Name Index Arendt, Hannah, 29 Ashcroft, John, 190 Asquith, Herbert Henry, 40 Avery, James, 11, 239, 324 Baldwin, James, 211 Barres, Maurice, 41 Bell, Winifred, 2 Bennett, William, 179, 181 Berry, William, 83, 84 Bloch, Marc, 5 Bohman, James, 174 Boisjoly, Johanne, 208 Boyd, Donald, 66 Brown, Michael, 2, 8, 206, 324, 327, 329 Burgess, David, 180 Bush, George, 77, 81 Byrd, Harry, 328 Byrd, Robert, 111 Carmichael, Stokely, 108 Carper, Thomas, 180, 188 89 Cave, Pamela, 185, 186 Cazenave, Noel, 2 Chamberlain, Joseph, 39 40 Chaney, James, 107 Churchill, Winston, 40 Clawson, Rosalee, 133 34, 135 Clinton, Bill, 4, 45, 72 73, 77, 81, 131, 136, 178, 284, 294 Cloward, Richard, 2, 217, 232, 243 Cohen, Bernard, 134 Collins, Patricia Hill, 176 Danziger, Sheldon, 52 Daudet, Leon, 41 Davis, Gareth, 37 Delgado, Gary, 257 de Man, Paul, 214 Devthick, Martha, 37 Dorgan, Byron, 180, 181 Du Bois, W. E. B., 29, 333 34 Duke, David, 153 Duncan, Grey, 208 Edin, Kathryn, 208 Ellwood, Deborah, 66 Elser, Tamara, 185, 187 Engler, John, 188 Entman, Robert, 133 Fleming, Arthur F., 261 Fording, Richard, 8, 19, 83, 324 Fraser, Nancy, 173, 174 Galbraith, John Kenneth, 103 Gamson, William, 135 Gilens, Martin, 2, 11, 79, 91, 133, 142, 156, 163, 204, 212, 214, 239, 324 Gilliam, Franklin, 136 Gilroy, Paul, 219 Gingrich, Newt, 53 Goodell, Charles, 61 Gooden, Susan, 2, 18, 327, 329 Goodman, Andrew, 107 373
Name Index Graff, Tandi, 187, 192 Gramm, Phil, 178, 181 Gray, Virginia, 84 Habermas, Jürgen, 173 Hanson, Russell, L., 83, 157 Harrington, Michael, 103 Harris, Kathleen, 208 Hendricks, Amy, 187 Hiyashi, Lea, 187 Holzer, Harry, 53 Honkala, Cheri, 185 86, 187 Hopkins, Harry, 57 Howard, Christopher, 230 Hero, Rodney, 19, 154, 157, 158, 162, 325 Hutchison, Kay Bailey, 182 Iyengar, Shanto, 135 Jackson, Jesse, 191, 333 Johnson, Lyndon, 47, 57, 60 61, 75, 330 Johnson, Nancy, 179 Katz, Michael, 2, 76 Katznelson, Ira, 25 Kaus, Mickey, 49 Keech, William R., 82 Kennedy, John F., 61, 103, 330 Key, V. O., 27, 153, 239, 300, 324 Kinder, Donald, 134 35 King, Coretta, 263 King, Gary, 235 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 106 7, 263 Lein, Laura, 208 Lieberman, Joe, 181 Lieberman, Robert, 2, 7, 8, 324 Lippmann, Walter, 124 Lloyd George, David, 40 Loendorf, Karolin, 185, 187 Malcolm X, 108 Mansbridge, Jane, 174 Marshall, T. H., 30 Marx, Anthony, 28 Maurras, Charles, 42 McConnell, Grant, 55, 325 Mead, Lawrence, 188 89 Mica, John, 182 Mink, Gwendolyn, 190, 191 Mitchell, W. J. T., 212 Morgan, Edmund, 27 Mof tt, Robert, 61 Moynihan, Daniel Patrick, 47, 198 99, 209 Musgrave, Richard, 54 Narayan, Uma, 191 Nelson, Thomas, 134 35 Neubeck, Kenneth, 2 Nixon, Richard, 53, 60 O Brien, Erin, 16, 324 Orr, Larry L., 78, 230 Orwell, George, 12 Parks, Rosa, 106 Pef ey, Mark, 11, 239, 324 Peterson, George, 63 Phillips, Kevin, 333 Piven, Frances Fox, 2, 20, 217, 232, 243 Powell, Adam Clayton, 58 Quadagno, Jill, 2 Reagan, Ronald, 62, 76, 77, 118 Rector, Robert, 180, 181 Reed, Adolph, 199 Rojecki, Andrew, 133 Roosevelt, Eleanor, 54 Roosevelt, Franklin, 30, 34 35, 36, 37, 53, 56, 57 58, 59, 256 Schram, Sanford, 14, 16, 324 Schumpeter, Joseph, 54 Schwerner, Michael, 107 Shalala, Donna, 184 Shriver, Sargent, 113 Skocpol, Theda, 6, 34 Smith, Nick, 178 374
