A Act Affordable Care, 21 Chinese Exclusion of 1882, 35, 41 Civil Rights, 31 Displaced Persons, 45 Foreign Miners License, 34 Geary, 35 Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility, 45 Immigration and Nationality of 1952, 45 Immigration of 1882, 41 Immigration of 1917, 45 Immigration of 1924, 45, 54 Immigration Reform and Control of 1986, 45 Indian Reorganization of 1934, 28 Land Allotment, 28 Magnuson of 1943, 36 National Origins of 1924, 51 Patriot of 2002, 46 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation of 1996, 45 Refugee Escape of 1957, 45 Refugee Relief of 1953, 45 Scott, 35 Termination of 1953, 28 Activism, 73, 75, 131, 138 144 Activist movements, 141, 144 African Americans, 10, 11, 18, 20, 35, 52, 53, 72, 85, 103, 117, 125, 132, 140, 141, 143 Africans legal oppression of, 30 systemic racism and immigration, 40 American colonies, 29, 52, 140 Americans, 9 Anti-Chinese bias, 35 Anti-immigrant bias, 45 Anti-racism definition of, 137 Anti-Racism Movements and Models, 137 143 Asians, 54, 55, 72, 73, 85, 105 Assimilation, 28, 50, 80 Attitudes, 7, 17, 20, 21, 26, 30, 33, 34, 40, 45, 62, 63, 65, 66, 69 71, 87, 104, 109, 112 Aversive racism theory, 3 B Behaviors, 3, 5, 7, 10, 17, 19, 20, 22, 30, 71, 80, 82, 87, 112, 137 Belief systems and ideology, 4 Berger, P.L., 8 Bill of Rights, 115 Black code, 30, 31 Black feminists, 101 Black Lives Matter (BLM), 131 134, 136 138 Black Lives Matter movement, 132, 133, 141 Blacks, 9, 29 31, 35, 53, 68, 80, 84, 86, 105, 111, 121, 134, 143 Bonilla-Silva, 5, 69, 70, 79, 104 Brown vs. Board of Education, 52, 120, 140 Bureau of Indian Affairs, 28 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 R. W. C. Tourse et al., Systemic Racism in the United States, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72233-7 149
150 C California gold rush, 34, 53 Capitalism, 12, 17, 61, 94, 107, 110, 112, 120, 131, 133, 136 Chattel slavery in New England, 30 China, 34, 35, 41, 53, 54, 122 Chinese, 4, 25, 40, 55 systemic racism and immigration, 49 legal oppression of, 143 Chinese immigrants, 34, 36, 53, 121 Class structure, 12, 17, 26, 29, 112, 120, 131, 133 Cognitive processes, 7, 17 Colonialism, 12, 17, 26, 29, 61, 102, 105, 111, 112, 120, 131, 133, 142 internal, 50 Colonialists, 26 Colonization, 50, 61, 102, 110, 125 Colonization and intersectionality, 102 Cone, 138, 142, 143 Core groups, 6, 25, 40, 49, 57, 86, 111, 115, 120 124, 141 Core groups and Social justice, 120 Crenshaw, 102, 103 Critical Race Theory, 6, 63, 102, 138 Critical Race Theory and Intersectionality, 102 Cross, 7, 10, 48, 71, 73 Cultural imperialism, 10, 11, 30, 61, 86, 101, 120, 131, 134, 136 Cultural sway, 102, 109, 110 positive/negative, 109 Cumulative advantage, 82 D Declaration of Independence, 1, 4, 29 Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA), 123, 124 Developmental psychology, 7 Diaspora African, 22 Asian, 22 First Nation, 22 Latino, 22 Middle Eastern, 22 Discrimination, 7, 17 22, 25, 26, 31, 57, 64, 69, 82, 103, 130 acts of, 19 21, 126 definition of, 7 influence on internalization, 90, 107 perception of, 17, 18 racial, 7, 19, 22 Disparate outcomes, 81, 86, 88 Distancing, 63, 65 Distribution of privileges and benefits, 12, 17, 61, 112, 120, 131, 133 Dominant white population, 50 Dominant group, 1, 5, 9 12, 19 22, 63, 65, 67, 70, 71, 103, 110 Domination, 19, 22, 69, 108, 109 institutional, 31 Dovidio, J.F., 3 Du Bois, W.E.B., 12, 29, 30, 39, 68, 80, 103, 105, 140 E Emancipation, 11, 30, 68, 83, 120, 140 Emancipation by states, 30, 68 Emancipation proclamation, 97, 120 Environmental cues, 62 Equal justice for all, 116 Equality, 1 4, 7, 31, 68, 75, 101, 117, 126, 138, 142, 144 Equality-of-oppression paradigm, 101 Ethnic identity, 69 70 European Americans, 29, 70 Europeans, 4, 27, 29, 45, 50, 120 Exclusion, 34, 36, 41, 50, 51, 54, 57, 140 Exploitation, 5, 10 12, 40, 50, 61, 101, 105, 115, 120, 131, 134, 136, 138 Exploitation of core groups, 25 Exploiting labor, 29 F Fanon, F., 72, 111, 142 Feagin, C.B., 10, 12 Feagin, J.R., 10, 12 First Nation Trust relationship, 27 First Nation People, 4 6, 11, 20, 27 29, 33, 57, 84 86, 115, 120, 121, 125, 132, 134, 136, 140 legal oppression of, 6, 9 systemic racism and immigration, 40, 49 First Nation sovereign government, 27 Fourteenth Amendment, 30 Freedom, 1, 2, 4, 11, 31, 34, 35, 52, 115, 117, 120, 140, 142 Freire, P., 139, 142 G Gaertner, S.L., 3
