Nationalism Chapter 8
Latin American Revolutions Haiti Slave revolt 1791 Toussaint L Ouverture Dessalines 1804 Independence
Latin American Revolutions Rigid Social Structure Peninsular Creole Mestizo Indian
Latin American Revolutions Simon Bolivar the Liberator Venezuela 1821 1824 Gran Columbia Jose de San Martin 1816 - Argentina
Latin American Revolutions Mexico Father Miguel Hidalgo Father Jose Morelos Spanish Revolution influenced Creoles 1821 Independence 1823 United Provinces of Central America 1822 Brazil Bloodless revolution
European Revolutions Nationalism Loyalty to nation of people who share culture & history Nation-state Defend territory & way of life 1830 Greece/Belgium
France Louis Napoleon Second Empire Restore order Censorship & secret police Great reformer Improve life/bring peace Boulevards Employment Barricades Promoted industry 1870 major industrial power Ease repressive laws More democratic government Liberal Empire discontent
France Foreign Policy Colonial empire 1854 Crimean War France/GB/Russia over Black Sea Catholics opposed support for Italian nationalists Mexico Troops when Mexico didn t pay debts Maximillan US pressured to pull troops 1870 Franco-Prussian War? About King of Spain Napoleon surrenders to Prussians
Russia Conflict between Russia/West Westerners Adopt aspects of Western life Slavophiles Stressed uniqueness Economy Serfs Basically slaves No better farming methods Autocracy unlimited power of ruler
Russian Tsars Crimean War (1853) Industrialization Alexander II (1855 1881) Emancipation Edict of 1861 Personal freedom Land for peasants Peasants heavily in debt Little improvement Many reforms encourage revolutionaries
Russian Tsars Alexander III (1881-1894) Reactionary Reduced powers of Zemstrovs Russification Russian language/religion Pogroms Jews Russian Revolution (1917)
Dual Monarchy Achilles Heel: Nationalities Problems? Religion Customs Language Emperor Francis Joseph (1848) Cracks down Foreign policy problems Francis Deak Separate kingdom 1867 Dual Monarchy United under single ruler Shared ministries Separate parliaments/constitutions
Italian Unification Victor Emmanuel II King of Piedmont/Sardinia Cavour Prime Minister Rapid economic growth Bldg projects, land reforms, new tariffs Unification would come only when rid of foreign powers
Crimean War (1854) France & Great Britain vs. Russia Tough, practical diplomacy Chance to win allies Drive Austria out of Italy Allied with France & Great Britain Results Peace conference Support of Napoleon III
Unification continues realpolitik Allies with France Tricks Austria Napoleon III Concerned Threat to France Separate peace treaty with Austria Italian states vote to join Sardinia
Italian Unification Giuseppe Garibaldi Young Italy Free Sicily from French control 1860 attacks Red Shirts Sicily & mainland 1866 brief war with Prussia 1870 Franco-Prussian War Rome Unified!!!
German Unification 1815 - Congress of Vienna German Confederation 39 separate states Prussia Takes Lead Why? Strong military Public education Militaristic state Bismark No respect for republican government Expand army Ignored Constitution and Parliament taxes
Bismarck s Plan Ally w/ Austria Denmark (1864) War to get Schleswig-Holstein Expanded Prussian influence Shared with Austria Weaken Austria Secure Russian Neutrality Seven Week War (1866) Annexed Schleswig-Holstein Pushed Austria out Northern German Confederation Sensible move for nationalism, international peace, balance of power
Bismarck s Plan continued Franco-Prussian War Alliance vs. France Southern States w/ Prussia militarily Bismarck saw this as a step toward unity Throne of Spain Altered telegram 1870 France declares war Southern Confederation aids North Dislike French more than North 1871 Prussia Wins Alsace/Lorraine
Unification 1871 Germany United Kaiser William I Second Reich France becomes lasting enemy
New Order Upsetting balance of power New nations Decline of Empires Industrial Revolution Economic growth New technology New weapons Land War