Name Date Unit 12: Page 1 OR Graphically Organize Your Global Studies Period # 1. The Industrial Revolution was the CHANGE from producing goods by hand to producing goods by machine. 1. Why did it start? a. Continued demand for textiles (cloth) led to the need to produce cloth quicker. b. The domestic system did not produce enough. c. Inventors began to invent new machinery. d. Capitalists began to invest in textile machinery and factories. e. The Agricultural Revolution in 1700 s The application of science and machines increased the yield per acre. - crop rotation and chemical fertilizers - scientific breeding of animals and plants - Jethro Tull s-seed drill Not needed farmers are now available to work in factories. 2. Where did it start and Why? a. England in the 1700's. b. Large deposit of coal for fuel c. Large amounts of iron to make machines d. Rivers for transportation e. Good harbors for shipping products f. Good banking system to finance businesses
Page 2 OR Graphically Organize Your 2. Major inventions in the Textile Industry. 1. John Kay: Flying Shuttle 1733 (faster weaving) 2. James Hargreaves: Spinning Jenny 1764 (8 threaded spinning wheel) 3. Richard Arkwright: Waterframe 1769 (water powered spinning wheels) 4. Samuel Crompton: Spinning Mule 1779 (combination of the Jenny and Water frame) 5. Edward Cartwright: Powerloom 1787 (water powered loom) 6. Moved from wool to cotton in 1790's. 7. Machinery was too LARGE to be housed in homes so factories near a water supply are started.
Page 3 OR Graphically Organize Your 3. ECONOMIC CHANGES PRODUCED BY THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 1. FACTORY SYSTEM replaced the domestic system. 2. MASS PRODUCTION replaced piece meal system. 3. CAPITALISM replaced mercantilism. 4. Adam Smith wrote the Wealth of Nations which outlined the theory of capitalism. (REVISED 5 TIMES) 5. Smith said governments should abandon the mercantile system controlled by government and adopt a policy of laissez-faire (government hands off) capitalism. 4. CAPITALISM 1. Capitalism was also called market economy/ free enterprise/ free market/ money economy 2. Individuals owned businesses and made profits *Everyone should be free to go into business and operate to its greatest advantage. 3. Supply, demand and competition regulated all business activity. 4. Laissez-faire policies meant the government shouldn t be involved.
Page 4 5. ADVANTAGES OF CAPITALISM 1. Many consumer goods-competition 2. Many incentives to work hard (raises, bonuses, tips, promotion, benefits) 3. More freedom to choose jobs and products 4. Individuals and stockholders can make fortunes 6. DISADVANTAGES OF CAPITALISM 1. UNEMPLOYMENT 2. Cycles of prosperity and depression 3. Great variety in income: rich/poor 4. Corporations and monopolies are formed
Page 5 7. CONDITIONS IN THE FACTORIES THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION. 1. Subsistence wages-no minimum wage 2. Long hours-12-16 hours a day 3. Long work week- 6 days a week 4. Poor working conditions a. no safety devices b. poor ventilation c. very warm/cold temperatures d. physical punishment for minor errors 5. Child workers as young as 5 or 6 years old 6. No sick days 7. No vacation days 8. No payment if hurt on the job/disability 9. Could be fired for little or no reason ie. Being late once 10. No pensions.
Page 5 8. RESPONSES TO PROBLEMS OF THE FACTORY SYSTEM Many people work to end the misery of the laborers. 1. UTOPIAN SOCIALISTS a. Charles Fourier b. Robert Owen They favored planned societies in which all members owned the means of producing and distributing goods and services. Al shard the work, all received the benefits of labor according to his/her need. 2. UNIONS Workers try to organize to win concessions from factory owners. Win the right to: 1. Collective Bargain 2. Strike 3. Picket 4. Boycott 3. GOVERNMENT began to regulate ie. Minimum wage, no monopolies, safety 1. FACTORY ACT OF1833 -prohibited children under nine from working in textile factories. 2. MINES ACT 1842 prohibited women and children under ten from working underground. 3. TEN HOUR ACT 1847 limited to ten hours a day the number of hours children and women could work. 4. GOVERNMENTS continue regulating until today: minumum wage, disablity insurance, social security. 5. COMMUNISM
Page 6 9. Communism: Marx Style 1847 Karl Marx and Frederick Engles published The Communist Manifesto. a statement of beliefs or ideas on the evils of capitalism and the factory system. Main Ideas 1. Life can be explained by examining the way people produce goods/services. 2. History is the struggle between those who have and those who do not have: power, material goods, and or money. Plebeians vs. Patricians Serfs vs. Nobles Proletariat (Workers) vs.bourgeoisie (Owner) 3. Workers will revolt because of the poor working conditions. 4. A temporary overnment(dictatorship) will regulate and own all business. 5. A classless society will form. 6. The government will fade away. 7. The communist or command economy will replace the capitalist economy Each person would work according to his ability and receive according to his need, as directed by the state for the good of all. Called a communist economy /command economy/marxism or sometimes called socialism.
