E1) 23
8 th Grade Georgia Studies Unit 11: Depression and World Conflict Elaborated Unit Focus: This unit will focus on the economic, political, and natural factors that led to the Great Depression, and World War II. It further clarifies the relationship between world conflict and economic factors that led to the Great Depression and World War II. History SS8H8 The student will analyze the important events that occurred after World War I and their impact on Georgia. a. Describe the impact of the boll weevil and drought on Georgia. b. Explain economic factors that resulted in the Great Depression. c. Discuss the impact of the political career of Eugene Talmadge. d. Discuss the effect of the New Deal in terms of the impact of the Civilian Conservation Corps, Agricultural Adjustment Act, rural electrification, and Social Security. SS8H9 The student will describe the impact of World War II on Georgia s development economically, socially, and politically. a. Describe the impact of events leading up to American involvement in World War II; include Lend-Lease and the bombing of Pearl Harbor. b. Evaluate the importance of Bell Aircraft, military bases, the Savannah and Brunswick shipyards, Richard Russell, and Carl Vinson. c. Explain the impact of the Holocaust on Georgians. d. Discuss the ties to Georgia that President Roosevelt had and his impact on the state. Geography Civics/Government Economics SS8E1 The student will give examples of the kinds of goods and services produced in Georgia in different historical periods. SS8E2 The student will explain the benefits of free trade. a. Describe how Georgians have engaged in trade in different historical time periods. 24
Unit 11 Enduring Understandings and Unit Essential Questions The prosperity of a region is determined by natural, economic, and political forces. How did forces of nature affect the economy of Georgia? (H8a,b) How did state and national political policies following the end of World War II influence the growth and development of Georgia and the future of politics in the state? (H8c, d) How do Georgia s elected representatives influence the growth and development of Georgia? (H8c; H9b; CG1e) The impact of a global war affects the economy, society, and politics of a nation, region, and state. How do acts of aggression influence public sentiment toward conflict? (H9a) How can wars create economic opportunities? (H9b,E1,E2a) How do atrocities against ethnic or cultural groups impact other peoples and regions? (H9c) 25
8 th Grade Georgia Studies Unit 12: Societal and Technological Growth Elaborated Unit Focus: This unit will examine the relationship between technology and society. History SS8H10 The student will evaluate key post-world War II developments of Georgia from 1945 to 1970. a. Analyze the impact of the transformation of agriculture on Georgia s growth. b. Explain how the development of Atlanta, including the roles of mayors William B. Hartsfield and Ivan Allen, Jr., and major league sports, contributed to the growth of Georgia. c. Discuss the impact of Ellis Arnall. SS8H11 The student will evaluate the role of Georgia in the modern civil rights movement. a. Describe major developments in civil rights and Georgia s role during the 1940s and 1950s; include the roles of Herman Talmadge, Benjamin Mays, the 1946 governor s race and the end of the white primary, Brown v. Board of Education, Martin Luther King, Jr., and the 1956 state flag. b. Analyze the role Georgia and prominent Georgians played in the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s and 1970s; include such events as the founding of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), Sibley Commission, admission of Hamilton Holmes and Charlayne Hunter to the University of Georgia, Albany Movement, March on Washington, Civil Rights Act, the election of Maynard Jackson as mayor of Atlanta, and the role of Lester Maddox. c. Discuss the impact of Andrew Young on Georgia. SS8H12 The student will explain the importance of significant social, economic, and political developments in Georgia since 1970. b. Describe the role of Jimmy Carter in Georgia as state senator, governor, president, and past president. d. Evaluate the effect of the 1996 Olympic Games on Georgia. e. Evaluate the importance of new immigrant communities to the growth and economy of Georgia. Geography SS8G2 The student will explain how the Interstate Highway System, Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport, and Georgia s deepwater ports help drive the state s economy. a. Explain how the three transportation systems interact to provide domestic and international goods to the people of Georgia. b. Explain how the three transportation systems interact to provide producers and service providers in Georgia with national and international markets. c. Explain how the three transportation