name index Soss, Joe, 16, 93, 324 Sparks, Holloway, 13, 19, 324 Steuernagel, Gertrude, 19, 325 Stoll, Michael, 53 Thompson, Tommy, 77 Titmuss, Richard, 53 Tolbert, Caroline, 19, 324 Tomz, Michael, 235 Trice, Rakuya, 133 34, 135 Vartanian, Thomas, 16, 324 Walker, Robert, 182 Weaver, Robert, 60 Weber, Eugen, 33 White, Pam Harris, 186 White, Walter, 54 Whitman, Christine Todd, 212 Wiley, George, 263 Wilson, William Julius, 199 Wittenberg, Jason, 235 Woolsey, Lynn C., 184, 186, 187 Wright, Gerald, 15, 230 Young, Iris, 174, 176 ¼i½ek, Slavoj, 210 375
Subject Index ADC (Aid to Dependent Children), 58, 59, 74, 75, 78, 104, 105, 227, 256 60, 326 AFDC (Aid to Families with Dependent Children; see also welfare policy), 4, 8, 14, 17, 24, 37, 47 54, 59 61, 63 64, 69, 72, 74, 77, 79 83, 102, 139, 142, 152, 161, 180 81, 184, 189, 191 92, 225 27, 230 33, 264, 279, 326, 328, 331; bene t levels, 82, 157; caseload, 73, 76, 83, 88, 90, 91, 93, 235, 244; dependency, 83, 87; discrimination (see also racial bias), 78, 255 64; history of, 74 75, 83, 255 64; racial context, 78 79, 88, 90 91, 104; waivers, 8, 73, 77, 80, 81, 83 94, 235, 243 af rmative action, 127, 135 AFL-CIO (American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations), 107 African Americans (see also race), 5, 6, 75, 78, 238; civil rights (see also civil rights), 56; criminal justice policy, 308 10; Democratic party, 24; discrimination (see also racial bias; racial prejudice; racial subordination; racism), 59, 240, 242, 255 75, 323; disenfranchisement, 33; education policy, 304 9; electoral politics, 24, 286; health care policy, 279 96; media content (see also mass media), 9, 11, 101 27, 133, 134; migration to North, 104 5; mobilization, 24, 83, 260; party politics, 24, 45 46; political coalitions, 24, 43 44; political representation, 88, 93 94; poverty, 49, 101, 198 99, 257; public discourse, 14; residential segregation (see also racial segregation), 59; social policy, 23, 24, 34, 58, 298 319; the South (see also South, the), 17, 27, 31, 35, 78, 256; stereotypes of (see also racial stereotypes), 8, 74, 90, 132; welfare population (see also welfare and race), 18, 81, 196 220, 235; women, 47 50, 59, 61, 68 69, 171 93 Alabama, 262, 305 American Association of Retired Persons, 288 American Medical Association, 284 American National Election Study, 237 American political development, 28 Appalachia, 103, 105 Arizona, 268, 285 Arkansas, 260 Asians, 3, 286, 290 91, 295 96 Austria, 35, 39 ballot initiatives. See direct democracy; state referenda Black Belt, the, 27 Black Panthers, 108 black political power, 82, 88, 93 377
