Chapter 8 Political Geography 1) Conflicting claims to the Arctic are mostly due to A) the potential for energy resources. 2) The most populous country that is not a member of the United Nations is A) Taiwan. 3) The historically neutral country that recently joined the United Nations is A) Switzerland. 4) Over the past half century, the number of sovereign states in the world D) has increased by more than a hundred. 5) The world's largest state is C) Russia. 6) The United Nations is primarily what kind of cooperative effort? A) political 7) In 2002 the Organization of African Unity was replaced by A) the African Union. Learning Outcome: 8.2.4: Explain the concepts of colonies and describe their current 8) During his presentation at the United Nations, then-secretary of State Colin Powell used what geographic tool to make the case for war? A) air photos of alleged chemical weapons bunkers 1
9) The map concerning United Nations membership indicates that most African countries D) became UN members in the 1960s and 1970s. 10) The map concerning United Nations membership indicates that Ethiopia D) became a UN member in the 1940s. 11) As indicated on the map of United Nation membership, Namibia joined the United Nations in the D) late 20th century. 12) As indicated on the maps of economic and political alliances, in the late 20th century Austria D) remained nonaligned with either NATO or the Warsaw Pact. 2
13) As indicated on the maps of economic and political alliances, in 1980 Sweden D) remained nonaligned with either NATO or the Warsaw Pact. 14) As indicated on the maps of economic and political alliances, in 1980 Belgium A) was a member of NATO and the European Community. 15) As indicated on the maps of economic and political alliances, in 1980 Ireland C) was a member of the European Community but not NATO. 16) As indicated on the maps of economic and political alliances, in 1980 Bulgaria E) was a member of the Warsaw Pact and COMECON. 17) As indicated on the maps of economic and political alliances, in 1980 Hungary E) was a member of the Warsaw Pact and COMECON. 18) As indicated on the map of European economic and military alliances, in 2013 Ireland D) was a member of the European Community only. Learning Outcome: 8.4.2: Describe the principal economic alliances in Europe in the period since World War II. 19) As indicated on the map of European economic and military alliances, in 2013 Austria D) was a member of the European Community only. Learning Outcome: 8.4.2: Describe the principal economic alliances in Europe in the period since World War II. 20) As indicated on the map of European economic and military alliances, in 2013 Latvia A) was a member of NATO and the European Community. Learning Outcome: 8.4.2: Describe the principal economic alliances in Europe in the period since World War II. 21) An area organized into an independent political unit is a D) Learning Outcome: 8.1.2: Explain why it is difficult to determine whether some territories are states. 22) The best example of a state among the following is D) a mountainous region inhabited by heterogeneous ethnicities which share responsibility for maintaining an independent government and a standing army. Learning Outcome: 8.1.2: Explain why it is difficult to determine whether some territories are states. 3
23) The best example of a nation among the following is B) a group of islands inhabited by a homogeneous ethnicity, although the westernmost islands pertain to the territory of one country whereas the easternmost islands pertain to another country. 24) The Fertile Crescent E) extended from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean Sea and was the location of the first citystates in the Middle East. Learning Outcome: 8.1.3: Explain the concept of nation-state and how it differs from earlier ways to govern. 25) The first states in ancient Mesopotamia were A) city-states, which incorporated cities as well as their countryside. Learning Outcome: 8.1.3: Explain the concept of nation-state and how it differs from earlier ways to govern. 26) Political unity in the ancient Mediterranean world reached its height in C) the Roman Empire. Learning Outcome: 8.1.3: Explain the concept of nation-state and how it differs from earlier ways to govern. 27) The first widespread use of the nation-state concept came in C) Western Europe. Learning Outcome: 8.1.3: Explain the concept of nation-state and how it differs from earlier ways to govern. 28) Among the world's largest multinational states are A) Russia and the United States. 29) Korea is a good example of a(n) C) ethnicity divided between more than one 30) The problems experienced by Cyprus during the past four decades include all but which of the following? C) a partition of the island by the British as part of independence 4
31) The Kurds are B) divided among more than one 32) Examples of major nation-states are A) Germany and Denmark. 33) A territory tied to a state rather than being completely independent is a D) colony. Learning Outcome: 8.2.4: Explain the concept of colonies and describe their current 34) The attempt by one country to impose political control over another territory is A) colonialism. Learning Outcome: 8.2.4: Explain the concept of colonies and describe their current 35) The motives of European states in establishing colonies can be summarized as all but which of the following? C) guilt Learning Outcome: 8.2.4: Explain the concept of colonies and describe their current 5
