U.S. CHILDREN S DEMOGRAPHICS: RACE-ETHNICITY-IMMIGRANT-ORIGINS, INCOME INEQUALITY, AND PARENTAL EDUCATION

U.S. CHILDREN S DEMOGRAPHICS: RACE-ETHNICITY-IMMIGRANT-ORIGINS, INCOME INEQUALITY, AND PARENTAL EDUCATION by DONALD J. HERNANDEZ, Ph.D. Professor Department of Sociology Hunter College and the Graduate Center City University of New York Email: Donald.Hernandez@hunter.cuny.edu Evaluating Approaches to Assessing Prevalence and Trends in Obesity Data-Gathering Workshop The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, Medicine Washington, DC, July 28, 2015 Acknowledgements: Foundation for Child Development, Annie E. Casey Foundation, Jeffrey S. Napierala and Suzanne Macartney

Slide 2. OVERVIEW Race, ethnicity, and immigrant origins (White, Hispanic, Black, Asian) Poverty, low-income, income inequality Parental education (Less then high school, high school graduate, some college, bachelor degree) 16 countries/regions of origin: language spoken at home, low-income, and parental education Data elements to measure children s diversity

Slide 3. Race, Ethnic, Immigrant Origin Diversity among U.S. Children A majority of births are to non-white mothers 25% of all children have at least one immigrant parent 94% of children with immigrant parents, have origins in Latin America, Asia, Africa, or the Caribbean 89% of children with immigrant parents are U.S. citizens By 2018 a majority of children will belong to non-white minority groups Source: Calculated or compiled by Donald J. Hernandez and Jeffrey S. Napierala

Slide 4. Children of Immigrants as a Percentage of Four Race-Ethnic Groups At Least One Immigrant Parent 8% of Whites (1-in-12) 14% of Blacks (1-in-7) 59% of Hispanics (Nearly 6-in-10) 87% of Asians (Nearly 9-in-10) Source: Hernandez and Napierala (2013)

Slide 5. Children s Percent Obese, by Race-Ethnicity and by Immigrant Origin, Ages 6-17: NHANES, 2011-2012 Percent Obese 17% White 25% Hispanic 23% Black Percent Obese 19% U.S.-born parents 21% At least one immigrant parent Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez and Jeffrey S. Napierala

Slide 6. Children s Percent Obese for Immigrant-Origin Groups by Race-Ethnicity, Ages 6-17: NHANES, 2011-2012 Percent Obese with: U.S.-born Parents 17% White (N=485) 25% Hispanic (N=229) 23% Black (N=577) At Least One Immigrant Parent na White (N=31) 25% Hispanic (N=450) na Black (N=69) Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez and Jeffrey S. Napierala

Slide 7. Poverty and Low-Income Rates for Children: 2004-2013 Percent Percent below Years Poor 200% Poverty 2004-2008 18-19% 39-40% 2009 20% 42% 2010-2013 22-23% 44-45% Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from KIDS COUNT data center

Slide 8. Children s Family Income Groups and Income Ranges: 2013 Income Group Income Range Bottom 40% $0-$46,000 Middle 20% $46,001-$76,050 Top 40% $76,051+ Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez and Jeffrey S. Napierala from IPUMS 2014 Current Population Survey

Slide 9. Children s Percent Obese for Income Groups, Ages 6-17: NHANES, 2011-2012 Percent Obese Income Group 26% Bottom 40% (N=1101) 20% Middle 20% (N=387) 13% Top 40% (N=615) Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez and Jeffrey S. Napierala

Slide 10. Children s Percent by Mother s Education: 2013 Percent Mother s Education 12% Not high school graduate 25% High school graduate only 30% Some college 33% Bachelor Degree or more Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez and Jeffrey S. Napierala from IPUMS 2013 Current Population Survey

Slide 11. Children s Percent Obese for Mother s Education Groups, Ages 6-17: NHANES, 2011-2012 Percent Obese Mother s Education 23% Not high school graduate (N=587) 24% High school graduate only (N=463) 24% Some college (N=585) 11% Bachelor Degree or more (N=521) Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez and Jeffrey S. Napierala

Slide 12. Fewer than 2/3 of Children Speak a Language Other Than English at Home, Ages 5-17, At Least One Parent Not Born in U.S. Percent Origin 16% Canada 28% Western Europe 42% Africa, Whites 45% Africa, Blacks 52% East Asia (except Indochina) 61% Former USSR, East/Cen. Europe 63% Haiti 64% Middle East (Iran, Israel, etc.) Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez, et al from IPUMS 2005, 2006, and 2007 American Community Survey

Slide 13. At Least 2/3 of Children Speak a Language Other Than English at Home, Ages 5-17, At Least One Parent Not Born in U.S. Percent Origin 67% South Central Asia (India, etc.) 68% South America 70% Puerto Rico, Island-Born 75% Indochina (Vietnam, etc.) 77% Cuba 82% Central America 89% Dominican Republic 91% Mexico Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez, et al from IPUMS 2005, 2006, and 2007 American Community Survey

Slide 14. Percent in Low-Income Families, If Fewer Than 2/3 of Children Speak a Language Other Than English at Home, At Least One Parent Not Born in U.S. Percent Origin 15% Canada 16% Western Europe 29% Africa, Whites 49% Africa, Blacks 20% East Asia (except Indochina) 26% Former USSR, East/Cen. Europe 52% Haiti 38% Middle East (Iran, Israel, etc.) Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez, et al from IPUMS 2005, 2006, and 2007 American Community Survey

Slide 15. Percent in Low-Income Families, If At Least 2/3 of Children Speak a Language Other Than English at Home, At Least One Parent Not Born in U.S. Percent Origin 24% South Central Asia (India, etc.) 35% South America 58% Puerto Rico, Island-Born 41% Indochina (Vietnam, etc.) 31% Cuba 53% Central America 61% Dominican Republic 68% Mexico Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez, et al from IPUMS 2005, 2006, and 2007 American Community Survey

Slide 16. Percent with Mother s Bachelor Degree, If Fewer Than 2/3 of Children Speak a Language Other Than English at Home, At Least One Parent Not Born in U.S. Percent Origin 51% Canada 45% Western Europe 52% Africa, Whites 27% Africa, Blacks 55% East Asia (except Indochina) 41% Former USSR, East/Cen. Europe 16% Haiti 38% Middle East (Iran, Israel, etc.) Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez, et al from IPUMS 2005, 2006, and 2007 American Community Survey

Slide 17. Percent with Mother s Bachelor Degree, If At Least 2/3 of Children Speak a Language Other Than English at Home, At Least One Parent Not Born in U.S. Percent Origin 64% South Central Asia (India, etc.) 31% South America 16% Puerto Rico, Island-Born 19% Indochina (Vietnam, etc.) 29% Cuba 11% Central America 14% Dominican Republic 5% Mexico Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez, et al from IPUMS 2005, 2006, and 2007 American Community Survey

Slide 18. Data Elements Recommended for Surveys by National Research Center on Hispanic Children & Families Race-Ethnicity, specific Hispanic origin Country of birth for self, parents U.S. citizenship, time in U.S. Home language, English speaking proficiency, literacy in any language Educational attainment outside U.S. Legal residency status Source: Wildsmith, Ansari, and Guzman (2015)

Slide 19. The value of NHANES could be enhanced, substantially, for developing, designing, and targeting obesity policies and programs by ADDING DATA ELEMENTS SUCH AS Specific Hispanic ancestry Parental English speaking proficiency Parental literacy in any language Legal residency status for self & parents

Slide 20. Youth Behavior Risk Surveillance System (YBRSS) Sample Sizes in 2013 Sample Size Sample Type 13,583 United States, national sample 154,673 Total, 37 state samples 38,897 Total, 17 local samples 207,153 Total, all samples

Slide 21. The value of YBRSS could be enhanced, substantially, for developing, designing, and targeting obesity policies and programs by ADDING DATA ELEMENTS SUCH AS Parental education Country of birth for self & parents Specific Hispanic ancestry Home language Legal residency status for self & parents Others?