Subject Index block grants, 8, 48, 51, 53, 57, 61 68, 225 26 Brazil, 28 Britain. See Great Britain British Empire. See Great Britain Bush administration, 77 California, 19, 65, 280, 281, 284 96; Los Angeles, 108 California League of Women Voters, 288 California Nurses Association, 285, 288 Canada, 39 categorical grants, 56, 57, 62 Chicago Freedom Movement, 107 Child Care Development Fund, 51, 66 Christian Right, 84, 87 citizen participation, 173 77 civil rights (see also civil rights movement), 23, 24, 56, 269 Civil Rights Act, 60, 106, 262 civil rights movement, 6, 59, 101 2, 106 8, 114 15, 260 62 Civil War, 6 Clinton administration, 77, 85 colonialism, 29 31 communicative democracy, 174 75 Community Action, 114 Community Development Block Grant, 67 Community Services Block Grant, 68 Comprehensive Employment and Training Act, 67 Connecticut, 66, 310 Contract with America, 177 78 cooperative federalism, 54, 57 Council of Economic Advisers, 61 criminal justice policy, 309 10 cross-class coalitions, 25 28, 32; in France, 41 43; in Great Britain, 38 41; during New Deal, 35 Delaware, 189 deliberative democracy, 173 77 Democratic party, 24, 47, 49, 50, 57, 60 62, 73, 178 80, 185, 290, 329; in the North, 58, 256, 260; in the South, 27, 34 35, 58 democratic theory, 173 77, 192 93 Department of Health and Human Services, 52, 206, 264; Of ce for Civil Rights, 269, 331 Department of Housing and Urban Development, 60 Department of Labor, 198, 255 direct democracy (see also state referenda), 279 84; and race, 281 84 discrimination (see also racial bias; racial prejudice; racial segregation; racial subordination; racism; residential segregation), 3, 15, 17, 18, 48, 60; AFDC, 68, 264; Europe, 25; scal federalism, 54 56; labor markets, 331; the South, 59; voting, 17 Earned Income Tax Credit, 52, 70 education policy, 304 9 Eisenhower administration, 58 Europe, 14, 35, 153; social policy, 26, 30, 35 Family Support Act, 50 FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation), 107 Federal Bureau of Public Assistance, 258 Federal Emergency Relief Administration, 57 federalism (see also scal federalism), 8, 14, 44, 53, 55, 56, 59, 69, 227, 299 scal federalism, 48, 49, 53, 55 57 Florida, 260, 327; St. Petersburg, 114 food stamps, 52, 53, 60, 61, 63, 64, 75, 264 France, 7, 26, 324; racial diversity, 25; Third Republic, 22, 41 42; welfare state, 31, 32, 33, 38, 41 43 Freedom Summer of 1964, 107 General Accounting Of ce, 51, 65, 66 General Social Survey, 152, 156 Georgia, 65, 260, 268, 327 Germany, 35 378
subject index G.I. Bill of Rights for the Disadvantaged, 106 Goldberg v. Kelly (1970), 330 grants-in-aid, 54 62 Great Britain, 7, 26, 324; racial diversity, 25; welfare policy, 26; welfare state, 31 33, 38 41 Great Depression, 69, 103 Great Society, 6, 23, 24, 53, 57, 59 63, 68, 73, 261 64, 330 group threat hypothesis, 153 Health Insurance Association of America, 288 health policy, 19, 279 96; ballot initiatives, 284 85, 310 15 Heritage Foundation, 180 Hill-Burton Act, 58 Hispanics. See Latinos Idaho, 52, 124, 308 Illinois, 59, 67; Chicago, 68, 107, 108, 179; Marion, 114 imperialism, 29 31, 39, 41 42 Independent Retirement Accounts, 191 inner city, 64, 65, 69 interracial interaction, 151 63 interstate competition, 15 Iowa, 308, 310 Irish, 13, 211 Irish Home Rule, 39 Jews, 13, 33, 42, 211 Jim Crow segregation, 23, 27, 29, 