Regionalism and Expansion (1800-1850s) Learning Targets Name: Hour: Essential Questions: How did the expansion of U.S. territory impact the roles, responsibilities and relationship between the American government and its residents, including Native Americans. How did political, economic, social, cultural and geographic changes within the nation impact the lives of its residents? How did technology and economic innovations impact the development of America? I can... 1. explain the concept of Westward Expansion. a. explain motivations for: The desire to claim more land, space for the rising population, need for more farmland, need for affordable land reducing the threat of foreign invasion from the west making the nation stronger b. list new technologies that made it possible: All-weather roads with stone surfaces and proper drainage A national road from Maryland to the Mississippi River Steamboats Canals Railroads c. define and describe the belief in Manifest Destiny: Manifest Destiny means obvious fate. The belief that the US was meant to spread its ideals and democracy across the continent. The US has the God-given right to own all of the land from the east coast to the west coast. inspired further expansion: SW, NW d. explain the reasons for traveling the Santa Fe Trail: To get to Santa Fe, New Mexico. New opportunities, more land, gold, trade route e. explain the reasons for traveling the Oregon Trail: To get to Oregon. New opportunities, fertile farmland, escape religious persecution (Mormons)
2. interpret the impact of domestic (at home) political changes in an emerging democracy. a. define the Indian Removal Act A law passed by Congress in 1930 to authorize the forced resettlement of Native American tribes living east of the Mississippi River to an area west of the Mississippi known as Indian Territory. This would later become Oklahoma. b. analyze the impact of the Indian Removal Act on the Cherokee: Forced the removal of the Cherokee from their native land Forced them along the Trail of Tears Required they learn to live under completely new conditions and with much less land than they had before c. evaluate the impact of Worcester v. Georgia and President Jackson s refusal to enforce: Supreme Court in which the Cherokee Nation challenged the IRA, stating their previous treaties to keep their land must be honored Supreme Court upheld the former treaties, stating that the IRA could not be used to take their land Jackson refused to enforce the decision, which allowed for the former treaties to be broken, leading to the removal of Natives from their land, more specifically leading to the Trail of Tears for the Cherokee and 4 other tribes. d. describe the Trail of Tears and its effects on the Cherokee: The migration of the Cherokee, done at gun-point (by force), had to leave the majority of their possessions behind, were forced to march through any conditions, were not given time to rest About 4000 of 17,000 died from starvation, disease, and harsh winter weather 3. describe the emerging sectional identities in the United States. a. define sectionalism A strong concern for local interests. People in an area care the most about what they need, not the needs of other areas. b. describe the North: Many large cities acting as large population centers. People move to the cities to work in factories. Due to the advanced technologies for increased production, more people are employed by factories. The bad weather and poor soil led people to become fishers, shipbuilders, and to work in commerce. c. describe the South: The invention of the cotton gin dramatically increased cotton production. This increased the South s reliance on plantation farming. The mild climate and fertile soil drove people to farm, both on a small and large scale. Plantation owners relied on slavery so that they could make a greater profit. d. describe the West: The West relied on cheap, fertile land. Western farmers relied on their own farms to feed and sustain. They lived very hard and independent lifestyles in very rural areas. e. analyze how these regional differences could lead to conflict: Each region relied on different resources and lifestyles. Where the North saw no need for slavery, meaning they were happy to get rid of it, the South disagreed. The Westerners needed policy that would help small farmers, Southerners needed policy that would help plantation and independent farming, and Northerners needed policy that would help factory owners and workers. Since these policies would often go against each other, they struggled to get along.