Page 7 10. Advantages of a communist (command) economy. 1. NO UNEMPLOYMENT 2. Wages are similar for most people: no rich/no poor 3. No cycles of depression and prosperity 11. Disadvantages of a communist (command) economy. 1. Overall lower wages 2. Fewer consumer goods 3. Little incentive to work hard or make quality goods 4. Little choice in life s work/very few human rights. 5. Tendency to produce steel, machinery, and military items 6. Works best in a dictatorship 7.Government planners tended to look out for themselves.
Page 8 12. Industrial Revolution led to Imperialism European nations specialized in industry agriculture and mining. They depended on foreign trade to get the natural resources they needed. To avoid paying for these natural resources industrialized nations imperialized weaker areas 13. IMPERIALISM-(empire building) 1. When a powerful INDUSTRIALIZED, high technology nation obtained control of a colony for economic exploitation of the colony and political and social control. 2. PARENT COUNTRY =a powerful developed nation also called a mother country. 3. COLONY= a region with natural resources. 14. Why Imperialism? 1850-1914 Economically 1. Colonies are a source of raw materials and workers. 2. Colonies are a place to market manufactured goods. 3. Colonies are a place to invest surplus capital. Socially 1. Spread Christianity and European languages 2. Civilized nations must bring the blessings of their culture to the colonists. White Man s Burden by Rudyard Kipling Politically 1. Desire for an empire for greater power and status. 2. Competition to set up military bases throughout the world before a rival nation could do so.
Page 9 15. The Scramble for Africa 1880-1914 Since the Age of Discovery, nations had colonies in Africa, but by the 1800 s strong efforts were made to colonize all of Africa and other areas Asia to get resources and markets because of industrialization. 1. Berlin Conference-1884-85 ~European nations, Turkey and the United States met to decide how all of Africa would be divided into colonies. (See the map on the Scramble for Africa.) 2. Notice: Only two areas in all of Africa are not colonized: Liberia and Ethiopia. WHY? 3. By the late 1800 s Great Britain had more colonies than any other nations. The sun never sets on the British Empire. 4. Other parent countries(nations with large empires) were: France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Portugal, Spain and later the United States and Japan.
Page 10 16. Positive Effects of Imperialism 1. Created new educational opportunities; schools and colleges. 2. Improved medical care and sanitation: 3. Death rate dropped 4. Better infrastructure: bridges/roads railroads/ telegraphs and telephones 17. Negative Effects of Imperialism 1. Exploited and stole the natural resources of the area. 2. Changed land ownership from group to individual ownership. (usually by Europeans) 3. Changed agriculture from subsistence to plantations with cash crops grown for export. 4. Forced Africans into labor/abused their human rights. 5. Downgraded /eliminate African culture and replaced it with European culture. White Man s Burden. 6. Led to revolutions for independence: 1950 and 1960's. Resentment =nationalism(self determination= independence 7. Promoted bitterness: love/hate relationship between imperialist countries and colonies. 8. Led to WW I and WW II.
Page 11 18. Independence Movements in Africa NATIONALISM 1. South Africa is first in 1910. 2. Most gain independence in the 1960 s. 3. Namibia is last nation to get independence in 1990. Pan Africanism- "Africa for Africans" 19. Results of the Independence Movements 1. Independence often led to ethnic rivalries (tribalism)and warfare because artificial boundaries cut across historic and ethnic boundaries already established: disunity. 2. Military dictatorships form in many African nations/little democracy. 3. Sub-Saharan Africa is one of the poorest regions in the world. per capital GDP(Gross Domestic Product)(GNP) USA= $ 40,000 South Africa= $ 11,000 Ghana= $ 2300 Sudan= $ 900 Ethiopia= $ 800 4. Ravaged by diseases especially AIDS.
Page 12 20. European Nations Imperialized the World. *The developed European nations imperialized not only Africa, but India, China, South East Asia and Australia, so the above positive and negative aspects apply to all imperialized areas. 21. Europeans imperialize India 1760 East India Company ~a British trading company led by Robert Clive gained control of most of India. ~British army with the help of sepoys protected the company s assets in India. ~sepoys -Indians serving in the British army 22. 1857 Sepoy Rebellion ~Rumor : bullet cartridges are greased with beef/pork fat ~ Pork violated Moslem beliefs/ beef violated Hindu beliefs ~Sepoys are jailed for refusing to use the cartridges(insubordination) ~ Sepoys rebel against the British ~1858 British army sends in more troops and gained control. Britain made India their colony. a jewel in the British crown ~sent the emperor into exile ~began Westernizing India ~took over India s economy for cash crops/ resources /markets.