49, 56, 57, 59 Job Corps, 113 14, 120 Job Opportunities and Basic Skills Training Program, 76 Johnson administration, 60, 111, 263 Kansas, 66 Kennedy administration, 60, 110 King v. Smith (1968), 262 Ku Klux Klan, 153 labor market, 254, 267 68, 272, 331 Labour party (U.K.), 39 Latinos, 3, 18, 283, 286; prejudice toward, 240, 242; state population, 301 2, 309; welfare population, 200 203, 206 8, 212, 219, 226, 230 33, 268, 290 91, 294 96, 308, 323 local government, 53, 59 62, 78 localism, 8, 14 Louisiana, 153, 260, 261, 327 Manpower Development and Training Act, 59 Marshall Plan for the American Negro, 106 Massachusetts, 285, 296; Boston, 67; Spring eld, 108 mass communication. See mass media mass insurgency, 15 mass media, 1, 8, 9, 10, 11, 101, 171; coverage of poverty, 101 27; importance of visuals in, 108, 109, 135; public opinion, 9, 123, 124, 131 48; racial bias, 9; racial images, 101 27, 133, 134, 136 37, 174, 183, 196 97, 204; social control, 9 matching grants, 54, 62, 64 media. See mass media Medicaid, 53, 59, 63, 75, 284, 311, 312 17 Medicare, 284 Michigan, 59, 68, 123, 188, 260; Detroit, 68, 119 Minnesota, 66, 305, 307, 308, 310 Mississippi, 52, 107, 260, 305, 310 Missouri, 65; St. Louis, 67 Montana, 124, 307 Montgomery bus boycott, 106 Mothers for Adequate Welfare, 263 Mothers of Watts, 263 Mother s Pension programs, 255 56, 264 NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People), 54 National Governors Association, 270 379
Subject Index National Opinion Research Council, 11 National Race and Politics Survey, 90, 91 National Senate Election Study, 152 National Urban League, 106 National Welfare Rights Organization, 263 Nebraska, 308 New Deal, 23, 24, 26, 28, 34 36, 44, 53 54, 57, 78, 82, 256; scal federalism, 53 New Jersey, 107, 212 New Mexico, 306 news media. See mass media New York, 66, 328; New York City, 326, 329; Rochester, 107 New Zealand, 39 Nixon administration, 62, 68 North Dakota, 124, 308 Of ce of Economic Opportunity, 113 Ohio, 255, 268; Cleveland, 67 Old-Age Insurance, 35, 36, 37 Oregon, 66, 123, 281, 284, 285; Astoria, 114; Tongue Point, 114 Panel Study of Income Dynamics, 201, 203 party competition, 15, 84, 85, 87, 158, 232, 233 Pennsylvania, 67, 123, 255; Philadelphia, 107 Plessy v. Ferguson (1892), 56 policy coalitions, 25, 27, 29 policy innovation, 83, 87, 231 32 political representation, 1; black, 82, 83, 88, 93 political violence, 75 poor, the, 14, 49; and race, 49, 101 27 Poor People s March on Washington, 107, 263 populist movement, 27 poverty. See poor, the poverty politics, 5; in the media, 11; and minorities, 23; and race, 2, 11 Poverty/Rights Action Center, 263 Progressive Era, 23, 281 Protestant fundamentalism, 84 PRWORA (Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act; see also welfare reform), 46, 47, 49, 53, 72, 73, 74, 76, 77, 81, 102, 136, 199, 225, 254, 264, 269, 275, 324, 331; debate over, 171 73, 177 93 public discourse, 12, 171 93 public opinion, 2, 9 11; attitudes toward welfare, 78 81, 88 91, 123 24, 131 48; mass media, 9, 123, 124; state welfare policy, 151 