4. interpret the impact of domestic (at home) political changes in an emerging democracy. a. define suffrage: The right to vote b. describe changes in America s definition of We the People. How were elections becoming more democratic? Most states had removed the requirement of owning land in order to be able to vote This lead to an increase of voters, because in most states, the poor could now vote Women and African Americans were still not included Secret paper ballots: people could vote without fear More access to information by involving people in election campaigns, which increased the number of voters as the campaigns became more interesting c. describe the emerging Democratic Party/ideas of Jacksonian Democracy: Democratic Party was formed by Jackson in order to attract the new voting population Claimed to speak for ordinary farmers and workers Supported decentralized government and states rights Supported a rotation of government positions, claiming they should be open to all; used this to defend the spoils system d. describe the National Republican Party s ideas: Represented business, shipping, and banking interests in the Northeast Supported strong central government that would fun internal improvements Wanted to improve roads, canals, and the economy e. define & describe the spoils system: The practice of giving appointed positions in government to people loyal to the party in power Provided him with supporters that would help him push his policies f. define the Alien & Sedition Acts: Sedition Acts - a law passed by the Federalist Congress in 1789 that prohibited public opposition to the government. Breaking the laws could mean fines or imprisonment for those who write, print, utter, or publish...any false, scandalous and malicious writing against the government. Over 20 Republican newspapers editors were arrested. Alien Acts - a law passed by the Federalist Congress in 1789 that gave the government new powers to deport foreigners and made it harder for new immigrants to vote. It raised the number of years for an immigrant to gain voting rights to 14 years from 5. 5. Describe the impact of the Marshall Court. a. evaluate the impact of Marbury v. Madison A court case in which the Supreme Court overturned an act of Congress This was the first incident of its kind, which lead to the official authority of the Supreme Court called judicial review Judicial review is the power that the Court has to review an action of the other branches and declare it unconstitutional b. define nullification: Nullification is the act of making something legally invalid. Example: getting rid of a law c. describe the impact of McCulloch v. Maryland: A court case in which the Supreme Court ruled that the power to tax involved the power to destroy This was a response to the state of Maryland trying to tax a branch of the Bank of the United States it upheld the Supremacy Clause state laws can t nullify a federal law Strengthened the Federal Government d. describe the impact of Gibbons v. Ogden: A court case in which the Supreme Court reaffirmed (made clear again) the power of Congress to regulate interstate trade Supremacy of Federal Government New York gave a company the exclusive (the only ones allowed) right to run steamboats across the Hudson River, which meant they could decide the price of all shipping across the Hudson. Strengthened the Federal Government e. describe the nullification crisis between South Carolina and the U.S. and its impact: South Carolina tried to nullify 2 federal tariff laws that made common southern imports more expensive SC threatened to secede (leave the US) if the tariff laws were enforced Jackson prepared to use military force to enforce the tariffs, but also rushed to lower tariffs The crisis passed, but left high tension between states rights and federal powers
6. explain the technological and economic innovations of the Market Revolution and the Industrial Revolution. a. define industrialization: The transformation from producing goods by hand to producing goods by machine b. analyze the impact of the cotton gin: A machine that could clean cotton very quickly Had the intention of reducing the work of slaves Whitney hoped it would actually help to end slavery Increased the processing of cotton so much that it became the largest cash crop in the nation The increase in cotton production increased the demand for slave labor c. explain the impact of interchangeable parts: Previous to interchangeable parts, the parts for good were made by hand and each one was slightly different By making identical parts, they could be made in large quantity and interchanged Increased manufacturing amounts, decreased manufacturing time, and less to mass production; the making of goods on a large scale in factories d. explain the impact of the steel plow: The steel plow greatly reduced the labor required to plow a field Shifted the focus of farmers to cash crops, which allowed them to buy expensive new machines and other goods they needed e. describe the impact of factories on products: Factory systems use a series of machines, all in one building, that would create or process a product from start to finish This increased the amount of goods being manufactured, lowered the costs of manufacturing, and reduced the skills required to create things Led to the market revolution, which changed the economy from a traditional economy (people trade the goods they make) to a market economy (people buy and sell goods for money) f. evaluate the impact of factories on workers (positive & negative effects): Positive: paying jobs for women and unskilled workers, living standards increased Negative: unsafe working conditions, low wages, reduced work for skilled laborers g. define the market revolution (positive & negative effects): Positive: more goods to choose from, reduced prices, availability of new goods to the lower classes Negative: reduced work for skilled laborers, changed the way many people worked h. describe the impact of the National Road & road improvements: Roads were now more abundant and safer They did not get destroyed as easily Routes that previously took weeks could be completed in days Connected everyone more easily i. describe the impact of the steam-powered river boats: Made traveling upstream practical Increased the amount of freight and passengers that could move around the nation Connected everyone more easily j. describe the impact of canals: Extended water to places that rivers did not run Goods and people could travel longer distances in shorter times Helped make NYC the country s biggest and most prosperous city Connected everyone more easily k. describe the impact & growth of the railroad: Moved freight and passengers along railroad lines Were usable in winter, when other methods of transportation were not Connected everyone more easily and over much greater distances
