Commerce and Industry Men and Women at Work Adait Mou, Dewey Dugger, and Juliane Ponce
Nationalism and Economic Growth (1) (2) Juliane Ponce New wave of nationalism + growing geographic size = democratic republicans making economic development their major goal To raise government revenue and promote manufacturing, Madison implemented : Protective Tariff (tax on imported goods designed to protect american-made products) Tariff of 1816 - raised tariff rates to protect American manufacturers from British goods that were sold at a lower cost Economic growth became a symbol that unified the country and built nationalistic pride
Early Industrialization Began late 18th century in Britain and spread to the United States by early 19th century Industrial Revolution - the economic change in the source of energy for work Before: human and animal effort were the primary providers of energy After: early inventions of machine power replaced human and animal labor (1) (2) Juliane Ponce 2 types of changes of industrialization : Technological Innovation - made it possible to produce goods by machines rather than by hand Organizational Changes - workers were brought to factories to operate machines instead of working from home
The Market Revolution in North America William James Bennett, View of South Street, from Maiden Lane, New York City, ca. 1827 / Metropolitan Museum of Art Juliane Ponce Industrialization spread in North America due to its natural resources and available land space which encouraged economic development. Market Revolution (emerged in US early 19th century) was shaped by the change from manual to machine labor + new and faster means of transportation and communication. Samuel Slater - built first textile mill in Rhode Island in 1791 New York City - became one of world s greatest ports with its harbor for break-of-bulk
Impact of the Market Economy Juliane Ponce The emerging capitalist economy by the mid 19th century along with the advanced industrial capacity created enormous wealth. However, some classes and regions still gained far more than others.
The Expansion of Business Juliane Ponce Population growth + transportation revolution + new generation of wealthy ambitious entrepreneurs = American businesses growing rapidly in the 1820s and 1830s Larger cities started having specialty stores while small cities depended on general stores.
Advantages of the Corporation Juliane Ponce Before: corporations could only obtain a charter only by act of state legislature which stifled corporate growth By the 1830s : states were began passing general incorporation laws under which a group could secure a charter by paying a fee Permitted a system of limited liability an individual stockholder risked losing only the value of their own investment if a corporation fails, and that they are not liable for the corporation s losses. Rise of new corporations = accumulation of greater capital amounts and larger manufacturing and business enterprises
Inadequate Credit Juliane Ponce Investments were not enough to meet demands of businesses so they relied heavily on credit; official currency consisted only of gold & silver or paper certificates Many banks issued bank notes but did not have enough reserves to cover them. Frequent bank failures + insecure bank deposits + difficulty of obtaining credit = limited economic growth
The Emergence of the Factory Juliane Ponce Before War of 1812 : Most of manufacturing took place within private households; men women built and made products by hand New England entrepreneurs started to use new and larger machines driven by water power that allowed them to bring textile operations together under a single roof Factory System - brought machines and people together for faster and more efficient production
The Textile Industry Cotton Gin : separated cotton fibers from the seed - invented by Eli Whitney in 1793 - increased the amount of cotton that farms in South America were able to produce >> America became major supplier to British textile mills Juliane Ponce
Transformation of the Shoe Industry Some manufacturers began employing workers specialized in one of the tasks involved in production. Juliane Ponce
The Industrial Northeast By the 1830s : factory production spread throughout the Northeast. Value of manufactured goods became approximately equal to agricultural products 140,000 manufacturing establishments in the country and 74,000 belonged in Northeast. The Boston Manufacturing Company Juliane Ponce
Advances in Technology Some manufacturers started using wood to build own machinery Important tools that were developed : (1) Turret Lathe - used for cutting screws and other metal parts (2) Universal Milling Machine replaced the hand chiseling of complicated parts (3) Precision Grinding Machine critical to construction of sewing machines, helped US army produce standardized rifle parts. Juliane Ponce
Turret Lathe Juliane Ponce Universal Milling Machine
Interchangeable parts Dewey The impact of interchangeable parts during the Industrial Revolution of the 19th century led to the creation of many machines which took over most of the manufacturing work from Men in factories, and replaced craftsmen's workshops. The introduction of interchangeable parts or pre manufactured parts were for all purposes identical, were first introduced into the United States by Eli Whitney and Simeon North within the firearms industry. Their creation would later branch off into other Industries, and would help in the manufacturing of things such as the locomotives, steam engines, clocks, watches, typewriters, and cash registers.
