Table Annexed to Article: Wrongfully Established and Maintained : A Census of Congress s Sins Against Geography

Purdue University From the SelectedWorks of Peter J. Aschenbrenner September, 2012 Table Annexed to Article: Wrongfully Established and Maintained : A Census of Congress s Sins Against Geography Peter J. Aschenbrenner, Purdue University Available at: https://works.bepress.com/peter_aschenbrenner/113/

TABLE ANNEXED TO ARTICLE: WRONGFULLY ESTABLISHED AND MAINTAINED : A CENSUS OF CONGRESS S SINS AGAINST GEOGRAPHY TABLE 565A TOTAL OF CALENDAR YEARS FOR WHICH CONGRESS DEVOTED ATTENTION TO ADMITTED/RATIFYING STATES OR FUTURE STATES/TERRITORIES FROM 3/4/1789 TO 12/31/1856 (INCLUSIVE) BY ORDER OF STATE ADMISSION DATE State Admission Preceding Entity / Acquisition Treaty / Cession Event Years as Years as Territory State Delaware 12.07.1787 Lower Counties on the Delaware, then Confederation state n/a 11 + 57 = 68 Pennsylvania 12.12.1787 Province, then Confederation state n/a 11 + 57 = 68 New Jersey 12.18.1787 Province, then Confederation state n/a 11 + 57 = 68 Georgia 01.02.1788 Province, then Confederation state n/a 11 + 57 = 68 Connecticut 01.09.1788 Colony, then Confederation state n/a 11 + 57 = 68 Massachusetts 02.06.1788 Province then Confederation state n/a 11 + 57 = 68 Maryland 04.28.1788 Province, then Confederation state n/a 11 + 57 = 68 South Carolina 05.23.1788 Province, then Confederation state n/a 11 + 57 = 68 New Hampshire 06.21.1788 Province, then Confederation state n/a 11 + 57 = 68 Virginia 06.25.1788 Colony, then Confederation state n/a 11 + 57 = 68 New York 07.26.1788 Province, then Confederation state n/a 11 + 57 = 68 North Carolina 11.21.1789 Province, then Confederation state n/a 11 + 57 = 68 Rhode Island 05.29.1790 Colony of R.I. and Providence Plantation, then Confederation state n/a 10 + 57 = 67 Vermont 03.04.1791 Province of N.Y. and N.H. Grants, then Vermont Republic n/a 9 + 57 = 66 Kentucky 06.01.1792 Ceded by Virginia., former Kentucky County n/a 8 + 57 = 65 Tennessee 06.01.1796 Ceded by North Carolina n/a 4 + 57 = 61 Ohio 03.01.1803 NW Territory ceded from various states, primarily Virginia 11 + 3 = 14 54 Louisiana 04.30.1812 Territory of Orleans, former Louisiana Territory (1803) 9 45 Indiana 12.11.1816 Territory of Indiana, former NW Territory 11 + 16 = 27 41 Mississippi 12.10.1817 Miss. Territory formed from land donated by Georgia 11 + 17 = 28 40 Illinois 12.03.1818 Ill. Territory former NW Terr. 11 + 18 = 29 39 Alabama 12.14.1819 Ala. Terr. formed from Miss. Terr. 11 + 19 = 30 38 Maine 03.19.1820 Ceded by Massachusetts, former District of Maine n/a 37 Missouri 08.10.1821 Missouri Territory former Louisiana Territory (1803) 18 36 Arkansas 06.15.1836 Arkansas Territory former Louisiana Territory (1803) 33 21

