Industrialization (1850-1929) By: Amanda and Vanessa
Two phases: 1 st : (1850-1867) 2 nd : (1880-1929)
The First Phase of Industrialization (1850-1867)
Free Trade policy= British Colonies forced to: Manufacture products Sell products to the United States and other colonies
Capitalism and the principle manufacturing sectors: In the 1850 s, wealthy merchants, owners of large companies and politicians participated in Industrial Capitalism. Industrial Capitalism: The process in which rich people construct factories and establish new industries that allow them to produce goods by having many workers. Capitals are needed to start this process. Allowed for the production of: - Food - Footwear - Textile - Iron - Steel - Railway equipment
Transport Networks Develop new transport networks Would allow for trade between British Colonies and the United States
Shipping Canals First transport network was before the 1850 s Water= transportation of goods around the continent Canals Hydraulic Power= factories running
Railway Network In the 19 th century efforts made to extend railway Advantages to the railway network: - Access to raw materials - Transportation of manufactured goods - Access to the British Colonies all year round - Finding of new territories to be colonized - Creates the railway equipment sector High cost= No railway extension
Population Migration and Change in population Urbanization Second half of 19 th century: arrival of Great Britain immigrants in North American colonies and Canada West. The population still did not increase French Canadians move to the Northeastern United States Some of the population moved to the city for jobs Greater population still in rural areas Led to urbanization.
Population Migration and Urbanization
Social Change and Working Conditions Profits= Given to employees, Other businesses Three social classes: - Upper class: Entrepreneurs and politicians - Middle class: Rich people with capitals and produce goods but encourage economic development. - Working class: Worked for a salary in an industry Machines= Replace skilled workers with cheap workers Work setting: - 60 hours a week (10 hours/day for 6 days) - Maximum 72 hours a week - Kids working if their families were poor
The Second Phase of Industrialization (1880-1929)
Manufacturing is in urban areas. New sectors: - Hydroelectricity - Aluminum - Pulp and paper 1867: John. A. Macdonald is the first prime minister of Canada He was faced with two challenges - Coordinating the expansion of Canada s territory - Creating a policy that favours domestic market
Territorial Expansion and Political Problems 1867: Nova Scotia and New Brunswick join Canada 1868: Territory to the West belonged to the Hudson s Bay Company Advantages of the territory to the West: - Provides new Canadians a place to settle - Larger economic base for development - Protects the territory from Americans 1869: the territory to the West is sold to Canada for $1.5 million 1870-1949: Other provinces joined Canada.
The Indian Act Land in the west used to belong to Aboriginals Government negotiated their way into getting land and promised the Aboriginals: - The creation of reserves - Medical services - Food aid - Clothing In 1876, it became official. Aboriginals life style: - They were minors (no political right) - Must live in reserves - Kids needed to attend residential school systems
The Métis: - French speaking aboriginals - Lived in the west territory The Métis Uprising 1869: The Métis formed their own government, Louis Riel was their leader 1870: the actual government formed Manitoba, in honour of the Métis The Métis were: - Given land - Given the right to speak their language and practice their religion What happened to the Métis in 1885: - Decided to move - They were faced with certain problems - Created a rebellion, that they lost - Louis Riel was killed - Honoré Mercier took Riel s place
The Macdonald government s National Policy New province, still = small population 1879: National Policy created by John. A. Macdonald s government to increase population Three necessary components: - Increase tariffs in order to protect Canada s young industries - Extend the railroad network all over the country to stimulate domestic trade - Encouraging European immigration to ensure an adequate labour force
Higher Tariffs Non-Canadian products are more expensive = more Canadian products sold 1879: Protectionist tariffs are imposed
Extending the railway network The railway network was created to: - Connect the provinces - Increase trade between regions and countries The Macdonald administration wanted a transcontinental railway 1880: The Canadian Pacific Railway (CP) was born The money used to create the railway, came from the government and some private companies The government provided the CP with: - Land - A telegraph network - Tax exemption 1855: The CP was finished Example of a telegraph network:
Increasing population through immigration Immigrants contribute to the economy by growing wheat Immigrants were to manufacture products that would increase exports 1872: Creation of Dominion Lands Act Provided immigrants with 126 acres of land -Did not increase immigration rate National Policy took too long to have a beneficial effect.
The Industrialization period was a time where Canada experienced many territorial changes, political changes, and economic changes, which helped make Canada what it is today. Industrialization today: