A 447458 Ursula J. van Beek (ed.) (Democracy under construction: Patterns from four continents Contributions from: Hans-Dieter Klingemann Dirk Berg-Schlosser Pierre du Toit Jorge Heine Susanne Fuchs Hennie Kotze Bernard Lategan Radek Markowski Philip Mohr Jorn Riisen Ursula J. van Beek Edmund Wnuk-Lipinski Marek Ziolkowski Barbara Budrich Publishers, Bloomfield Hills & Opladen 2005
Contents Acknowledgements 5 Notes on authors and country specialists 7 Editor's introduction 21 Ursula van Beek Defining the challenge 21 About the volume.-r. 23 A closing thought 35 Chapter 1: Theoretical framework and methodology Edmund Wnuk-Lipinski and Susanne Fuchs Introduction 39 Selection of cases 39 Values in transition to democracy 52 Phases in transition to democracy 54 The theoretical model 57 Part one: Political society Chapter 2: Institutional engineering in new democracies Jorge Heine Introduction 65 Approaches to the study of democratisation 65 Rediscovering institutions: The role of political structures 67 The dynamics of transition 70 The conditions for consolidation 72 Constitutions and the constitution-making environment 72 A dynamic approach to constitutional design 75
15 Contents Constitutions in successful new democracies 77 The president 78 The legislature 79 Cabinets and prime ministers 80 Regional and local government 80 The rules of the game 82 The electoral conundrum 82 Constitutional implementation, emerging regimes and democratic consolidation 89 Conclusions 90 Chapter 3: Post-autocratic party systems and the regime cleavage in new democracies Hans-Dieter Klingemann Introduction 95 Conceptual clarifications 96 Hypotheses and data 99 Inclusion of post-autocratic citizens 99 Mutual acceptance and co-operation 100 Data!"! 100 Historical country-by-country classification of post- and anti-autocratic parties 101 Post- and anti-military parties in South Korea 101 Post- and anti-military parties in Chile 105 Post- and anti-communist parties in Poland 109 Post- and anti-communist parties in East Germany 114 Post- and anti-apartheid parties in South Africa 118 Political inclusion: Post-autocratic citizens and the strength of post-autocratic parties in elections 120 Post-autocratic citizens 120 Strength of post-autocratic parties in elections 124 Mutual acceptance and co-operation: The regime cleavage in post-autocratic party systems of the mid-nineties 125 Conclusions 132 Chapter 4: Support for democracy and its consolidation in fragile polities Radek Markowski Introduction 135 Basic features of the five polities and societies 136 Different facets of attitudes towards democracy 136 Types of democratic communities 139
Contents 17 The analyses: Determinants of democratic communities and satisfaction with democracy 143 Democratic community types - who is who? 143 Attitudes towards democratic performance and the democratic ideal among different groups of democratic communities 146 Individual determinants of support for democracy and democratic consolidation 151 Determinants of satisfaction with democracy 153 Determinants of the democratic ideal assessment 158 Conclusions 161 Part two: Economic society Chapter 5: Economic policy and performance and the consolidation of democracy Philip Mohr Introduction 165 Strengths and weaknesses 167 The international context :. 171 The statistical picture 174 The nature of economic transformation 182 Country experiences 183 Poland 183 East Germany 191 South Korea 201 Chile 212 South Africa 221 Conclusions 228 Part three: Civil society Chapter 6: Civil society and democracy Hennie Kotze and Pierre du Toit Introduction 243 The transition paradigm 243 The liberal perspective 247 Civil society and democratic transition 248 Civil society and democratic consolidation 249 The research problem 250 Concepts 252 The grid. 256
18 Contents Chapter 7: Historical contexts Hennie Kotze and Pierre du Toit South Africa 259 Pre-transition - South Africa under apartheid: The polarisation of society 259 The transition 261 The context of consolidation 265 Germany 271 Pre-transition period 271 The period of transition 273 Perspectives 275 Poland 276 Pre-transition - Polish socialism: blueprint vs. reality 276 Transition: Solidarity in the 1980s and the Round Table 280 Democratic consolidation: Institution building, habituation and the democratic model 284 Korea 287 Pre-Transition - Korea under colonialism - resistant '"civil society" 287 "Civil society" under the first democratic transition 289 "Civil society" under the military authoritarian regime 290 "Civil society" and the consolidation of democracy 294 Chile 296 Pre-transition 296 The transition 300 Chapter 8: Data analyses, comparisons and synthesis Hennie Kotze and Pierre du Toit Data 305 Analyses and comparison 305 Civic engagement 306 Chile 306 South Africa 310 Korea 312 Poland 314 East Germany 315 Generalised trust 316 Chile 316 South Africa 317 Korea 318 Poland 319 East Germany 319 Tolerance 320
Contents 19 Chile 321 South Africa.-. 322 Korea 322 Poland 324 East Germany 325 Synthesis 326 Conclusions 327 Part four: Historical memory Chapter 9: Historical memory and democracy: Setting the scene Jorn Rusen Introduction 337 Basic concepts 338 Democracy and historical culture 341 Chapter 10: Historical memory and identity Ursula van Beek and Bernard Lategan Introduction 351 Definitions 352 The cases 353 Exclusion and inclusion 359 Poland 359 Germany 362 South Africa 366 Chile 370 South Korea 372 Conclusions 372 Chapter 11: Remembering, forgetting and the politics of memory Ursula van Beek and Marek Ziolkowski Introduction 377 On truth and accountability 378 A thought on justice and reconciliation 388 Other legacies 389 Setting the record straight 393 How to remember? What to forget? 396 Conclusions 403
20 Contents Chapter 12: Conclusions: Dirk Berg-Schlosser Successful democratisation across cultures? General characteristics and basic indicators 411 Historical memory 415 Economic transformation 417 Civil society 419 Political society 421 MDSO-Analysis 423 Dynamic aspects 425 Remaining problem areas and further perspectives 426 Appendix to chapter 4 431 Bibliography 451 Subject Index 473 Name Index 491