1848-1914
*Agricultural Revolution Came First. 1. Great Britain led the Way 2. Migration from Rural to Urban (Poor Living Conditions) 3. Proletarianization of the Workforce (Poor Working Conditions) 4. Transportation Revolution (Railroads) 5. Chartism = First Large-scale European Working Class Political Movement
The Industrial Revolution In Pictures
Thomas Malthus- Population grows faster than food supply, and thus we are doomed to cyclical periods of famine, war, and poverty. David Ricardo- Iron Law of Wages, Populations goes up and wages down, population down and wages up.
JEREMY BENTHAM JOHN STUART MILL The Greatest Good for the Greatest Number
SAINT-SIMON ROBERT OWEN CHARLES FOURIER LOUIS BLANC
AUGUSTE BLANQUI (VIOLENT) JOSEPH PROUDHON (PEACEFUL)
Karl Marx Quotes of the Communist Manifesto 1. The history of the world is the history of class struggles. (Bourgeoisie vs. Proletariat ) 2. From each according to his ability to each according to his need. 3. Religion is the opium of the masses.
"The Soldier and the Diplomat
After the Congress of Vienna (1815), Most of Italy was Under Foreign Rule Austria - North Spain - South France - in Rome The Kingdom of Sardinia would Lead the Struggle for Unification King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia Appointed Count Camillo Cavour as Prime Minister in 1852 Cavour did the most to Unify Italy and he Coined the term Risorgimento Cavour Arranged for French Help (Napoleon III) to Drive Austria out of Northern Italy Sardinia Entered the Crimean War on France's Side (1853-1856) against Russia Cavour Provoked Austria to Attack Sardinia, and then France Drove Austria out of Northern Italy
In 1860, Giuseppe Garibaldi and his Red Shirts (1,000) drove the Spanish Rulers out of Sicily and all of Southern Italy In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was Crowned King of a Unified Italy
1. Economic Division between the North (Industry) and South (Agriculture) 2. Tension between the Pope and the New Government 3. Republicans Demanded more Liberal Changes in the Government as only 1 in 30 Italian Men had the Right to Vote 4 Million Italians Emigrated to the U.S. from 1860 to 1910
BARRIERS TO GERMAN UNIFICATION: 1. Other Countries feared and opposed German Unity, especially Austria 2. Many German States wanted to maintain their Customs and Independence, especially the Catholics in the South
1. Strong Military - Militarism = Glorification of War 2. Organized Government Same Ruling Family for 250 Years 3. Economic Strength Third Largest Economy in the World by 1862
I never Smile. Too much work to be done.
In 1862, King William I of Prussia appointed Otto von Bismarck as Prime Minister "Real Politik" = Politics of Reality Nicknamed the "Iron Chancellor Bismarck Believed in Uniting Germany through "Blood and Iron ( Blute en Izen!! )
1. Prussia and Austria vs. Denmark = 7 Days War (1864) 2. Prussia vs. Austria = 7 Weeks War (1866) 3. Franco - Prussian War = 7 Months War (1870 1871) Bismarck Edits the Ems Dispatch to Start the War At the Battle of Sedan, Napoleon III and 100,000 French Troops were Captured William I declared Kaiser The New German Empire was called The Second Reich
1. Uniform Legal System 2. Uniform Currency 3. Railroads, Mail and Telegraph Services were all Coordinated Bismarck Passes Laws to Give the Workers of Germany Accident, Health and Old Age Insurance (1880 s)
William II became Kaiser in 1888 and in 1890 Bismarck Resigned William II Pursued an Aggressive Foreign Policy to Acquire Overseas Colonies
Russia was Predominantly an Agriculture Economy based on Serfdom Serfs were over 80% of the Population What is a Serf??? Russia was an Autocracy = Place where the Ruler has Unlimited Power (Czar)
In 1825, the Decembrists Revolt tried to Establish a Constitutional Limited Monarchy in Russia Nicholas I Crushed the Decembrists Revolt and Ruled Russia with an Iron Hand Crushed Peasant Revolts Formed Czar s Secret Police No Freedom of Speech or Press
1. Emancipated the Serfs (1861) 2. Allowed Freedom of Speech and Freedom of the Press 3. Allowed Locally Elected Assemblies called Zemstovs (More Schools) Alexander II was Assassinated by Radicals (Anarchists) in 1881
After his Father's Death, Alexander III Returned to a Repressive Policy Instituted a Policy of Russification = All People in Russia have to speak the Russian Language and adopt the Russian Orthodox Religion Pogroms = Murderous Raids on Jewish Communities
Last Czar of Russia In 1894, Nicholas II becomes Czar and Continues a Policy of Repression Russia starts to Industrialize under Nicholas II's Rule In 1905, Russia was Beaten by Japan in the Russo-Japanese War The Revolution of 1905 broke out in response to Russia's Defeat by Japan 1,000 Workers are Killed on Bloody Sunday (January 22, 1905) To Stop the Uprising, Czar Nicholas II created a National Assembly called the Duma
OPEN FIRE!
The Austrian Empire After Austria was Defeated by Prussia they were forced to Compromise with the Hungarians over Autonomy = Self Government Hungarians are the Second Largest Group in Austria Francis Joseph: Created the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary (1867)
1. Emperor of Austria would also be the King of Hungary 2. Acted Together in Foreign Affairs 3. Each has their Own Constitution and Parliament Nationalism was still a Problem in Austria-Hungary as other Nationalities wanted Autonomy
THE SICK MAN OF EUROPE As they were Expected to Collapse at Any Time Nationalist Revolts were Breaking out on the Balkan Peninsula Russia helped the Slavic Peoples and Threatened to Dominate the Balkan Peninsula The Congress of Berlin (1878) was held to Settle Disputed in the Balkans
1. Created independent Nations of Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro and Romania as Buffer States 2. Ottoman Empire received some Land Back 3. Austria-Hungary was given Bosnia as a Mandate for 30 Years Russia got Zilch, Zippo, Nada!!! 4. Hostilities Arise between Austria-Hungary and Russia over the Balkan Peninsula