63, 236 48 public sphere, 173 77, 183 84 race (see also African Americans), 3, 5, 6, 23, 28, 29, 38; AFDC (see also AFDC, racial context), 37, 78, 79, 88; devolution, 48 49; education policy, 304 9; scal federalism, 56 57; geographic context, 153 55; health policy, 279 96, 310 15; interracial interaction, 151 63; media coverage, 101 27; political cleavages, 32, 57; representation, 82, 88, 93, 94; social policy, 298 319; state policy, 15, 298 319; welfare policy (see welfare and race); welfare population (see also African Americans, welfare population), 196 220 race to the bottom, 48, 49, 64 racial attitudes (see also racial stereotypes), 239 48; effect on policy, 78 82, 89, 91; effect on state welfare policy, 151 63; effect on welfare attitudes, 90 94; mass media, 131 48 racial bias, 17, 18; at local level, 57; state policy, 255 64 racial diversity, 301 3; criminal justice policy, 309 10; education policy, 304 9; health policy, 310 15 racial justice, 197 racial prejudice, 1, 5, 78, 80, 90, 92, 380
subject index 246; laissez-faire, 10; old-fashioned, 10, 12; welfare as, 323 34 racial resentment, 24 racial segregation (see also residential segregation), 27, 29, 56, 59 racial stereotypes (see also racial attitudes), 8, 73, 78 81, 156, 197, 209 10, 240, 242; effect on policy, 74, 88, 90; effect on public opinion, 92, 239; media content, 102, 132, 136; of women, 171 93 racial subordination, 2, 5, 28; in South Africa, 28 racism, 25, 28, 172 Reader s Guide to Periodical Literature, 109 Reagan administration, 62, 63, 67, 68, 76, 118 Reconstruction, 33 Republican party, 45, 49, 53, 57, 58, 61, 62, 63, 64, 68, 73, 84, 87, 131, 177 81, 185, 212, 290; and civil rights, 34; in the South, 27 residential segregation (see also racial segregation), 1, 3, 68 revenue sharing, 56, 61, 62 Revenue Sharing Working Group, 62 segregation. See racial segregation slavery, 29, 56, 57 Social Security, 35 38, 78, 295 Social Security Act of 1935, 6, 24, 28, 35, 48, 54, 56, 58, 74, 77, 225, 230, 256, 324, 326, 327 Social Security Survivor s Bene ts, 104 Social Services Block Grant, 51, 64, 66 South, the, 3, 17, 29, 33 35, 153, 261, 263, 327, 328; African Americans, 23, 24, 256, 257, 326, 328; black migration from, 49, 104, 329; Democratic party, 27, 34; discrimination, 59, 75; federalism, 55, 58; segregation, 27; white supremacy, 33 South Africa, 28, 39 South Carolina, 305, 310 South Dakota, 124, 307, 308 Southern Christian Leadership Conference, 106, 107 state government, 53, 59 62, 73, 78; redistribution policy, 54 55 state ideology, 15, 152, 157, 231, 233 state policies, 8, 225 48, 254; direct democracy, 280 84; racial discrimination, 255 64; racial diversity, 298 319 state referenda (see also direct democracy), 279 96 Sunday blue laws, 56 Supplemental Security Insurance, 178 Survivor s Insurance, 190 symbolic racism. See racial resentment TANF (Temporary Assistance for Needy Families; see also welfare reform), 4, 8, 17, 48 53, 57, 63 67, 72, 81, 93, 139, 142, 153, 162, 225 27, 229 33, 243, 245 47, 254, 326, 332, 334; implementation, 18; race (see also