Technological innovations Dewey The Great technological advances in the American industry owed much to American inventors such as Charles Goodyear, a New England Hardware Merchant who discovered a method of vulcanized rubber in 1839. His creation would lead to the construction of major american rubber industries. In 1846 Elias howe of Massachusetts constructed a sewing machine which greatly benefitted the textile industry. It also afforded many women opportunities for work. In 1837 John Deere of Illinois created the steel plow which made farming easier in the rich prairies of the midwest
Links between the Midwest and the northwest Dewey During the years between 1850s and 1860s the creation of transportation systems such as railroads and canals linked the Northwestern and the Midwestern parts of the United States. With railroads becoming more important than canals, the Erie railroad and the Pennsylvania railroad connected the Atlantic ports of new York, Philadelphia, and boston with the Great lake cities of Cleveland and Chicago. During the 1850s a railroad boom extended lines into the countryside and lowered the cost of shipping products to markets. Which helped boom Westward Expansion across the Midwestern states
Eastern Manufacturing cities and towns Dewey The old Atlantic Seaports Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Charleston continue to be centers for foreign trade across the Atlantic Market They also became centers of finance and Manufacturing with this population quadrupling between 1820 and 1862 becoming more than 800,000 because of the immigration of German and Irish immigrants
Western cities and Commercial farmers Dewey Western cities became crossroads of interregional trade and factories like Cincinnati, Detroit, and St Louis grew at phenomenal rates as the Midwestern population grew during the 1830s and 1840s. Places like St Louis and Detroit emerge as centers of Commerce where merchants and bankers provide essential services to Farmers and smalltown Merchants in the Countryside The people of the west began to purchase goods that they previously produced at home and so they created a market for manufactured goods from the eastern part of the United States by the 1850s. The manufacturing centers opened in cities like Buffalo, Cleveland, and Chicago began providing jobs for hundreds of artisans in Factory laborers However with the newfound wealth within the western part of the United States it caused a division between classes of people based on wealth.
Recruiting a Native Workforce Dewey Most Americans during the time of the early 1800s still worked on farms and many Urban residents were skilled artisans independent crafts workers who owned and managed their own shops as small businessman. It was thought that they would not likely flaunt to factory jobs available unskilled workers were not enough to form a reservoir from which the new Industries could draw from Over the years of the Industrial Age of America, Western Farmers began to abandon some of their farming areas of the east In the Northeast poor land had always placed some limits on Farm productivity. rural people began leaving the land to work in the factories This created an opportunity for many families to move from farms to work inside factories The first major manufacturing centers such as in New York City had Parents tending looms alongside their children, and the second system known in Massachusetts as the Lowell system who enlisted young women who were farmers daughters in their late twenties
Transformation of American agriculture Dewey Industrial labor during the 19th century came from the transformation of American agriculture in the Midwest. The Midwest with opening vast fertile farmlands, the Improvement of transportation systems like railroads, the development of the new farm machinery like John Deeres steel plow in 1837 which led to making farming easier in the midwest, all led to many families abandoning the farmer lifestyle and to begin to live a new type of life within factories.
The Lowell system Lowell system relied heavily on Young and unmarried women in England and other areas of industrial Europe The conditions of the women inside these places were often horrifyingly terrible But in America the Lowell Mills were considered a paradise in contrast. Lowell workers within America lived in a clean boarding house and dormitory where the factory owners maintained for them Lowell, Massachusetts, named in honor of Francis Cabot Lowell, was founded in the early 1820s as a planned town for the manufacture of textiles. It introduced a new system of integrated manufacturing to the United States and established new patterns of employment and urban development that were soon replicated around New England and elsewhere. By 1840s, the factories in Lowell employed at some estimates more than 8,000 textile workers,the Lowell mills were the first hint of the industrial revolution to come in the United States, and with their success came two different views of the factories. For many of the mill girls, employment brought a sense of freedom. Unlike most young women of that era, they were free from parental authority. Dewey
The adoption of new technologies like the power loom, and the creation of new industries had permitted the vertical integration of all steps in the cloth manufacturing process under a single roof. This change led to a change in the Women workers labor force as well. Both the power loom and the dressing frame required large amount of workers and children simply wouldn t do as they had for the mills in southern New England. Thus, the Waltham company depended on a workforce of young, single women recruited from the countryside. The firm reached far into the countryside for this workforce and had to construct boarding houses to accommodate the rural women it recruited. To entice this new pool of labor, management offered monthly cash wages, a definite competitive advantage in comparison to practices in other mills. Between 1830s and 1860s, women remained a key labor force for this growing industry. Mill superintendents paid recruiters to recruit through northern New England and to bring able young women to work in their mills. They were paid around $3.00 to $3.50 per week Young women were motivated to leave their families in the countryside to work in the mills of New England s growing urban centers. Due to the economic backgrounds of the families of mill women, employment permitted young women to earn their own support without depending on their families, the wages permitted young women to save something for their future, and some daughters used their earnings to assist their families. Because of this these Women have achieved a measure of economic and social independence not possible while living under the parental roof during the 19th century. Dewey
Handbook to Lowell Dewey This is the rules and regulations that employes of the Lowell Company should Know REGULATIONS TO BE OBSERVED by all persons employed in the factories of the Hamilton Manufacturing Company. -The overseers are to be always in their rooms at the starting of the mill, and not absent unnecessarily during working hours. They are to see that all those employed in their rooms, are in their places in due season, and keep a correct account of their time and work. - They may grant leave of absence to those employed under them, when they have spare hands to supply their places, and not otherwise, except in cases of absolute necessity. -All persons in the employ of the Hamilton Manufacturing Company, are to observe the regulations of the room where they are employed. They are not to be absent from their work without the consent of the overseer, except in cases of sickness, and then they are to send him word of the cause of their absence. - They are to board in one of the houses of the company and give information at the counting room, where they board, when they begin, or, whenever they change their boarding place and are to observe the regulations of their boarding house. -Those intending to leave the employment of the company, are to give at least two weeks' notice thereof to their overseer. All persons entering into the employment of the company, are considered as engaged for twelve months, and those who leave sooner, or do not comply with all these regulations, will not be entitled to a regular discharge. The company will not employ any one who is habitually absent from public worship.