151 H Hardy, K.V., 5, 64 Helms, J.E., 62, 69, 71 74, 104, 105 History of US, 41, 45 I Immigrant legal status, 47 Immigrants, 55 contemporary, 45 Immigration, 34, 35, 39 57, 102, 106, 107, 109, 110, 116, 122 124 definition of, 44 reasons for, 3 voluntary, 52, 53 Immigration, and intersectionality, 110 Immigration and national security, 46 Immigration and social justice, 120, 121 Immigration history, 40 48 Immigration laws and restrictions, 35 Immigration of core groups, 55, 110, 123 Immigration policies, 40, 41, 47, 48, 53, 123 Immigration policy context, 40, 48 55 Immigration waves and patterns, 49, 55 Immigration waves and patterns of core groups, 111 Implicit biases, 3, 21, 87, 90, 93, 134 Indentured servants, 29, 32, 52 Indian removal, 28 Indians, 21, 27, 28, 50, 54, 67, 116, 120, 125, 126, 135, 139 Inequality, 19, 21, 49, 66, 67, 88, 90, 96, 101 103, 108, 110, 112, 118, 120, 129, 131, 136, 139, 141 Inferiority, 12, 26, 50, 62, 67, 69, 111 Institutional web, 12, 13, 18, 36, 84, 86, 90, 93, 96, 97, 133, 135, 143, 144 Internalization, 8, 61 64, 66 69, 72, 73 Internalization of racist beliefs, 65 Intersectionality, 101 112, 124 126, 129, 133 theory of, 102 Intersectionality and colonialization, 102 Intersectionality and immigration, 102 Intersectionality of social subset in Hidden Figures, 102 J Jim Crow laws, 10, 31, 116, 120 Justice inequitable, 5 L Latinos, 51, 52, 55, 72, 107 Laws biased, 2, 11, 26, 67 Legal rights, 35 Legal structures, 12, 21, 26, 29, 112, 120, 131, 133 Legalized oppression historical context, 26 Liberation movements, 67, 142 Black liberation theology, 142, 143 liberation health, 138, 141, 142 liberation psychology, 142 Louisiana Purchase of 1803, 51 Luckmann, T., 8 M Marginalization, 10, 11, 19, 22, 49, 101, 108, 115, 120, 131, 134, 136 McGoldrick, M., 5, 64 McIntosh, P., 20, 66, 104, 108, 137, 139 Mexican-American War, 32, 51 Mexicans, 4, 6, 10, 11, 25, 26, 31 33, 40, 50 52, 55, 57, 86, 107, 115, 120 legal oppression of legal oppression of, 33 systemic racism and immigration, 40, 49 Mexico, 31, 32, 51, 121, 122, 124 Anglos in, 31, 32 Northern territories, 31 settlers in, 26, 32 Migration, 5, 11, 28, 53, 132, 140 Multiple cultural intersections, 110 N Negro, 54, 71, 119 New England, 30, 72 O Oppression, 3, 19, 30, 40, 65, 86, 101, 115, 129 definition of, 10, 70 structural, 6, 10, 67, 102, 103, 107, 130, 144 systemic, 3, 30, 36, 40 Organizational racial equity, 94 Organizational racial tolerance, 92, 94 96
152 P Payne, M., 17 Persons of color, 3, 10, 67, 86, 90, 94 97, 104 106, 108, 110, 119, 121, 126 People of color internalization strengths, 64 People vs. Hall, 54 Plessey vs. Ferguson, 31 Plyler v. Doe, 51 Post-colonial theory, 111 Post-racialism, 2 Poverty as example of disparate outcomes/ distributive injustice, 81 84 Poverty rates and trends, 81 Power, 1, 19, 26, 40, 64, 79, 102, 116, 129 individual and collective, 141 intersection with culture, 107 levels of, 108, 109 Power/conflict framework, 12 Powerlessness, 10, 11, 86, 109, 115, 120, 131, 134, 135 Prejudices, 19, 20, 22, 33, 35, 40, 107 Prevailing intellectual thought and scientific theories, 112, 131 Privileges, 1, 6, 7, 17, 19 22, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 49, 64 68, 74, 75, 79, 86 88, 94, 102 104, 108, 109, 111, 112, 116, 122 125, 129, 131, 133, 137, 144 Psyche sense of self/ self-identity, 61, 65 The, 61, 62 Push and pull theory, 48 R Race, 2, 20, 25, 41, 80, 101, 116 social construction of, 2, 9, 57, 61, 102, 122, 131, 133, 141, 144 Race bias forms of, 63 Race ranking, 61, 102 