Chapter 8 Political Geography 1) Conflicting claims to the Arctic are mostly due to A) the potential for energy resources. B) old Cold War grudges. C) colonial expansion. D) shifting sea ice formations. E) the proximity of South American and African countries. 2) The most populous country that is not a member of the United Nations is A) Taiwan. B) South Korea. C) Antarctica. D) Vatican City. E) Monaco. 3) The historically neutral country that recently joined the United Nations is A) Switzerland. B) Australia. C) France. D) Canada. E) Monaco. 4) Over the past half century, the number of sovereign states in the world A) has remained approximately the same. B) has increased by a couple of dozen. C) has decreased by a couple of dozen. D) has increased by more than a hundred. E) has increased by more than a thousand. 5) The world's largest state is A) China. B) Canada. C) Russia. D) Alaska. E) India. 6) The United Nations is primarily what kind of cooperative effort? A) political B) military C) economic D) cultural E) environmental 1
7) In 2002 the Organization of African Unity was replaced by A) the African Union. B) the African National Party. C) the African Treaty Organization. D) the Organization of African OPEC States. E) the Organization for African Economic Cooperation. Answer: A 8) During his presentation at the United Nations, then-secretary of State Colin Powell used what geographic tool to make the case for war? A) air photos of alleged chemical weapons bunkers B) documents linking Iran and Afghanistan to yellowcake uranium C) photos and recordings linking U.S. military leaders to Saddam Hussein D) air photos showing troop movements and territorial disputes with Kuwait E) falsified recordings linking Saddam Hussein to al-qaeda 9) The map concerning United Nations membership indicates that most African countries A) left the UN in the 1990s but joined again in the early 2000s. B) have not yet joined the United Nations as independent states. C) became UN members in the 1940s and 1950s. D) became UN members in the 1960s and 1970s. E) joined the UN in the 1950s but left the UN in the 1980s. 10) The map concerning United Nations membership indicates that Ethiopia A) left the UN in the 1990s but joined again in the early 2000s. B) has not yet joined the United Nations as an independent state. C) became a UN member in the 1950s. D) became a UN member in the 1940s. E) joined the UN in the 1950s but left it in the 1980s. 11) As indicated on the map of United Nation membership, Namibia joined the United Nations in the A) early 20th century. B) early 21st century. C) mid 20th century. D) late 20th century. E) late 19th century. 2
12) As indicated on the maps of economic and political alliances, in the late 20th century Austria A) was a member of NATO and the European Community. B) was a member of NATO but not the European Community. C) was a member of the European Community but not NATO. D) remained nonaligned with either NATO or the Warsaw Pact. E) was a member of the Warsaw Pact and COMECON. 13) As indicated on the maps of economic and political alliances, in 1980 Sweden A) was a member of NATO and the European Community. B) was a member of NATO but not the European Community. C) was a member of the European Community but not NATO. D) remained nonaligned with either NATO or the Warsaw Pact. E) was a member of the Warsaw Pact and COMECON. 14) As indicated on the maps of economic and political alliances, in 1980 Belgium A) was a member of NATO and the European Community. B) was a member of NATO but not the European Community. C) was a member of the European Community but not NATO. D) remained nonaligned with either NATO or the Warsaw Pact. E) was a member of the Warsaw Pact and COMECON. 15) As indicated on the maps of economic and political alliances, in 1980 Ireland A) was a member of NATO and the European Community. B) was a member of NATO but not the European Community. C) was a member of the European Community but not NATO. D) remained nonaligned with either NATO or the Warsaw Pact. E) was a member of the Warsaw Pact and COMECON. 3
16) As indicated on the maps of economic and political alliances, in 1980 Bulgaria A) was a member of NATO and the European Community. B) was a member of NATO but not the European Community. C) was a member of the European Community but not NATO. D) remained nonaligned with either NATO or the Warsaw Pact. E) was a member of the Warsaw Pact and COMECON. 17) As indicated on the maps of economic and political alliances, in 1980 Hungary A) was a member of NATO and the European Community. B) was a member of NATO but not the European Community. C) was a member of the European Community but not NATO. D) remained nonaligned with either NATO or the Warsaw Pact. E) was a member of the Warsaw Pact and COMECON. 18) As indicated on the map of European economic and military alliances, in 2013 Ireland A) was a member of NATO and the European Community. B) was a member of NATO but not the European Community. C) was a member of COMECON and NATO. D) was a member of the European Community only. E) was neither a member of NATO nor of the European Community. 