World War II: 1941-1945 U.S. Enters War Germany declared war on U.S. on Dec. 11, 1941 Persuaded by U.S. weakness at Pearl Harbor Not required to do so according to alliance U.S. Response Massive military build up $100 billion in government orders alone Non-essential consumer goods halted End of New Deal and Depression Government orders rationing, minimum prices, wage ceilings Farmers increase output 1
Women go to Work Women make up 1/3 of work force Rosie the Riveter 6 million women working outside of the home African-Americans 1.6 million blacks move North (map on p. 828 of migration pattern) A. Philip Randolph wants equal opportunities (March on Washington) Mexican Come to America Thousands of Mexicans came to U.S. to work on farms Bracero program Some violence in cities 1943: Zoot-Suit Riots in L.A. 2
Native Americans 1940: 90% live on reservations Thousands move to cities to find work 25,000 Native Americans served in armed forces Some use as code breakers/talkers Japanese Internment 1942: Executive Order 9066 Ordered over 100,000 Japanese-Americans from W. Coast to be interned 1944: Korematsu v. United States 1988: U.S. formally apologized and paid survivors $20,000 Economic Costs of WWII War cost the U.S. $330 billion Ten times cost of World War I Twice as much as all previous federal spending since 1776 National debt from $49 billion in 1941 to $259 billion in 1945 3
Paying for the War Paying for the War European Theater of Operations 4
U.S. Leaders in Europe U.S. Army Chief of Staff George Marshall General Dwight D. Eisenhower FDR s Four Freedoms FDR stated the U.S. was fighting to protect four freedoms Freedom: Of speech and expression Of worship From want From fear ABC-1 Allies agree to eliminate Germany before Japan Unpopular amongst most Americans Also indecision about Allied strategy Britain wanted bombing raids on Germany USSR wants U.S. and Britain to open second front on Germany Compromise: The soft underbelly of Europe: N. Africa to Italy to Germany 5
Battle of Stalingrad: Winter of 1942-1943 German Army Russian Army 1,011,500 men 1,000,500 men 10,290 artillery guns 13,541 artillery guns 675 tanks 894 tanks 1,216 planes 1,115 planes The North Africa Campaign: The Battle of El Alamein, 1942 Gen. Ernst Rommel, The Desert Fox Gen. Bernard Law Montgomery ( Monty ) y y y The Italian Campaign [ Operation Torch ] : Europe s Soft Underbelly Allies plan assault on weakest Axis area - North Africa - Nov. 1942-May 1943 George S. Patton leads American troops Germans trapped in Tunisia - surrender over 275,000 troops. 6
The Battle for Sicily: June, 1943 General George S. Patton The Allies Liberate Rome: June 5, 1944 Mussolini & His Mistress, Claretta Petacci Are Hung in Milan, 1945 7
Gen. Eisenhower Gives the Orders for D-Day [ Operation Overlord ] Normandy Landing (June 6, 1944) German Prisoners Higgins Landing Crafts The Liberation of Paris: August 25, 1944 De Gaulle in Triumph! 8
The Battle of the Bulge: Hitler s Last Offensive Dec. 16, 1944 to Jan. 28, 1945 Battle of the Bulge (Ardennes Forest in Belgium) Hitler attacks with all ready resources, 12/44. Hits center of Allies which forces retreat and the bulge. Allies led by Eisenhower, Patton and Omar Bradley. Last major Germany offensive. The Big Three Winston Churchill, Franklin Roosevelt, Joseph Stalin 9
Yalta: February, 1945 y y y y FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific war. FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of influence and a weak Germany. Churchill wants strong Germany as buffer against Stalin. FDR argues for a United Nations. Yalta Continued USSR wanted Poland Polish government in exile in London did not want this U.S. agrees to give USSR eastern part of Poland FDR criticized for trusting USSR too much Nobody left totally happy: agreements will fuel Cold War Also disagreements during WWII fueled this Hitler Commits Suicide April 30, 1945 Cyanide & Pistols The Führer s Bunker Mr. & Mrs. Hitler 10
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed Entrance to Auschwitz Crematoria at Majdanek V-E Day (May 8, 1945) General Keitel 11
V-E Day (May 8, 1945) Pacific Theater of Operations Early in the Pacific Japan dominated the U.S. crippled Navy Burma, Wake Islands, Guam, and others fell Japan took a number of islands including Philippines General Douglas MacArthur forced to flee Philippines I Shall Return Bataan Death March 12
U.S. Surrenders at Corregidor, the Philippines [March, 1942] Bataan Death March: April, 1942 76,000 prisoners [12,000 Americans] Marched 60 miles in the blazing heat to POW camps in the Philippines. Bataan: British Soldiers A Liberated British POW 13
Allied Counter-Offensive: Island-Hopping Battle of the Coral Sea: May 7-8, 1942 Battle of Midway Island: June 4-6, 1942 14
Lt. Col. Jimmy Doolittle: First U. S. Raids on Tokyo, 1942 The War in the Pacific US in charge of the Pacific after they defeat Japan at Battle of Midway in 1942 U.S. used island hopping strategy Japan running out of supplies News of Japanese defeats were kept from the public. U.S. takes the Philippines in June, 1944 Gen. MacArthur Returns to the Philippines! [1944] 15
Japanese Kamikaze Planes: The Scourge of the South Pacific Kamikaze Pilots Suicide Bombers The End of the War Surrender of Germany in April, 1945 allows Allies to focus on Japan Rest of Allies did not honor agreement to help US in the Pacific. Pacific campaign costly for the US Fierce fighting on islands Iwo Jima, and Okinawa Blockade of Japan Japanese soldiers would not surrender US Marines on Mt. Surbachi, Iwo Jima [Feb. 19, 1945] 16
San Francisco, 1945 USA, USSR, Great Britain, France and China meet to create the United Nations in April These five would make up the Security Council FDR Dies April 12, 1945: FDR dies while posing for a portrait. Harry Truman becomes President Potsdam Conference: July, 1945 y FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime Minister during conference. y Stalin only original. y The United States has the A-bomb. y Allies agree Germany is to be divided into occupation zones y Poland moved around to suit P.M. Clement President Joseph the Soviets. Atlee Truman Stalin y Demand Japan surrender or be destroyed 17
The Manhattan Project: Los Alamos, NM Major General Lesley R. Groves Dr. Robert Oppenheimer I am become death, the shatterer of worlds! Tinian Island, 1945 Little Boy Fat Man Enola Gay Crew Col. Paul Tibbets & the A-Bomb 18
Hiroshima August 6, 1945 70,000 killed immediately. 48,000 buildings. destroyed. 100,000s died of radiation poisoning & cancer later. Nagasaki August 9, 1945 40,000 killed immediately. 60,000 injured. 100,000s died of radiation poisoning & cancer later. V-J Day (September 2, 1945) 19
V-J Day in Times Square, NYC Country Men in war Battle deaths Wounded Australia 1,000,000 26,976 180,864 Austria 800,000 280,000 350,117 Belgium 625,000 8,460 55,513 1 Brazil 2 40,334 943 4,222 Bulgaria 339,760 6,671 21,878 Canada 1,086,343 7 42,042 7 53,145 WW II Casualties China 3 17,250,521 1,324,516 1,762,006 Czechoslovakia 6,683 4 8,017 Denmark 4,339 Finland 500,000 79,047 50,000 France 201,568 400,000 Germany 20,000,000 3,250,000 4 7,250,000 Greece 17,024 47,290 Hungary 147,435 89,313 India 2,393,891 32,121 64,354 Italy 3,100,000 149,496 4 66,716 Japan 9,700,000 1,270,000 140,000 Netherlands 280,000 6,500 2,860 New Zealand 194,000 11,625 4 17,000 Norway 75,000 2,000 Poland 664,000 530,000 Romania 650,000 5 350,000 6 South Africa 410,056 2,473 U.S.S.R. 6,115,000 4 14,012,000 1. Civilians only. 2. Army and navy figures. 3. Figures cover period July 7, 1937 to Sept. 2, 1945, and concern only Chinese regular troops. They do not include casualties suffered by guerrillas and local military corps. 4. Deaths from all causes. 5. Against Soviet Russia; 385,847 against Nazi Germany. 6. Against Soviet Russia; 169,822 against Nazi Germany. 7. National Defense Ctr., Canadian Forces Hq., Director of History. United Kingdom 5,896,000 357,116 4 369,267 United States 16,112,566 291,557 670,846 Yugoslavia 3,741,000 305,000 425,000 The U.S. & the U.S.S.R. Emerged as the Two Superpowers of the later 20 c 20