36) Which of the following is a small British colony in the Pacific Ocean? B) Pitcairn. Learning Outcome: 8.2.4: Explain the concepts of colonies and describe their current 37) The most populous remaining colony is ruled by A) the United States. Learning Outcome: 8.2.4: Explain the concepts of colonies and describe their current 38) The Commonwealth is primarily A) an economic and cultural alliance of states once part of the British Empire. Learning Outcome: 8.2.4: Explain the concepts of colonies and describe their current 6
39) According to the map of present-day colonial possessions, the U.S. colony located east of the Philippines is B) Guam. Learning Outcome: 8.2.4: Explain the concepts of colonies and describe their current 40) According to the map of present-day colonial possessions, the U.S. colony located west of the British Virgin Islands is D) Puerto Rico. Learning Outcome: 8.2.4: Explain the concepts of colonies and describe their current 41) According to the map of present-day colonial possessions, the British colony to the west of Angola is D) Saint Helena. Learning Outcome: 8.2.4: Explain the concepts of colonies and describe their current 42) According to the map of present-day colonial possessions, the British colony east of Argentina is D) the Falkland Islands. Learning Outcome: 8.2.4: Explain the concepts of colonies and describe their current 43) According to the map of present-day colonial possessions, the French colony northwest of the Pitcairn Islands is D) French Polynesia. Learning Outcome: 8.2.4: Explain the concepts of colonies and describe their current 7
44) The only large land mass not part of a sovereign state is A) Antarctica. 45) A frontier, in contrast to a boundary, B) is an area rather than a line. 46) A feature of the physical environment commonly used to separate states includes all but which of the following? B) geometry 47) The boundary between the United States and Canada is best described by which of the following? E) water and geometric 48) Cultural boundaries include all but which of the following? E) geomorphic 49) The conflict over the Aozou Strip involves D) a disputed border and Libya's claims of sovereignty over the zone. 50) As shown on this map, the Aozou Strip D) is a disputed zone that abuts Niger on the west and Sudan on the east. 8
51) As indicated on the maps in this chapter, the shape and size of the Aozou Strip make it an example of a C) geometric boundary. 52) The boundary between Argentina and Chile is an example of a C) physical boundary. 53) The eastern part of the border between the United States and Mexico is delineated by A) the Rio Grande. 54) Extremely small island-states in the world, many of which are former European colonies, are called C) microstates. 55) The Germans established the known as the Caprivi Strip in present-day Namibia to access resources in central Africa, including the Zambezi River. E) proruption 9
56) As shown on this map, an African country with an elongated shape is D) Malawi. Learning Outcome: 8.3.3: Describe five shapes of states. 57) A Southeast Asian country with a partly elongated or prorupted shape is D) Thailand. Learning Outcome: 8.3.3: Describe five shapes of states. 58) A South American country with an elongated shape is D) Chile. Learning Outcome: 8.3.3: Describe five shapes of states. 59) Swaziland makes into a perforated D) South Africa Learning Outcome: 8.3.3: Describe five shapes of states. 60) The most fragmented Southeast Asian state is D) Indonesia. Learning Outcome: 8.3.3: Describe five shapes of states. 10
61) Elongated states may suffer from poor internal communication and difficulty defending borders. Which of the following is not an elongated state? C) Namibia Learning Outcome: 8.3.3: Describe five shapes of states. 62) As shown on our maps, an example of a perforated state is A) South Africa. Learning Outcome: 8.3.3: Describe five shapes of states. 63) A state with control over its internal affairs has D) sovereignty. Learning Outcome: 8.1.2: Explain why it is difficult to determine whether some territories are states. 64) The concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves is known as D) self determination. Learning Outcome: 8.1.2: Explain why it is difficult to determine whether some territories are states. 65) Which shape most easily fosters the establishment of effective internal communications for a smaller state? A) compact Learning Outcome: 8.3.3: Describe five shapes of states. 66) A state which places most power in the hands of a central government is a(n) D) unitary 67) After the fall of communism, Poland C) delegated more authority to local governments. Learning Outcome: 8.1.3: Explain the concept of nation-state and how it differs from earlier ways to govern. 68) The European Union has C) promoted economic growth and integration in Western Europe. Learning Outcome: 8.4.2: Describe the principal economic alliances in Europe in the period since World War II. 69) An increasing number of states have adopted a federal form of government primarily to A) grant different ethnicities or nationalities more effective representation. 11