State Admission Preceding Entity / Acquisition Treaty / Cession Event Years as Years as Territory State Michigan 01.26.1837 Mich. Terr., formed from NW Terr. 11 + 37 = 48 20 Florida 03.03.1845 Florida Territory, ceded by Spain (1822) 23 12 Texas 12.29.1845 Republic of Texas, annexed n/a 12 Iowa 12.28.1846 Iowa Territory former Louisiana Territory (1803) 43 11 Wisconsin 05.29.1848 Wisc. Terr., formed from NW Terr. 11 + 48 = 59 9 California 09.09.1850 California Bear Flag Republic, Mexican Cession n/a 7 Minnesota 05.11.1858 Minnesota Territory, Louisiana Territory (1803) 54 n/a Oregon 02.14.1859 Oregon Territory (1846) 11 n/a Kansas 01.29.1861 Kansas Territory former Louisiana Territory (1803) 54 n/a West Virginia 06.20.1863 Ceded by Virginia (questionable wartime cession) n/a n/a Nevada 10.31.1864 Nevada Territory, with parts of the Arizona Terr. and Utah Terr. added later (1850) 7 n/a Nebraska 03.01.1867 Nebraska Territory former Louisiana Territory (1803) 54 n/a Colorado 08.01.1876 Colorado Territory former Louisiana Territory (1803) 54 n/a North Dakota 11.02.1889 Dakota Territory former Louisiana Territory (1803) 54 n/a South Dakota 11.02.1889 Dakota Territory former Louisiana Territory (1803)54 n/a Montana 11.08.1889 Montana Territory former Louisiana Territory (1803) 54 n/a Washington 11.11.1889 Washington Territory former Oregon Territory (1846) 11 n/a Idaho 07.03.1890 Idaho Territory former Oregon Territory (1846) 11 n/a Wyoming 07.10.1890 Wyoming Territory former Louisiana Territory (1803) 54 n/a Utah 01.04.1896 Utah Territory, Mexican Cession (1850) 7 n/a Oklahoma 11.16.1907 Oklahoma Territory, Indian Territory former Louisiana Territory (1803) 54 n/a New Mexico 01.06.1912 New Mexico Territory, Mexican Cession (1850) 7 n/a Arizona 02.14.1912 Arizona Territory, Mexican Cession (1850) 7 n/a Alaska 01.03.1959 Alaska Territory n/a n/a Hawaii 08.21.1959 Hawaii Territory former Republic of Hawaii, Kingdom of Hawai i n/a n/a Totals for States 1,497 years as of 1/1/1857 Totals for Territories 908 years as of 1/1/1857 Grand Total States and Territories 2,405 years as of 1/1/1857

Year of State Admission TABLE 565B NET OF ADMITTED/RATIFYING STATES MINUS FUTURE STATES FROM 1789 TO 1960 (INCLUSIVE) BY ORDER OF ADMISSION OF STATE (POSITIVE VALUE = MORE STATES THAN FUTURE STATES/TERRITORIES) [PLEASE REFER TO TABLE 565D FOR THE NOTES IN NARRATIVE FORMAT.] Narrative Note State Admitted Number of States Future States Included in Existing States Future States Contained Within Territories Net of States Minus Future States Within Territories 1789 (1) North Carolina 12 3 5 7 1790 (2) Rhode Island 13 3 6 7 1791 (3) Vermont 14 3 6 8 1792 (4) Kentucky 15 2 6 9 1796 (5) Tennessee 16 2 5 11 1803 (6) Ohio 17 2 19-2 1812 (7) Louisiana 18 2 18 0 1816 (8) Indiana 19 2 17 2 1817 (9) Mississippi 20 2 16 4 1818 (10) Illinois 21 2 15 6 1819 (11) Alabama 22 2 14 8 1820 (12) Maine 23 1 14 9 1821 (13) Missouri 24 1 14 10 1836 (14) Arkansas 25 1 13 12 1837 (15) Michigan 26 1 12 14 1845 (16) Florida 27 1 11 16 1845 (17) Texas 28 1 11 17 1846 (18) Iowa 29 1 13 16 1848 (19) Wisconsin 30 1 17 13 1850 (20) California 31 1 16 15 1858 (21) Minnesota 32 1 15 17 1859 (22) Oregon 33 1 14 19 1861 (23) Kansas 34 1 13 21 1863 (24) West Virginia 35 0 13 22

Year of State Admission Narrative Note State Admitted Number of States Future States Included in Existing States Future States Contained Within Territories Net of States Minus Future States Within Territories 1864 (25) Nevada 36 0 12 24 1867 (26) Nebraska 37 0 12 25 1876 (27) Colorado 38 0 11 27 1889 (28) North Dakota 40 0 9 31 1889 (29) South Dakota 40 0 9 31 1889 (30) Montana 41 0 8 33 1889 (31) Washington 42 0 7 35 1890 (32) Idaho 43 0 6 37 1890 (33) Wyoming 44 0 5 39 1896 (34) Utah 45 0 4 41 1907 (35) Oklahoma 46 0 4 42 1912 (36) New Mexico 47 0 3 44 1912 (37) Arizona 48 0 2 46 1959 (38) Alaska 49 0 1 49 1960 (39) Hawai i 50 0 0 50