welfare and race), 264 75; racial composition, 68, 69, 147 48 Tennessee, 260 Texas, 66, 260, 305 Unemployment Insurance, 36 United Auto Workers, 107 U.S. Census Bureau, 286 U.S. Congress, 3, 27, 34, 35, 38, 45, 48, 51, 55, 59 64, 70, 73, 75, 76, 171, 230, 294; 89th, 61; 104th, 4, 178, 188, 190; House Ways and Means Committee, 179, 180, 187, 188, 256; Senate Finance Committee, 256; seniority rule, 27; welfare reform hearings, 177 88 U.S. Constitution, 33, 34; Tenth Amendment, 56; Fourteenth Amendment, 56; Fifteenth Amendment, 56 U.S. Supreme Court, 34, 48, 60, 61, 262, 263, 330 Utah, 124, 305, 310 Vermont, 307 381
Subject Index Virginia, 260, 266 Virginia Program of Aid to Dependent Children, 257 Voter News Service Exit Poll of California, 289, 295 voting rights, 17 Voting Rights Act of 1965, 82, 106, 107 War on Poverty, 23, 47, 61, 74, 111 16, 126 Washington (state), 123, 284, 285, 305 Washington, D.C., 111, 262, 263, 328 Watts riots, 108, 114, 115, 116 welfare and race (see also AFDC, racial context; TANF, race), 1, 2, 3, 47, 73, 78, 79, 80, 81, 151, 323 34; comparative perspective, 25 46, 74 77; Europe, 25, 30 33, 38 46; historical context, 5 7, 23 25, 78, 255 64; interracial interaction, 151 63; mass media, 9 11, 101 27, 131 48; public discourse, 12 14, 171 93; public opinion, 9 11, 78, 79, 131 48, 225 48; racial bias, 1, 2, 49, 225 48, 255 64, 265 75; social policy, 6, 36, 225 48; welfare population, 196 220 welfare caseloads, 72; decline in, 4, 14, 254; racial composition (see also race, welfare population), 82, 254 welfare coalitions, 30 welfare devolution (see also welfare reform), 8, 15, 48, 49, 57, 63, 226 Welfare Law Center, 200 welfare policy (see also AFDC; TANF; welfare reform), 23, 26, 64; direct democracy, 279 96; in Europe, 26, 38 43 welfare population. See welfare caseloads welfare queens, 172, 176 78, 192, 210, 244 welfare recipients (see also welfare caseloads), 1, 3, 4; congressional hearings, 184 88; opinions on reform, 178 88; perceptions of, 178 84; racial composition, 196 220, 254 welfare reform (see also TANF), 4, 73, 84; client diversion, 265; client management, 265 67; congressional hearings, 171 73, 177 88; devolution to the states, 14, 15, 225 28; evaluative requirements, 269; historical context, 5 7, 23, 24, 34 38, 73 77, 255 64; implementation, 15 18; labor markets, 85, 87, 267 68, 272; lower-class mobilization, 232; media coverage, 10 11, 133 37; party competition, 84, 85, 87, 232; policy choice, 15, 225 48; policy innovation, 83, 87; political subdivisions, 268; public discourse, 12, 13, 171 93; public opinion, 9 11, 79, 131 48, 236 48; racial dimension (see also welfare and race), 4, 61, 74, 79, 80, 81, 88 94, 264 75; state ideology, 84, 231; time limits, 232 36, 268, 272; waivers (see AFDC, waivers); white attitudes toward, 89 94, 131 48 Welfare Union of the West Side Organization, 263 West Virginia, 103, 328 white supremacy, 27, 33 Wisconsin, 52, 65, 66, 69, 77, 305, 307 Work Incentive Program, 75, 76 Works Progress Administration, 56 World War II, 43, 106, 326, 328 Wyoming, 52, 124 382