19) As indicated on the map of European economic and military alliances, in 2013 Austria A) was a member of NATO and the European Community. B) was a member of NATO but not the European Community. C) was a member of COMECON and NATO. D) was a member of the European Community only. E) was neither a member of NATO nor of the European Community. 20) As indicated on the map of European economic and military alliances, in 2013 Latvia A) was a member of NATO and the European Community. B) was a member of NATO but not the European Community. C) was a member of COMECON and NATO. D) was a member of the European Community only. E) was neither a member of NATO nor of the European Community. 21) An area organized into an independent political unit is a A) colony. B) nationality. C) nation. D) state. E) territory. 4
22) The best example of a state among the following is A) an island with a long history of self-rule and a homogeneous ethnic identity, although the island has been under the control of a colonial power for the last 30 years. B) a group of islands inhabited by a homogeneous ethnicity, although the westernmost islands pertain to the territory of one country whereas the easternmost islands pertain to another country. C) a mountainous region inhabited by heterogeneous ethnicities and divided up administratively among various independent countries. D) a mountainous region inhabited by heterogeneous ethnicities which share responsibility for maintaining an independent government and a standing army. E) a mountainous region inhabited by a mixture of peoples but recently colonized by a European nation-state. 23) The best example of a nation among the following is A) an island with a long history of self-rule and a homogeneous ethnic identity, although the island has been under the control of a colonial power for the last 30 years. B) a group of islands inhabited by a homogeneous ethnicity, although the westernmost islands pertain to the territory of one country whereas the easternmost islands pertain to another country. C) a mountainous region inhabited by heterogeneous ethnicities and divided up administratively among various independent countries. D) a mountainous region inhabited by heterogeneous ethnicities which share responsibility for maintaining an independent government and a standing army. E) a mountainous region inhabited by a mixture of peoples but recently colonized by a European nation-state. 24) The Fertile Crescent A) followed the Nile and Euphrates rivers. B) was the key to the Roman Empire in classical times. C) was the location of the first city-states in the Middle East and the first large-scale agricultural projects of Sub-Saharan Africa. D) is sometimes considered to have extended from the Nile Valley to the Atlas Mountains. E) extended from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean Sea and was the location of the first citystates in the Middle East. 25) The first states in ancient Mesopotamia were A) city-states, which incorporated cities as well as their countryside. B) colonies, which incorporated cities as well as their countryside. C) empires, which incorporated dozens of unified colonies. D) nation-states, which incorporated city-states, colonies, and empires. E) patron-states ruled by sheiks. 26) Political unity in the ancient Mediterranean world reached its height in A) the Fertile Crescent. B) Egypt. C) the Roman Empire. D) Western Europe. E) the Alexandrian Empire. 5
27) The first widespread use of the nation-state concept came in A) Mesopotamia. B) the Roman Empire. C) Western Europe. D) the United States. E) Southeast Asia. 28) Among the world's largest multinational states are A) Russia and the United States. B) Australia and New Zealand. C) Japan and Denmark. D) Mexico and Russia. E) Mexico and Japan. 29) Korea is a good example of a(n) A) sovereign state. B) nation-state existing in a unified condition. C) ethnicity divided between more than one state. D) colony divided between more than one ethnicity. E) patron-state. 30) The problems experienced by Cyprus during the past four decades include all but which of the following? A) a Greek-inspired military coup B) a Turkish army invasion C) a partition of the island by the British as part of independence D) an increasing spatial segregation of Greeks and Turks E) division of the capital city by a buffer zone patrolled by UN soldiers 6
31) The Kurds are A) a multinational state. B) divided among more than one state. C) a religious minority in the Middle East. D) trying to unite with Turkey. E) the majority population of Iraq. 32) Examples of major nation-states are A) Germany and Denmark. B) Australia and New Zealand. C) Russia and the United States. D) Mexico and Russia. E) Mexico and Germany. 33) A territory tied to a state rather than being completely independent is a A) nation. B) state. C) nation-state. D) colony. E) patron-state. 34) The attempt by one country to impose political control over another territory is A) colonialism. B) constitutionality. C) self-determination. D) sovereignty. E) suffrage. 7