Land Gain Treaty of Paris Date of Acquisition TABLE 565C ACCRETIONS TO THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA POST-TREATY OF PARIS [1783] September 3, 1783 Northwest Name of Territory (at organization) Date Incorporated /Organized July 13, 1787/ August 7, 1789 Future States Included with Territory Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin Ceded by North Carolina April 2, 1790 Southwest May 26, 1790 Tennessee Ceded by Georgia April 7, 1798 Mississippi April 7, 1798 Mississippi, Alabama Orleans October 1, 1804 Louisiana Louisiana Purchase April 30, 1803 District of Louisiana (becomes Louisiana Territory) March 10, 1804 (July 4, 1805) Missouri, Arkansas, Iowa, Minnesota, Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Wyoming, Oklahoma Adams-Onís Treaty February 22, 1821 Florida March 30, 1822 Florida Texas Annexation March 1, 1846 n/a n/a Texas Oregon Treaty June 15, 1846 Oregon August 14, 1848 Oregon, Washington, Idaho (Military Government/ Bear Flag Republic) n/a California Treaty of February 2, 1848 Guadalupe Hidalgo Utah September 9, 1850 Nevada, Utah New Mexico September 9, 1850 New Mexico, Arizona Alaska Purchase October 18, 1867 Alaska October 18, 1867 Alaska Newlands Resolution July 7, 1898 Hawaii July 7, 1898 Hawaii

TABLE 565D NARRATIVE EXPLANATION OF STATS: RATIOS OF ADMITTED/RATIFYING STATES TO FUTURE STATES AT EACH ADMISSION BEGINNING 12/31/1789 1. On November 11, 1789, North Carolina became the twelfth state to ratify. The only territory which the United States governed at this time was the Northwest Territories which was formed on July 13, 1787 and contained five future states. On August 7, 1789 the first federal Congress approved the organization of the NWT as a constituent territory of the United States. 2. Rhode Island became the thirteenth state to ratify on May 29, 1790. On April 2, 1790, North Carolina ceded its western territory, which would later become the Southwest Territory then Tennessee, to the United States; a total of six future states existed within these two territories = NWT and the SWT. 3. Vermont officially became the fourteenth state on March 4, 1791. The federal territories now contained six future states. 4. Kentucky became the fifteenth state on June 1, 1792. It split off from Virginia and was never truly a territory. Federal territories embraced six future states. 5. The Southwest Territory becomes Tennessee, the sixteenth state, on June 1, 1796. The future states of the Northwest Territory maintained the territory count at five. 6. On March 1, 1803 Ohio became the seventeenth state. It was the first of the Northwest Territories to become a state; four future states remained. At that time, the Mississippi Territory, created April 7, 1798, contained two future states, and the Louisiana Purchase, signed April 30, 1803, contained thirteen future states. All together, the federal territories contained nineteen future states. Remember we are tracking all events from the year of admission of a new state, at 12/31 of that year. This is only time that the United States went negative ; there were more future states in territories than existing states; the fudge here is that two existing states (Virginia and Massachusetts) included future states. 7. On April 30, 1812 Louisiana became the eighteenth state and the first of the Louisiana Purchase states to become a state. This left eighteen future states in the territories. This is the only time that the United States had an equal number of states and future states in territories. 8. Indiana became the nineteenth state and was the second of the Northwest Territories to become a state on December 10, 1816. The federal territories contained seventeen future states. 9. On December 10, 1817 Mississippi became the twentieth state to be admitted to the union and the first state of the Mississippi Territory to become a state. The territories then contained sixteen future states. 10. On December 3, 1818 Illinois became the twenty-first state and the third of the Northwest Territories to become a state. The federal territories contained fifteen future states. 11. Alabama became the twenty-second state and the second and last of the Mississippi Territory to become a state on December 14, 1819. The federal territories contained fourteen future states. 12. Maine became the twenty-third state on March 19, 1820. It was previously a district of Massachusetts and never organized as a federal territory. The federal territories then contained fourteen future states. 13. Missouri became the second state of the Louisiana Purchase to become a state and the twenty-fourth state on August 10, 1821. On February 22, 1821, the Adams-Onís Treaty was proclaimed, ceding the territory would become Florida. All together, fourteen future states remained in the territories.