Page 13 23. Nationalist Groups End British Control. ~ Two groups: Moslem League (Islam) and Indian National Congress (Hindu) work for independence. ~Led by Mahatma Gandhi from 1919, India gains its independence from Britain in 1947-48. ~The Indian colony is divided into East Pakistan and West Pakistan (Moslem nations), India ( a Hindu nation)and Sri Lanka. West Pakistan= Pakistan today East Pakistan= Bangladesh today ~India becomes the world s largest democracy patterned after that of the USA s and Great Britain s. Like USA= president and constitution Like Britain= Parliament and Prime Minister Imperialism led to mistrust between the people of India and parent country. Prejudice, discrimination, and exploitation by the parent countries caused hatred and mistrust and conflicts until today.
Page 14 OR Graphically Organize Your 24. Europeans imperialized China 1. Marco Polo tell Europe about the amazing Chinese culture in 1292. 2. Portugal became the first European nation to reach China by sea in 1498. 3. Europeans want Chinese products, The ethnocentric( Middle Kingdom) Chinese treated the Europeans as inferiors. ie.kowtowing and open only one port-guangzhou 4. Europeans had an unfavorable balance of trade buying more from China than China from them. 5. Europeans challenged traditional Chinese culture. 25. Opium War- 1839-1842 1. To counteract the unfavorable balance of trade the British introduced opium to the Chinese populous. 2. The Chinese government tried to stop the sale of drugs and destroyed a British ship full of opium. 3. The British used this event as an excuse to declared war on China. 4. Because Europe had gone through the Industrial Revolution and had developed superior military technology, the British military defeated China and forced them to signed the Treaty of Nanking: took control of several areas including Hong Kong until 1997 and set up many European spheres of influence in China.
Page 15 OR Graphically Organize Your 26. Responses to foreigners. 1. Chinese are angry at the Manchus of the Qing dynasty for: - not stopping foreigners from controlling areas of China. - not dealing with the problems ie. famine 2. Taiping Rebellion 1850-1864 for 14 years - over 1 million Chinese tried to overthrow the government. 3. Qings gained control of the country with the help of the British and French. 4. China paid a horrible price: farm land destroyed-20 million or more died. 27. Open Door Policy-1899 As the United States gained more world power, it proposed an Open Door Policy with China in which all nations would be given equal trading rights with China. Other nations agreed and trade was protected. 28. Boxer Rebellion- 1900 The foreigner problem continued to be unresolved so the Boxers, ( the Righteous and Harmonious Fists) worked to rid China of any and all Europeans and any European sympathizers. ~ Ended when American, British, French, Russian, German and Japanese coalition forces with their superior military technology crushed the rebellion. ~ While it was unsuccessful it helped end the dynastic cycle: Manchu Dynasty became the last Chinese dynasty and ended in 1911.
Page 16 OR Graphically Organize Your 29. Nationalist Took Control of the Government. 1. Sun Yat sen and his Nationalist Party led a rebellion, overthrew the Manchu dynasty in 1911 and set up a new political system. Based on: Three Principles of the People. 1. End foreign rule 2. Establish a democratic government 3. Improve the economy Communists also tried to take control of the government. 30. Communists fought for control of the government. Civil War from 1911-1948 (almost 40 years) Communists vs Nationalists Long March 1939- almost ended the communists. Mao Zedong and communists won and established a communist dictatorship and command economy in 1948. Nationalists fled to Taiwan and started Nationalist China based on democracy and capitalist econony. Two Chinas exist today but communist China wants to take over Taiwan and reunite the nation.
Page 17 31. Japan 1. First Europeans came to Japan in 1543, when shipwrecked sailors washed up on Japanese shores. Christians followed. 2. In 1529, Christian missionaries caused great distrust between the Japanese and westerners after a rebellion broke out. 3. For the next 250 years the Tokugawa Dynasty imposed a period of isolation and sealed Japan's borders and lived under a feudal society. (emperor, shogun, daimyo, peasants and samurai.) 32. The United States Opened Japan 1. 1853 United States Commodore Matthew Perry steamed into a Japanese harbor with four ships and forced the Japanese to trade with the United States with the Treaty of Kanagawa and the Tokugawa dynasty ended. 2. Japan is opened for trade and within six years most of the European nations are also trading with Japan. 33. The Meiji Restoration 1867-1912 1867 The Meiji emperor, Mutsuhito began the Meiji Restoration.(Era) 1. Japan worked to modernize by adding many Western ideas such public schools, a modern army and navy. 2. Japan industrialized and militarized and then imperialized.
34. Japanese Imperialism 1. Invaded and colonized parts of China (Manchuria) and annexed Korea for their resources.1894 2. Added colonies from Germany after WWI and continued to add to its empire. 3. Was defeated in WW II and forced by the United States military to become a parlimentary democracy ending its dynastic government. 4. Japan lost its empire. 35. Japan became one of the world s greatest trading economies. 1. Rivals the USA and Germany economies today. 2. Economy based on copying and improving technology 3. Specialized in automobiles and electronic equipment.