35) The motives of European states in establishing colonies can be summarized as all but which of the following? A) God B) glory C) guilt D) gold E) power 36) Which of the following is a small British colony in the Pacific Ocean? A) Hong Kong. B) Pitcairn. C) Puerto Rico. D) San Marino. E) St. Lucia. 37) The most populous remaining colony is ruled by A) the United States. B) the United Kingdom. C) France. D) China. E) the Netherlands. 38) The Commonwealth is primarily A) an economic and cultural alliance of states once part of the British Empire. B) an organization of culturally homogenous nations that opposed the Warsaw Pact. C) organized to increase availability of mineral resources in perforated states that are NATO allies. D) a religious entity that sends missionaries to Africa from the United Kingdom. E) an association of countries that were once members of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact. 8
39) According to the map of present-day colonial possessions, the U.S. colony located east of the Philippines is A) Palmyra. B) Guam. C) Jarvis Island. D) Puerto Rico. E) the U.S. Virgin Islands. 40) According to the map of present-day colonial possessions, the U.S. colony located west of the British Virgin Islands is A) Palmyra. B) Guam. C) Jarvis Island. D) Puerto Rico. E) the U.S. Virgin Islands. 41) According to the map of present-day colonial possessions, the British colony to the west of Angola is A) Anguila. B) the Falkland Islands. C) Gibraltar. D) Saint Helena. E) the British Virgin Islands. 42) According to the map of present-day colonial possessions, the British colony east of Argentina is A) Gibraltar. B) Saint Helena. C) the British Virgin Islands. D) the Falkland Islands. E) Anguila. 9
43) According to the map of present-day colonial possessions, the French colony northwest of the Pitcairn Islands is A) Aruba. B) the Cook Islands. C) Kingman Reef. D) French Polynesia. E) Clipperton Island. 44) The only large land mass not part of a sovereign state is A) Antarctica. B) the Arctic. C) Greenland. D) Siberia. E) Borneo. 45) A frontier, in contrast to a boundary, A) separates two states. B) is an area rather than a line. C) has become a more common means to separate states. D) is a region of ethnic conflict. E) is the westernmost part of a state. 46) A feature of the physical environment commonly used to separate states includes all but which of the following? A) deserts B) geometry C) mountains D) lakes E) rivers 47) The boundary between the United States and Canada is best described by which of the following? A) geometric only B) linguistic and religious C) water and linguistic D) mountain and water E) water and geometric 48) Cultural boundaries include all but which of the following? A) ethnic B) geometric C) religious D) linguistic E) geomorphic 10
49) The conflict over the Aozou Strip involves A) centripetal forces acting in the absence of any centrifugal forces. B) a disputed border and Egypt's claims of sovereignty over the zone. C) a disagreement regarding suffrage and a disputed border. D) a disputed border and Libya's claims of sovereignty over the zone. E) Aozou attempts to join the United Nations as a sovereign nation-state. 50) As shown on this map, the Aozou Strip A) is a zone of conflict between Russia and its neighbors in the Caucasus region. B) exists because of Egypt's past invasions of the Sinai Peninsula. C) disappeared when the disputed border between Egypt and Libya was overrun. D) is a disputed zone that abuts Niger on the west and Sudan on the east. E) forms an elongated strip of disputed land between Chad and Egypt. 51) As indicated on the maps in this chapter, the shape and size of the Aozou Strip make it an example of a A) prorupted boundary. B) physical boundary. C) geometric boundary. D) mathematical frontier. E) perforated frontier. 52) The boundary between Argentina and Chile is an example of a A) prorupted boundary. B) geometric boundary. C) physical boundary. D) cultural frontier. E) perforated frontier. 53) The eastern part of the border between the United States and Mexico is delineated by A) the Rio Grande. B) the Gulf of Mexico. C) the Mojave desert. D) the Mississippi River. E) the Rocky Mountains. 11
54) Extremely small island-states in the world, many of which are former European colonies, are called A) island nations. B) macrostates. C) microstates. D) small nation-states. E) island-colonies. 55) The Germans established the known as the Caprivi Strip in present-day Namibia to access resources in central Africa, including the Zambezi River. A) causeway B) disruption zone C) railroad D) protraction E) proruption 56) As shown on this map, an African country with an elongated shape is A) Libya. B) Central African Republic. C) Algeria. D) Malawi. E) Sudan. 12