Simpson manufacturing code of conduct Dewey This is the manufacturing code of conduct that employes of the Simpson Company should Know At Simpson Manufacturing Company Inc. and its subsidiaries (Company), we expect that all of our employees, officers and directors will treat each other, our customers, and our suppliers with goodwill, trust, and respect. As a Company, we value honesty, high ethical standards and compliance with laws, rules and regulations. The following provides guidance on the application of these principles: Compliance with laws, rules and regulations Accounting Requirements: Follow the accepted rules and controls required by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), and New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) and Discrimination Laws: It continues to be the practice of the Company to employ positive business and personnel practices designed to ensure the full realization of equal employment opportunity. Further, we expect all employees to accomplish their work with a concern for the well being of their coworkers. Harassment of any employee by any other employee is prohibited, regardless of their working relationship. Any employee who experiences harassment should bring it to the attention of their supervisor or branch manager. If the employee is not satisfied, the employee should feel free to contact the President of Simpson Strong-Tie or the President of Simpson Manufacturing.
Simpson manufacturing code of conduct 2 Securities Laws: All employees of the Company are prohibited from transacting in the Company's securities, for themselves, family members, friends or any other person, while in the possession of material, nonpublic (inside) information concerning the Company. In addition employees must not give inside information to anyone. Inside information is information that the Company has not made public about any Company activities, such as earnings estimates, the commencement or outcome of litigation, mergers and acquisitions, or any other information that could affect the Company's fortunes and therefore the price of the stock. Antitrust Laws: We do not discuss our prices with our competitors. We do not enter into illegal agreements or engage in illegal practices in restraint of trade. Anti-Corruption Laws: Our officers, directors, employees and agents are expected to comply with all U.S. and foreign laws while conducting business outside the United States, including, but not limited to, the United States Foreign Corrupt Practices Act ("FCPA"). Health and safety: The Company seeks to provide a clean, safe and healthy place to work. All employees are expected to observe all safety rules and practices and to follow instructions concerning safe work practices. Record keeping and reporting of information: All records and reported information must be accurate, complete, honest and timely. Conflicts of interest: Every employee, officer and director, is expected to make decisions in the best interest of the Company
Decline of the Lowell system Dewey The Lowell factory system did not last long in the competitive textile Market through the 1830s and 1840s it became a market prey to the booms and busts that Afflicted the American economy as a whole manufacturer Many found it difficult to maintain the highest living standards in the attractive working conditions with which they had begun Wages began to decline, the hours of work grew, the conditions of the boarding houses deteriorated as the buildings decayed, and overcrowding increased In the 1830s the Mill workers in Lowell organized a union called the Factory Girls Association, and with its creation they began to stage strikes to protest a 25% wage cut Two years later the association striked again against a rent increase in the boarding houses. Both strikes however sadily failed in a recession in 1837 which virtually destroyed the organization 8 years later a Lowell woman took charge of the organization known as the militant Sarah Begley who created the female labor reform Association and began demanding a 10-hour day and for improvements in conditions of the Mills
The Immigrant Workforce From the 1820s to the 1840s, approximately 90 percent of immigrants to the United States came from Ireland, England, or Germany. Among these groups, the Irish were by far the largest. In the 1820s, nearly 60,000 Irish immigrated to the United States. In the 1830s, the number grew to 235,000, and in the 1840s.The rapidly increasing supply of immigrant workers after the 1840s was a boon to manufacturers and other entrepreneurs. At last they had access to a source of Labor that was both a large and inexpensive. These new workers because of their vast numbers and unfamiliarity with a new country, had less leverage than the women they had at times displaced. As a result they often encountered far worse working conditions. Irish immigrants made up increasingly in construction gangs as they had to perform the heavy unskilled work on turnpikes, canals and railroads. Often under intolerable conditions because most of these workers had no marketable skills and because of native prejudice against them. They received wages so low that they did not have enough to support their families. Dewey
Economic Advantages of Immigrant Labor Adait Mou Benefiting to manufacturers and entrepreneurs, had access to a source of labor that was large and inexpensive. Performed heavy duty jobs in intolerable conditions. Less social pressure on owners to provide decent work environments for immigrants than native women.
