The Start of the Industrial Revolution I. Agricultural Revolution A. Industrial Revolution changed Europe from a mostly agricultural economy to industrialization- work driven by machinery B. Improved Farm Production 1. new innovations like improved crop rotation, improved machines, and selective breeding of animals 2. New foods from the Americas increased the variety and supply of food 3. enclosure movement- wealthy farmers created large, enclosed farms to use new farming techniques 4. Population boom and loss of work forced poor farmers went to cities for work II. Started in Great Britain because it had the four factors of production: A. Land: Lots of coal and iron, waterways, shipping B. Labor: growing population, needed work, free to move C. Capital: money for investment D. Entrepreneurs: GB had the political stability and business friendly environment for risk-takers
Factories of the Industrial Revolution I. Development of the Factory System A. New technologies like the cotton gin, the spinning jenny, and flying shuttle improved textile production B. At first woven into cloth in homes in cottage industries C. Larger factories, powered by watermills, eventually put cottage industries out of business 1. Entrepreneurs and investors came together to form corporations- businesses owned by a group of people 2. Steam Engine- invented by James Watt, created a new source of power for factories D. Mass Production- system of making many identical items using machines E. Production increased with the innovation of the assembly line- workers divide their labor so repetitively do a small task in the production process II. Impact of the Factory system A. Urbanization- people migrated to mill towns or cities for work 1. Crime and poverty in urban slums 2. Poor conditions led to spread of diseases B. Environmental impact: deforestation, smog and air pollution, water pollution C. Factory Conditions 1. Men, women, and children worked in factories 2. Long hours and dangerous conditions 3. Some workers formed labor unions to get better conditions and pay
How Life Changed in Industrial Revolution I. Impact of New Inventions A. Electric power- smaller machines and factories anywhere B. Telegraph- invented by Samuel Morse, allowed fast global communication C. Steamship- allowed transportation upriver and w/o wind D. Railroad- made transportation over land fast and cheap E. Telephone- invented by Alexander Graham Bell F. Lightbulb- invented by Thomas Edison G. Radio- wireless communication and entertainment II. Changes in Daily Life A. Increased population 1. Agricultural revolution, more jobs, and better medicine 2. Except in Ireland- a Potato Famine led to 1 million starved and 1.5 million emigrated to the USA B. New inventions increased leisure time that was used for sports, entertainment, and art C. Women commonly in the workplace led to a call for greater equality D. Newspapers informed the public and got them more politically involved
Economics of the Industrial Revolution I. Economic Philosophy A. Capitalism- advocated by Adam Smith, no gov t intervention in the economy, people guided by self-interest B. Socialism- society/gov t could help control economy in order to benefit all C. Communism- radical socialist ideas of Karl Marx 1. Believed that the workers (proletariat) would rise up in revolution against the ruling class (bourgeoisie) 2. The gov t should control everything to create equality II. Social Classes A. New wealth increased standard of living for all classes because of low-cost goods B. Middle class developed for managers and merchants C. Some entrepreneurs became very wealthy dominating new industries III. A Global Economy A. Gained slave grown cotton from America fueled the first factories B. Demand for more resources for factories drove Europeans to take over new lands C. Capitalistic European corporations started the process of imperialism and global trade increased greatly D. New weapons from the Industrial Revolution made it easier to dominate most of the world s population
Reforms of the Industrial Revolution I. British Reform Movement A. Liberals- wanted to reform society to make it more equal and give more freedoms B. Conservatives- wanted to keep old order of aristocracy C. The Right to Vote 1. Before 1832, only the wealthy could vote 2. Reforms from 1832-1885 extended suffrage (right to vote) to middle class and most lower class men 3. Women did not gain suffrage until 1918 D. Other Reforms 1. Parliament passed a series of Factory Acts that limited working hours and improved working conditions 2. Child labor decreased and provided education 3. Regulations reduced pollution and improved health 4. Parliament abolished slavery in their empire II. Global Reforms A. People in other European countries wanted democracy, more freedoms, and improved working conditions B. Revolutions of 1848: Liberal reformers across Europe wanted more rights for the lower classes and democratic change but conservatives reestablished rule C. Slavery ended in the United States in 1865 D. African and Asian countries began to be taken over to supply factories and did not have freedoms or good working conditions