57) A Southeast Asian country with a partly elongated or prorupted shape is A) Pakistan. B) China. C) Cambodia. D) Thailand. E) Indonesia. 58) A South American country with an elongated shape is A) Bolivia. B) Colombia. C) Brazil. D) Chile. E) Ecuador 59) Swaziland makes into a perforated state. A) Madagascar B) the United Kingdom C) Italy D) South Africa E) Zimbabwe 60) The most fragmented Southeast Asian state is A) Brunei. B) Malaysia. C) East Timor. D) Indonesia. E) Thailand. 61) Elongated states may suffer from poor internal communication and difficulty defending borders. Which of the following is not an elongated state? A) Malawi B) Gambia C) Namibia D) Chile E) Italy 62) As shown on our maps, an example of a perforated state is A) South Africa. B) Sudan. C) Slovenia. D) Malaysia. E) Germany. 63) A state with control over its internal affairs has A) centripetal forces. B) nationality. C) suffrage. 13
D) sovereignty. E) ethnicity. 64) The concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves is known as A) centripetal determination. B) nationalism. C) universal suffrage. D) self determination. E) sovereignty. 65) Which shape most easily fosters the establishment of effective internal communications for a smaller state? A) compact B) elongated C) fragmented D) prorupted E) prolonged 66) A state which places most power in the hands of a central government is a(n) A) federal state. B) anocratic state. C) fragmented state. D) unitary state. E) compact state. 67) After the fall of communism, Poland A) adopted a unitary form of government. B) became a nation-state. C) delegated more authority to local governments. D) gave most of its federal power to its ethnic minorities. E) annexed land from Germany. 68) The European Union has A) replaced COMECON as the main organization for regional cooperation in Eastern Europe. B) protected Western Europe from a Soviet invasion and improved Europe's environmental protections. C) promoted economic growth and integration in Western Europe. D) closed NATO military bases around the Mediterranean Sea in order to save money since the end of the Cold War. E) protected Southwestern Asia and North Africa from Muslim incursions. 69) An increasing number of states have adopted a federal form of government primarily to A) grant different ethnicities or nationalities more effective representation. B) encourage the breakup of the superpower alliances. C) govern compact states more effectively. D) deploy scarce resources efficiently. E) accommodate rightwing political parties and their demands for more representation in national elections. 14
70) According to the map of regime types, Brazil is an example of a(n) A) autocracy. B) anocracy. C) fully democratic and sovereign state. D) somewhat democratic state. E) failed state. 71) According to the map of regime types, Spain is an example of a(n) A) autocracy. B) anocracy. C) partial democracy. D) full democracy. E) failed state. 72) According to the map of regime types, Chile is now an example of a(n) A) autocracy. B) anocracy. C) partial democracy. D) full democracy. E) failed state. 73) According to the map of regime types, Zimbabwe is an example of a(n) A) autocracy. B) partial democracy. C) full democracy. D) anocracy. E) failed state. 74) According to the map of regime types, Iraq is now an example of a(n) A) autocracy. B) partial democracy. C) full democracy. D) anocracy. E) failed state. 15
75) According to the map of regime types, Russia is an example of a(n) A) autocracy. B) partial democracy. C) full democracy. D) anocracy. E) failed state. 76) According to the map of regime types, Saudi Arabia is an example of a(n) A) anocracy. B) partial democracy. C) full democracy. D) autocracy. E) failed state. 77) According to the map of regime types, Belarus is an example of a(n) A) anocracy. B) partial democracy. C) full democracy. D) autocracy. E) failed state. 78) The process of redrawing legislative boundaries to benefit the party in power is called A) gerrymandering. B) stacking votes. C) hanging chads. D) redlining. E) blockbusting. 79) When gerrymandering takes place, the kind of redistricting so that the opposition is spread across many districts as a minority is termed a(n) strategy. A) wasted vote B) rightwing C) stacked vote D) districting E) excess vote 80) When gerrymandering takes place, the kind of redistricting that concentrates opposition voters into a small number of districts, allowing the party in power to gain control of numerous other districts, is termed a(n) strategy. A) excess vote B) red-state rigged C) stacked vote D) wasted vote E) inexcess vote 16