systems provide jobs for Georgians. Civics/Government SS8CG5 The student will analyze the role of local governments in the state of Georgia. a. Explain the origins, functions, purposes, and differences of county and city governments in Georgia. Economics: SS8E1 The student will give examples of the kinds of goods and services produced in Georgia in different historical periods. SS8E2 The student will explain the benefits of free trade. a. Describe how Georgians have engaged in trade in different historical time periods. b. Explain Georgia s role in world trade today. SS8E3 The student will evaluate the influence of Georgia s economic growth and development. b. Explain how entrepreneurs take risks to develop new goods and services to start a business. c. Evaluate the importance of entrepreneurs in Georgia who developed such enterprises as Coca-Cola, Delta Airlines, Georgia-Pacific, and Home Depot. 26
Unit 12 Enduring Understandings and Unit Essential Questions Technological innovations, as well as social change, result in periods of significant, rapid adjustments, including opportunities for entrepreneurs and the development of new goods and services. How has technological change affected agricultural methods and production? (H10a, E1, E2a) How can the policies of state and local political leaders influence economic growth? (H10b, CG5a) How did the post WWII economic climate provide opportunities for entrepreneurs? (E2a,b, E3) How did the policies and actions of Jimmy Carter influence the state, nation and world politically and socially? (H12b) How did the 1996 Olympic Games provide opportunities for economic development and contribute to Georgia s international image? (H12d) How do immigrants change social structures and influence economic policies and practices? (H12c) How do Georgia s transportation systems affect economic growth and development? (G2) How can political policies and decisions create a climate in which individuals and groups can voice opinions to bring about social change? (H11a, b, c) 27
Georgia Studies Enduring Understandings Summary Unit 1: Georgia s Beginnings Cultures change and develop over time as they are impacted by natural forces and encounter other cultures. Each location in the world is unique in terms of global position and geographic features. Particular physical and cultural features and climate have affected development of Georgia. Unit 2: Georgia s Colonization Cultures change and develop over time as they are influenced by natural forces and encounters with other cultures. Many factors contribute to migration (colonization), and the decision to migrate is a combination of political, economic, geographic and social factors. Particular physical and cultural features and climate affect the development of a region. Unit 3: Conflict, Compromise, and Revolution Wars for independence are not the result of a single event but the culmination of a series of events in which failure to compromise results in conflict. Past experiences of a group of people will influence their decisions regarding the creation of a new government. People engage in trade in order to acquire the goods and services they want. Unit 4: Foundations of Government in Georgia Individuals and governmental agencies have responsibilities one to the other that help build a strong democratic society. Unit 5: The Legislative Branch in Georgia The power to create laws and ordinances rests with the legislative branch of government. Unit 6: The Executive Branch in Georgia The power to enforce laws and ordinances rests with the executive branch of government. Unit 7: The Judicial Branch in Georgia The power to interpret laws rests with the judicial branch of government. Unit 8: Local Government in Georgia State governments extend their power through counties and cities which exist at the discretion of the state. Personal economic decisions affect quality of life and standard of living. Unit 9: Georgia in a Divided Nation Political, economic, and social factions within a country sometimes lead to conflict and subsequent resolution. The growth and development of a region are influenced by social, economic, and political factors. Unit 10: Developing National Identities The ideals of a nation influence social, political, and economic changes. Unit 11: Depression and World Conflict The prosperity of a region is determined by natural, economic, and political forces. The impact of a global war affects the economy, society, and politics of a nation, region, and state. Unit 12: Societal and Technological Growth Technological innovations, as well as social change, result in periods of significant, rapid adjustments, including opportunities for entrepreneurs and the development of new goods and services. Association for the Social Studies (GLASS), January 2007. Electronic copies are available at www.gcss.net. 28