70) According to the map of regime types, Brazil is an example of a(n) D) somewhat democratic 71) According to the map of regime types, Spain is an example of a(n) D) full democracy. 72) According to the map of regime types, Chile is now an example of a(n) D) full democracy. 73) According to the map of regime types, Zimbabwe is an example of a(n) D) anocracy. Global Sci LO: 3. Read and Interpret Graphs and Data 74) According to the map of regime types, Iraq is now an example of a(n) D) anocracy. 75) According to the map of regime types, Russia is an example of a(n) D) anocracy. 76) According to the map of regime types, Saudi Arabia is an example of a(n) D) autocracy. 12
77) According to the map of regime types, Belarus is an example of a(n) D) autocracy. 78) The process of redrawing legislative boundaries to benefit the party in power is called A) gerrymandering. Learning Outcome: 8.3.5: Explain the concept of gerrymandering and the three ways that it is done. 79) When gerrymandering takes place, the kind of redistricting so that the opposition is spread across many districts as a minority is termed a(n) strategy. A) wasted vote Learning Outcome: 8.3.5: Explain the concept of gerrymandering and the three ways that it is done. 80) When gerrymandering takes place, the kind of redistricting that concentrates opposition voters into a small number of districts, allowing the party in power to gain control of numerous other districts, is termed a(n) strategy. A) excess vote Learning Outcome: 8.3.5: Explain the concept of gerrymandering and the three ways that it is done. 81) The two Germanys A) existed separately from 1949 to 1990. 82) In the geopolitical sphere, a balance of power is A) a condition of roughly equal strength between opposing sides, as if they were two equally matched camps. Learning Outcome: 8.4.2: Describe the principal economic alliances in Europe in the period since World War II. 83) What was a distinctive feature of the world's superpowers between the 1940s and 1980s compared to other eras? C) The number of superpowers was much lower than in the past. 84) As a result of a 1979 Soviet invasion, fundamentalist Muslims began a major rebellion in, supported in part by weapons supplied by the United States. A) Afghanistan Learning Outcome: 8.4.3: Explain the concept of terrorism. 85) As a result of a 1979 Soviet invasion, Osama bin Laden left Saudi Arabia to join the rebellion of fundamentalist Muslims calling themselves A) mujahedeen, or "holy warriors." Learning Outcome: 8.4.3: Explain the concept of terrorism. 13
86) entered Afghanistan in the to help fight a jihad against the Soviet Union, and years later he opposed the stationing of U.S. troops in Saudi Arabia. A) Osama bin Laden; 1980s Learning Outcome: 8.4.3: Explain the concept of terrorism. 87) In in 1979, when the U.S.-supported leader of the country was ousted from power, supporters of the ayatollah seized the U.S. embassy and held 62 Americans hostage until January 20, 1981. A) Iran 88) The boundary between the two Germanys was determined by A) Cold War alliances and rivalries after World War II. 89) As shown on the map of European economic and military alliances in 1980, what NATO member was directly north of Italy? D) West Germany 90) As shown on the map of European economic and military alliances in 1980, which NATO member was directly south of the USSR and bordered on the Black Sea? D) Turkey 91) As shown on the map of European economic and military alliances, among the members of the Warsaw Pact, the country bordering Hungary on the east was D) Romania. 92) As shown on the map of European economic and military alliances in 1980, among the members of the Warsaw Pact, the country bordering Poland on the east was D) the Soviet Union (USSR) 14
93) Which of the following is true about both China and Taiwan? E) Both were once ruled by the Nationalists, and both have official relationships with the United States. 94) Since the end of the Cold War, D) Russia has undergone political and economic turmoil, including rebellion in the Caucasus region. Learning Outcome: 8.2.3: Describe patterns of distribution of ethnicities in Russia and the Caucasus. 95) Terrorism differs from assassinations and other acts of political violence because C) attacks are aimed at ordinary people. Learning Outcome: 8.4.3: Explain the concept of terrorism. 96) In the 1980s, the United States sent bombers to attack in a failed attempt to kill Colonel Muammar el-qaddafi, in retribution for his country's support of terrorism. A) Libya Learning Outcome: 8.4.4: Describe ways that states have sponsored terrorism. 97) Which of the following is not true of al-qaeda? B) Al-Qaeda is a single unified organization. Learning Outcome: 8.4.3: Explain the concept of terrorism. 98) Key challenges to establishing a representative government in Iraq after Saddam Hussein are E) All of these answers are correct. 99) UN experts concluded that Iraq had in 1991 after its Desert Storm defeat, but officials in U.S. president George W. Bush's administration attempted to argue that the UN experts were wrong. A) destroyed its weapons of mass destruction Learning Outcome: 8.4.4: Describe ways that states have sponsored terrorism. 100) Taiwan is a member of the United Nations. Answer: FALSE 101) The nation-state concept originated and has been used most extensively in modern Europe. Answer: TRUE Learning Outcome: 8.1.3: Explain the concept of nation-state and how it differs from earlier ways to govern. 15