7. interpret the impact of social changes on America. a. define the Second Great Awakening: A revival of religious feeling and belief from the 1800s to the 1840s; started reform movements Led people to believe that doing good things for others would help them to be saved in a religious sense b. describe the reform work of Dorothea Dix: Observed horrible conditions in American prisons children tried as adults, prisoners (children included) locked in cages, bound in chains, treated terribly Observed horrible treatment of mentally ill locked up, whipped, mistreated, overflowing asylums Responded by campaigning for improved conditions, wrote detailed reports of conditions to state legislatures Led to severe reforms states created hospitals for the mentally ill, special justice systems for juveniles, outlawing for cruel punishments, and removed debtor s prisons Proved that reform movements could lead to real change c. describe the reform work of Horace Mann: Observed that only wealthy children were going to school, which led to problems with the behavior of local youth Spoke out for school for all, which led to public schools being set up By 1850, most states allowed all white boys to go, but there was still little to no availability for girls and African Americans d. define abolition: The ending of slavery e. describe the growing Abolition Movement: People began to feel that a land with slavery could not be The land of the free Started before the Revolutionary War; Quakers were opposed 1808 Congress outlaws Atlantic slave trade, leading to the slow outlawing in the North People of all kinds worked as abolitionists to call for the full end of slavery Women began to get involved, which eventually also led to the women s rights movement f. describe the contributions of reformers: -William Lloyd Garrison: deeply religious, started abolitionist newspaper, demanded immediate freeing of all slaves, proslavery groups destroyed his printing press and burned down his house, published he Liberator newspaper -Frederick Douglass: escaped slave, described the cruel treatment of slaves, leader of the abolitionist movement, published an autobiography to help show the horrors of slavery, eventually started his own abolitionist newspaper -Sojourner Truth: former slave, very spiritual and preached, led her to become an abolitionist, connected religion to abolition -Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Susan B. Anthony: abolitionists who realized that they could not fight for the rights of slaves if they had no rights themselves. Led to organized groups of women fighting for women s rights. Helped organize the Seneca Falls Convention and write the Declaration of Sentiments. Anthony traveled to spread the message. g. describe the emerging Women s Rights Movement: Begins when women cannot help fight for abolition if they have no rights Addressed safety, marriage rights, suffrage, and general fair treatment Won some rights for women in some states; control over their property and wages, more liberal divorce laws, more chances in more job fields and educatio h. describe the Seneca Falls Convention: The gathering of supporters of women s rights in July 1848 that launched the movement for women s right to vote Forum for the Declaration of Sentiments a formal statement of injustices suffered by women Nearly 300 people attended, including men, many of whom where abolitionists and other reformers
8. explain the foreign policy decisions in an emerging democracy. a. define foreign policy: the set of goals, principles, and practices that guide a nation in its relations with other countries b. describe the 3 foreign policy tools: -diplomacy: The art of conducting negotiations with other nations. This may lead to informal agreements or treaties -financial aid: Money given in the form of grants or loans that can be used to support friendly nations or influence their policies -threat or use of armed force: Threatening or actually using force in order to force a nation into doing something c. describe the causes and effects of the War of 1812: Causes Effects America believed in their right to be a neutral nation, meaning they would not give aid to any 2 nations at war, would not allow warring nations to use its harbors or territories, had the right to live in peace without fear of attack, and had the right to trade freely with any nation (including those at war) France and Britain seized US ships to prevent goods from reaching each other British kidnapped US soldiers from US ships, claiming they were deserters from the British navy No president could convince get the attacks to stop, so war was declared Some members of Congress agreed to protect American ideals and others to take the opportunity to expand into Canada d. define the Monroe Doctrine: Monroe warned European powers against future colonization in the Western Hemisphere or interference in Latin American republics e. describe how the Monroe Doctrine impacts America s view of its role in the Western Hemisphere: America successfully bullies Britain into leaving Venezuela alone in a border dispute, as well as a few other smaller incidents of keeping Europe out of the Americas Leads Americans to feel a sense of power over the Americas and a duty to protect them from outside powers. American becomes the nation others must consult with before they can lay any claims in the Americas f. give examples of the use of each foreign policy tool during the era. (Which tool was used to acquire which new lands?) Long, tough, resource intensive Neither side could secure a victory Left issues that caused the war unresolved Proved that America could hold her own in a war -diplomacy: Louisiana Purchase, Florida, NW Territory, Oregon Territory, Gadsden Purchase -financial aid: None -threat or use of armed force: Northwest Territory, Florida, Texas Annexation, Mexican Cession, Oregon Territory
9. identify the early territorial gains of the United States. How did the U.S. acquire these lands? a. Northwest Territory: The land from the 13 colonies to the Mississippi River. Obtained through armed force & diplomacy Revolutionary War & Treaty of Paris b. Louisiana Purchase: The land to the west of the Mississippi river, stretching from Canada to the bottom of present day Louisiana. Stretched as far west as Montana in the north, but did not include Texas in the South. Purchased through diplomacy from France c. Florida: Present day Florida and some of Mississippi and Alabama. Ceded by Spain through diplomacy after threat of war from U.S. d. Texas Annexation: Present day Texas and some of the land to its west Texans (Americans) illegally living on land owned by Mexico revolted against the Mexican government, eventually captured a leading Mexican leader, and forced him into a treaty to give them the land in exchange for his release Texas became independent nation that was eventually accepted into the union e. Oregon Territory: Northwestern portion of the present day US, shared by the US and Britain Threatened war until Britain signed a treaty to give up the land f. Mexican Cession: Most of the land from Texas to the west coast Fought a war with Mexico to take the land after a failed attempt at purchasing it and settling the border dispute over Texas Mexican War Paid $15 million for the land west of Texas g. Gadsden Purchase: A small portion of land in southern Arizona Purchased from Mexico through diplomacy