Harsh Work Conditions Adait Mou Most industries were large, noisy, unsanitary, and dangerous. Average work day was twelve or fourteen hours a day. Wages were being denied and skilled workers hoped for at least four to ten dollars a week and unskilled for one to six dollars per week. Women and children with an skill level earned less.
The Factory System and the Artisan Tradition Adait Mou Not just mill workers who were suffering but also skilled artisan in factory systems. Part of older republican views of America. Independent craftsmen considered themselves as embodiments of American ideal. Skilled artisan valued stability and relative equality within their economic world.
Deskilling This photo represents the other skilled workers insecure of their work vs. printers and cordwainers who are doing great and getting most of the attention. Adait Mou Some artisans made successful transitions into small-scale industries. Others weren t able to compete with new factory-made goods that sold for a fraction of the artisans prices. Craftsmen began in early nineteenth century to form organizations to protect their endangered positions and to resist the new economic order. Early 1790s, printers and cordwainers were more successful and members of other skilled trades felt useless.
National Trade Unions Adait Mou Philadelphia, Baltimore, Boston, and New York skilled workers of formed societies for mutual aid. In 1820s and 1830s craft societies began to combine on a citywide basis and set up trade unions. They established nation union or federations of local ones. 1834, delegates from six cities founded the National Trades Union. In 1836, printers and cordwainers set their own nation craft union. The common law viewed a combination among workers as an illegal conspiracy. The Panic of 1837, weakened the movement more.
Fighting for Control Adait Mou Workers tried to persuade state legislatures to pass laws setting a maximum workday. New Hampshire in 1847 and New York in 1848, passed a ten-hour laws. Express Contract - workers agreeing to work for more time on the job.
Child Labor Adait Mou Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Pennsylvania passed laws regulating child labor. Limited work hours unless parents agreed to longer time. Employers had no challenge into persuading parents to consent to the addition hours.
Commonwealth v. Hunt Adait Mou In Massachusetts in 1842, supreme court of the state declared that unions were lawful organizations and that the strike was a lawful weapon. Workers were reluctant to think of themselves as members of a permanent laboring force and resisted joining unions. Unions that were able to recruit factory workers were still not large enough to stage strikes and weak enough to win them. Artisans and skilled workers had more success than factory workers. Had more in common with preindustrial guilds than with modern labor organizations. Primary purpose was to protect the favored position to the skilled trades. New organizations of skilled workers were created: the National Typographical Union in 1852, the Stone Cutters in 1853, the Hate Finishers in 1854, and the Molders and the Machinists in 1859.
Female Protective Unions Adait Mou All early unions excluded women, even though female workers were numerous in almost every industry and craft. Woman were establishing their own protective unions by the 1850s. Females protective unions had little power but serve an important role as mutual-aid societies for women workers.
The Factory System and Social Class Adait Mou In the American working class in the 1840s and 1850s was notable for its relatively modest power. In England, workers were becoming powerful, united, and often violent economic and political force. Creating widespread social turmoil and helping to transform the nation s political structure. In America, many factors combined to inhibit the growth of effective labor resistance.
America s Divided Working Class Adait Mou Newcomers were willing to work for lower wages than native workers. Manufacturers had little difficulty replacing striking workers with immigrants because of the amount moving to America. Ethnic divisions and tensions often led workers to channel their resentments into arguments than their shared grievance against employers. The sheer strength of the industrial capitalists could win over the militant challenges.
Free Labor Adait Mou Most workers had lives but were proud of their personal freedoms and considered themselves sovereign individual. The belief in the freedom of the individual was strong. In the North personal liberty was growing for more Americans. By mid-nineteenth century, most white Americans identified themselves as free individuals. Philosophers argued the independency of the individual required free people to escape from the market economy and find freedom in solitude and the wonders of nature. The South believed that their lives were better than those who lacked freedom.
Black Americans and Economic Opportunity Adait Mou Debate over slavery began in the 1840s and 1850s. Northerners were against thought of slavery for it was against freedom and feared slavery threatened the jobs of free laborers. More than 200,000 free black slaves in the North were unable to vote and not considered legal citizens. Many free blacks in the North were skilled crafts workers as slaves who were given the opportunity of freedom. Many white craftsmen saw free black workers as rivals. Most free blacks worked in menial jobs and as servants.
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