102) Language and religion are two significant characteristics which can distinguish among nationalities. 103) In the 1980s, Yugoslavia was a good example of a federal Answer: TRUE 104) Physical boundaries are more important than cultural boundaries. Answer: FALSE 105) Argentina and Chile are separated by one type of physical boundary, a desert. Answer: FALSE 106) The boundary between the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland is a good example of a physical boundary. Answer: FALSE 107) South Africa is a good example of a landlocked Answer: FALSE 108) Most Iraqis have stronger loyalty to a tribe or clan than to a national government. Answer: TRUE 109) The most important elements of state power are increasingly military rather than economic. Answer: FALSE 110) Russia is a member of the European Union. Answer: FALSE Learning Outcome: 8.4.2: Describe the principal economic alliances in Europe in the period since World War II. 111) Chechen rebels attempted to separate Chechnya from Russia after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Answer: TRUE Learning Outcome: 8.2.3: Describe patterns of distribution of ethnicities in Russia and the Caucasus. 16
112) Russian leaders fought to prevent Chechnya from gaining independence partly because the Caucasus region contained deposits of petroleum. Answer: TRUE Learning Outcome: 8.2.3: Describe patterns of distribution of ethnicities in Russia and the Caucasus. 113) Osama bin Laden declared war on the United States in 1996 because of U.S. involvement with Saudi Arabia and Israel. Answer: TRUE Learning Outcome: 8.4.3: Explain the concept of terrorism. 114) Al Qaeda terrorists consider all U.S. citizens to be potential targets. Answer: TRUE Learning Outcome: 8.4.3: Explain the concept of terrorism. 115) What are the two main nationalities on the island of Cyprus? Imagine that you are chosen to lead a UN effort to bring lasting peace to the island. What would your first priorities be? How would you begin to implement changes? Answer: Turkish; Greek. Answers will vary. 116) How might landlocked states attempt to overcome transportation problems if they wish to export their raw materials overseas? Answer: Answers will vary, but most should note international cooperation, alliances, or other strategies for shipping through ports of neighboring states. 117) Describe how the alliances in Europe after the Cold War related to changing global economic interests. Learning Outcome: 8.4.2: Describe the principal economic alliances in Europe in the period since World War II. 118) Scientists are observing a rapid decrease in polar ice owing to global warming. How might a warming climate affect national claims to land and resources in Antarctic and Arctic areas? How might the states of the world best address those changing claims? 119) Since the end of the Cold War, what elements of cultural geography have been weaknesses for Russia, limiting it from maintaining its old superpower status? Learning Outcome: 8.2.3: Describe patterns of distribution of ethnicities in Russia and the Caucasus. 17
120) Since the end of the Cold War, what elements of cultural geography have been weaknesses for the United States, potentially threatening its superpower status? Use evidence from this chapter to reinforce your assertions. 121) What are the major types of physical boundaries, and how can these either reduce or increase the likelihood of potential conflicts between states? 122) What are the major types of cultural boundaries, and what conflicts could you hypothesize occurring between states because of the manner in which boundaries are drawn? 123) Why are many countries moving from unitary to federal forms of government? Answer: Answers will vary but may note the need to protect the rights of nationalities and place more power at governmental levels closest to the people. 124) Using the maps of regime types and alliances in this chapter, discuss the similarities between the types of regimes that formed alliances during the 20th century. 125) What elements of physical geography contributed to the development of the United States and Soviet Union as superpowers? 126) Describe how the alliances in Europe during the Cold War related to global and local economic interests. Learning Outcome: 8.4.2: Describe the principal economic alliances in Europe in the period since World War II. 127) Imagine that you lead a country that shares borders with three other countries which may be lending support to terrorist attacks within your country. Given that your country does not have unlimited resources, but it does have standing with the United Nations, what actions and strategies might you advocate to reduce the threat of state-supported terrorism? Learning Outcome: 8.4.4: Describe ways that states have sponsored terrorism. 18
128) Most U.S. textbooks discuss terrorism as acts committed against U.S. and European interests; however, many people in the world accuse the United States of engaging in statesponsored terrorism. Although we do not like to hear these kinds of accusations, it is important to consider why other people might have this point of view. Considering U.S. military and political actions in recent decades, discuss the kinds of evidence that would tend to support such anti-u.s. claims. Finally, would you agree or disagree with those claims? Why or why not? Learning Outcome: 8.4.4: Describe ways that states have sponsored terrorism. 19