Racial bias, 6, 11, 65 Racial categories in US, 57, 122 Racial identity, 61 65, 69 75 Racial identity theories and models, 72 Racial internalization, 61, 63, 67 Racial wealth gap, 82 Racism, 2, 4 6, 19, 25, 26, 33, 40, 55, 61 75, 79, 80, 86, 87, 89 93, 101, 129, 131 136 definition, 9 individual, 4, 6, 7, 26, 79, 80, 95, 103, 107 the infrastructure psychic dimensions, 26, 61 75 institutional, 2, 6, 25 36, 55, 79 97, 103, 138, 144 definition of, 79 individual level, 79, 87 organizational level, 89 93 societal level, 93 systems theory framework, 86 internalization, 61 63 intersection with other forms of discrimination, 22, 101 intersection with social subsets, 104 invisibility of, 80 legalization of, 25 as overarching/primary oppressive system, 5, 102 104 psychological importance, 7 resistance to contemporary examples, 131 136 social importance, 7 structural, 4, 6, 79, 80, 89, 91, 93 96, 134 systemic, 137, 139 types aversive, 4 cultural, 33 dominative, 5 institutional, 6, 26, 55, 79, 80, 86 normative/symbolic, 5 Racism as an overlay, 65, 130 Reality objective, 8, 130 perceived, 8, 9 subjective, 8 Reconstruction Era, 30, 140 Relational Model, 17 S Scaffolding, 1 13, 17 19, 21, 22, 25, 26, 29, 30, 32, 40, 49, 52, 55, 57, 61, 65, 69, 75, 80, 86, 88, 96, 101, 102, 105, 107, 108, 115, 116, 120 124, 126, 131 136, 138, 140, 141, 143, 144 dismantling of, 133 historical context, 25 internalization of, 8 poles and rungs, 12, 17 Segregation, 31, 54, 63, 83 85, 94, 96, 118, 120, 131, 140, 143 Sense of self internal, 66, 71, 107 Slaveholders, 29
153 Slavery, 10, 26, 29 31, 73, 101, 105, 117, 132 Southern, 29 Slavery in Northern colonies, 29 Slavery laws, 29 Slaves, 29 31, 52, 53, 73, 83, 105, 120 Social construct vs. biological construct, 105 Social construction, 2, 6, 8, 13, 25, 39, 49, 57, 61, 102, 103, 106, 117, 118, 124, 129, 131, 133, 141, 144 Social constructions, 115 Social justice definition of, 118 distributive, 118, 120 human rights perspective, 117 interactional, 118, 120, 124 procedural, 118, 120 Social justice and core groups, 115, 117 Social justice and immigration, 122 Social justice and racial disparity, 118 120 Social justice/injustice, 3, 112, 115, 117 122, 124 126, 129, 130, 137 Social justice/injustice beyond the core groups, 10, 120, 122, 123 Social subsets, 101, 102, 104 107, 109, 110, 112, 125, 126 Social systems, 6, 19, 131 Societal cues, 7, 8, 17 19, 22 Societal norms, 93, 124 Societal values, 19, 94 Southern resistance, 30 Southwestern territories/provinces, 45 Spanish American War, 51 Standing Rock protest, 132, 133 Stereotypes, 5, 10, 20, 21, 61, 63, 66, 68, 72, 87, 94, 103 Structures institutional, 2, 4, 12, 86, 107 legal, 12, 26, 61, 112, 120, 133 Subjugation, 26, 32, 33 Subordinate groups, 2, 5, 9, 11, 19, 21, 65, 115 Subordination, 3, 6, 19, 20, 22, 26, 33, 40, 86, 108, 109, 118 Synergy of civil rights movements, 139 Systems theory as framework for understanding institutional racism, 86 T Tatum, 6, 71 Texas, 21, 31, 32, 51, 124 Texas annexation, 32 Texas War of 1836, 32 The other, 118 Thirteenth Amendment, 30 Transcontinental railroad, 35, 36, 53 Transgender persons, 106 Transnationalism, 48, 49, 52, 110 Trayvon Martin, 2 4, 9, 11, 18, 132 Treaty of 1880, 35 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo of 1848, 31, 32 Two-spirits, 125 U United States (US) founding of, 31, 41, 120 founding paradox, 1, 103 US Constitution, 30, 35, 115 US War Department, 30 V Violence, 3, 10, 11, 30, 35, 39, 46, 54, 86, 101, 111, 115, 117, 118, 120, 121, 125, 131 134, 136 Vygotsky, 7 W West Indies, 29 Westward expansion, 27 29, 32, 33, 62 White internalization, 63 White privilege, 1, 6, 7, 66, 74, 80, 94, 133 White settlers, 28, 29, 50, 134 White superiority, 26, 27, 63, 67 unconscious, 63 White supremacy, 26, 105, 125, 133, 136 Whites identity, 33, 40, 64, 68, 69, 71, 74, 109, 111 Y Yamato, G., 4, 6, 63, 64 Young, 3, 10, 21, 88, 108, 109, 119, 123, 124, 132, 134, 137 Z Zimmerman, G., 2, 3, 9, 18, 21, 132