14. On June 15, 1836, Arkansas became the twenty-fifth state and the third state of the Louisiana Purchase to become a state. Thirteen future states remained in federal territories. Oklahoma was acquired with the Louisiana Purchase and already counted. 15. Michigan became the fourth Northwest Territory to become a state and the twenty-sixth state on January 26, 1837. The count of future states was reduced to twelve. 16. Florida became the twenty-seventh state on March 3, 1845. Eleven future states were embraced in the territories that Congress governed. 17. Texas became the twenty-eighth state on December 29, 1845. Texas was previously an independent republic and not a part of a territory. Not even a year had passed since Florida s admission; eleven future states remained in the federal territories. 18. On December 28, 1846 Iowa became the twenty-ninth state and the fourth state of the Louisiana Purchase to become a state. The Oregon Treaty was signed June 15, 1846, ceding the United States three future states. The federal territories then contained thirteen future states. 19. Wisconsin became the thirtieth state and the fifth and last state of the Northwest Territories which Congress admitted on May 29, 1848. On February 2, 1848, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ceded the United States four future states and California. The federal territories then contained seventeen future states. 20. California became the thirty-first state on September 9, 1850. It was never an organized territory and, instead, was run by a military government until statehood. OCL s birthplace obliges, if noblesse does not, a courtesy mention of the Bear Flag Republic. The rest of the territory gained in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo is organized into the Utah and New Mexico Territories, each containing two future states a piece. All together the federal territories contained sixteen future states. 21. On May 11, 1858 Minnesota became the thirty-second state. It was the fifth state of the Louisiana Purchase to gain statehood. Fifteen future states remained in the federal territories. 22. On February 14, 1859 Oregon became the thirty-third state and the first state of the Oregon Territory to become a state. The territories of the United States contained fourteen future states awaiting statehood. 23. Kansas became the thirty-fourth state and the sixth state of the Louisiana Purchase to attain statehood on January 29, 1861. It left behind thirteen future states in the territories. 24. On June 20, 1863 West Virginia officially separated from Confederate Virginia and joined the Union as its own state, the thirty-fifth. It was the last state to be made from the land of an existing state. Thirteen future states remained in the federal territories. 25. On November 31, 1864 Nevada became the thirty-sixth state and first state from the Utah Territory to become a state. Twelve future states remained in federal territories. 26. Nebraska became the thirty-seventh state and the seventh state of the Louisiana Purchase to gain statehood on March 1, 1867. A few months later, on October 18, 1867, Russia hands Alaska over to the United States in agreement with the Alaska Purchase. The land is organized as the Department of Alaska. Federal territories contain twelve future states. 27. Colorado became the thirty-eighth state and the eighth state of the Louisiana Purchase to reach statehood on August 1, 1876. There were eleven future states within the federal territories at this time. 28. North Dakota and South Dakota became the thirty-ninth and fortieth states on November 2, 1889. Though North Dakota is considered to be the first due to alphabetical listing, President Harrison would not reveal which Act of Admission he signed first, so the truth of the matter is unknown. Nine future states remained in the federal territories. (http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/award97/ndfahtml/ngp_nd_terr.html) 29. See above. 30. On November 8, 1889 Montana became the forty-first state and the eleventh state of the Louisiana Purchase to become a state. Eight future states remained in the federal territories.

31. On November 11, 1889 Washington became the forty-second state and the second state of the original Oregon Territory to attain statehood. Seven future states remained in federal territories. 32. Idaho became the forty-third state and the third and last state of the Original Oregon Territory rise to statehood on July 3, 1890. Federal territories contained six future states. 33. Wyoming became the forty-forth state and the twelfth state of the Louisiana Purchase to become a state on July 10, 1890. The remaining federal territories then contained five future states. 34. On January 4, 1986 Utah became the forty-sixth state and the second and last state in the former Utah Territory to attain statehood. The federal territories then contained four future states. 35. Oklahoma became the forty-fifth state and the thirteenth and last state of the Louisiana Purchase to become a state on November 16, 1907. Back on July 7, 1898, the Newlands Resolution was signed by the president, transferring the islands of Hawaii to the United States. Including Hawaii, the federal territories then included five future states. 36. On January 6, 1912 New Mexico became the forty-seventh state and the first of the New Mexico Territory to gain statehood. Three future states remained in federal territories. 37. Arizona became the forty-eighth future state and second and last of the New Mexico Territory to rise to statehood on February 14, 1912. Two future states remained in federal territories. 38. Alaska became the forty-ninth state on January 3, 1959. Only one future state remained as a territory. 39. Hawaii became the fiftieth state on August 21, 1959. There are no more territories which count as future states.