81) The two Germanys A) existed separately from 1949 to 1990. B) are the newest UN member states in Europe. C) were divided by proto-germanic languages. D) are on opposite banks of the Rhine River. E) were divided by economic and cultural boundaries until 1871. 82) In the geopolitical sphere, a balance of power is A) a condition of roughly equal strength between opposing sides, as if they were two equally matched camps. B) always bipolar but reinforced by satellite states. C) a condition of unequal strength between opposing sides, as if they were two powerful allies, supported by a range of satellite states. D) exemplified by a League of Nations or, in the post-world War II era, the United Nations. E) the type of power shared by the members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. 83) What was a distinctive feature of the world's superpowers between the 1940s and 1980s compared to other eras? A) The United States and the Soviet Union were superpowers for the first time. B) The two superpowers were never involved in wars. C) The number of superpowers was much lower than in the past. D) The superpowers had satellites. E) The superpowers used religion to settle conflicts. 84) As a result of a 1979 Soviet invasion, fundamentalist Muslims began a major rebellion in, supported in part by weapons supplied by the United States. A) Afghanistan B) Ethiopia C) Iran D) Vietnam E) Yugoslavia 85) As a result of a 1979 Soviet invasion, Osama bin Laden left Saudi Arabia to join the rebellion of fundamentalist Muslims calling themselves A) mujahedeen, or "holy warriors." B) kamchatkadeen, or "Kamcha warriors." C) iraqideen, or "Southwest Asian warriors." D) jalomadeen, or "peace warriors." E) Islamic Brotherhood "holy warriors." 86) entered Afghanistan in the to help fight a jihad against the Soviet Union, and years later he opposed the stationing of U.S. troops in Saudi Arabia. A) Osama bin Laden; 1980s B) Osama bin Laden; 1990s C) Osama bin Laden; 1970s D) Muhammad bin Laden; 1980s E) Ladenbil al Reilly; 1980s 17
87) In in 1979, when the U.S.-supported leader of the country was ousted from power, supporters of the ayatollah seized the U.S. embassy and held 62 Americans hostage until January 20, 1981. A) Iran B) Iraq C) Afghanistan D) Egypt E) Israel 88) The boundary between the two Germanys was determined by A) Cold War alliances and rivalries after World War II. B) membership in the United Nations, along with nationalistic issues. C) the growth of fascism in Europe. D) the changing physical boundaries of Europe's major rivers and coastlines. E) cultural issues involving shifting language patterns in Europe. 89) As shown on the map of European economic and military alliances in 1980, what NATO member was directly north of Italy? A) Austria B) Switzerland C) Spain D) West Germany E) Czechoslovakia 90) As shown on the map of European economic and military alliances in 1980, which NATO member was directly south of the USSR and bordered on the Black Sea? A) West Germany B) Greece C) Norway D) Turkey E) Yugoslavia 18
91) As shown on the map of European economic and military alliances, among the members of the Warsaw Pact, the country bordering Hungary on the east was A) Austria. B) Poland. C) Yugoslavia. D) Romania. E) Czechoslovakia. 92) As shown on the map of European economic and military alliances in 1980, among the members of the Warsaw Pact, the country bordering Poland on the east was A) Austria. B) East Germany. C) Yugoslavia. D) the Soviet Union (USSR) E) Czechoslovakia. 93) Which of the following is true about both China and Taiwan? A) Neither one is a member of the United Nations. B) Both consider Taiwan to be the sovereign property of the communist government in Beijing. C) Both now hold seats in the United Nations. D) Neither was once ruled by the Nationalists, although both have official relationships with the United States. E) Both were once ruled by the Nationalists, and both have official relationships with the United States. 94) Since the end of the Cold War, A) Russia has become a nation-state, with the expulsion of minorities from regions such as the Caucasus. B) military alliances have become more important in Europe. C) nationalities have been discouraged from expressing their cultural identities, particularly in the Caucasus region and Siberia. D) Russia has undergone political and economic turmoil, including rebellion in the Caucasus region. E) COMECON has reemerged as a major economic entity in Eastern Europe, and has cooperated with the European Union and NATO on environmental issues and regional trade. 95) Terrorism differs from assassinations and other acts of political violence because A) attacks are never well coordinated. B) attacks are aimed at military targets or political leaders. C) attacks are aimed at ordinary people. D) attacks use only personal and improvised weapons. E) attacks are typically made without regard for political goals. 19
96) In the 1980s, the United States sent bombers to attack in a failed attempt to kill Colonel Muammar el-qaddafi, in retribution for his country's support of terrorism. A) Libya B) Iraq C) Iran D) Egypt E) Israel 97) Which of the following is not true of al-qaeda? A) Al-Qaeda has been implicated in several bombings since the attack on the United States in 2001. B) Al-Qaeda is a single unified organization. C) Most al-qaeda cell members have lived in ordinary society, supporting themselves with jobs or crime. D) Finance, media, legal-religious policy and military committees report to a council called Majiis al shura. E) Al-Qaeda grew out of the war against the Soviet Union in Afghanistan. 98) Key challenges to establishing a representative government in Iraq after Saddam Hussein are A) geometric boundaries established by British and French treaties. B) tribal and ethnic differences between provinces. C) sectarian conflict between the Shiite and Sunni Muslims. D) Al-Qaeda insurgents opposed to a secular state with U.S. ties. E) All of these answers are correct. 99) UN experts concluded that Iraq had in 1991 after its Desert Storm defeat, but officials in U.S. president George W. Bush's administration attempted to argue that the UN experts were wrong. A) destroyed its weapons of mass destruction B) hidden its weapons of mass destruction C) illegally invaded and occupied a neighboring country D) supported terrorist attacks E) falsified data concerning the presence of weapons of mass destruction 100) Taiwan is a member of the United Nations. True or False 101) The nation-state concept originated and has been used most extensively in modern Europe. 102) Language and religion are two significant characteristics which can distinguish among nationalities. 103) In the 1980s, Yugoslavia was a good example of a federal state. 104) Physical boundaries are more important than cultural boundaries. 105) Argentina and Chile are separated by one type of physical boundary, a desert. 20
106) The boundary between the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland is a good example of a physical boundary. 107) South Africa is a good example of a landlocked state. 108) Most Iraqis have stronger loyalty to a tribe or clan than to a national government. 109) The most important elements of state power are increasingly military rather than economic. 110) Russia is a member of the European Union. 111) Chechen rebels attempted to separate Chechnya from Russia after the collapse of the Soviet Union. 112) Russian leaders fought to prevent Chechnya from gaining independence partly because the Caucasus region contained deposits of petroleum. 113) Osama bin Laden declared war on the United States in 1996 because of U.S. involvement with Saudi Arabia and Israel. 114) Al Qaeda terrorists consider all U.S. citizens to be potential targets. FRQ Type Concepts 115) What are the two main nationalities on the island of Cyprus? Imagine that you are chosen to lead a UN effort to bring lasting peace to the island. What would your first priorities be? How would you begin to implement changes? 116) How might landlocked states attempt to overcome transportation problems if they wish to export their raw materials overseas? 117) Describe how the alliances in Europe after the Cold War related to changing global economic interests. 118) Scientists are observing a rapid decrease in polar ice owing to global warming. How might a warming climate affect national claims to land and resources in Antarctic and Arctic areas? How might the states of the world best address those changing claims? 119) Since the end of the Cold War, what elements of cultural geography have been weaknesses for Russia, limiting it from maintaining its old superpower status? 120) Since the end of the Cold War, what elements of cultural geography have been weaknesses for the United States, potentially threatening its superpower status? Use evidence from this chapter to reinforce your assertions. 121) What are the major types of physical boundaries, and how can these either reduce or increase the likelihood of potential conflicts between states? 21
122) What are the major types of cultural boundaries, and what conflicts could you hypothesize occurring between states because of the manner in which boundaries are drawn? 123) Why are many countries moving from unitary to federal forms of government? 124) Using the maps of regime types and alliances in this chapter, discuss the similarities between the types of regimes that formed alliances during the 20th century. 125) What elements of physical geography contributed to the development of the United States and Soviet Union as superpowers? 126) Describe how the alliances in Europe during the Cold War related to global and local economic interests. 127) Imagine that you lead a country that shares borders with three other countries which may be lending support to terrorist attacks within your country. Given that your country does not have unlimited resources, but it does have standing with the United Nations, what actions and strategies might you advocate to reduce the threat of state-supported terrorism? 128) Most U.S. textbooks discuss terrorism as acts committed against U.S. and European interests; however, many people in the world accuse the United States of engaging in statesponsored terrorism. Although we do not like to hear these kinds of accusations, it is important to consider why other people might have this point of view. Considering U.S. military and political actions in recent decades, discuss the kinds of evidence that would tend to support such anti-u.s. claims. Finally, would you agree or disagree with those claims? Why or why not? 22