Prof. Bhasker V. Bhatt Civil Engineering Department SCET, Surat

Transcription

1 Politics & Public Policy Planning ( ) Major Elective IV M. E. C I V I L ( I I ) T O W N A N D C O U N T R Y P L A N N I N G S E M E S T E R III Basics of Public Policy Prof. Bhasker V. Bhatt Civil Engineering Department SCET, Surat Basics of Public Policy by Bhasker V. Bhatt is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

2 2 Find Legal Definition: Public Policy in INDIA (Provide proper Citation) Image source: :34:03

3 Going online?? 3 (Political Analysis) (Survey statistics and methodology) SN) (The best one) :34:03

4 Defined 4 The governing policy within a community as embodied in its legislative and judicial enactments which serve as a basis for determining what acts are to be regarded as contrary to the public good "Public Policy." Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 27 July < policy>. A public policy is simply what government (any public official who influences or determines public policy, including school officials, city council members, county supervisors, etc.) does or does not do about a problem that comes before them for consideration and possible action. Project Citizen; :34:03

5 Public Policy A fascinating field of enquiry Public policy is a vast subject Requires much more analysis for reinventing theories and introducing new concepts in public management 5 Wisdom follows knowledge which brings great humility Origin of public policy can be traced back to the beginnings of civilization itself.

6 Objective Empirical and Normative Truths Harold Lasswell stands out as the preeminent moving spirit behind the movement in policy sciences. Famous work Policy orientation 1951 Since then, the articulation and subsequent practice of policy sciences have been entirely dependent on Complex interaction of social scientists and Socio-political events Theoretical scope and applicability expanded in 1970 throughout 1980 By 1990, partial reformation in policy sciences approach observed 6

7 Policy Sciences The disciplines concerned with explaining the policy making and policy executing process and with locating data and providing interpretations which are relevant to the policy problems of a given period 7 Laswell s vision on policy sciences was: Multidisciplinary cuts across existing specializations Contextual and problem-oriented intelligence needs (problems are generally unsolved because of their complex and changing nature) Explicitly normative

8 Two approach division 8 Policy analysis Applied activity contribution to solution of social problems Concerned with knowledge in and for the policy process Policy process Concerned with knowledge about the formation and implementation of public policy

9 Government Expenditures Government s intervention expanded into every area of Economy Society Culture The capacity of the government To directly produce and supply services To manage financial transfers and subsidies and To enforce laws has become increasingly inadequate 9

10 Government Expenditures Public resources are, by definition scarce and costly (in terms of opportunity cost and distortions) 10 It is essential to use the government s financial and administrative resources, where they can make the biggest difference to social welfare

11 Government Expenditures 11 According to the original theory of planning the emphasis of government expenditure should be on areas where the gap between social and private returns are highest and where market externalities need to be corrected.

12 Government Expenditures Future programs, projects and other expenditures should be separated into economically meaningful categories and sub-categories that bear some relationship to these economically sound principles 12 Integrated programs can then be built under these thematic categories in sectors where they are applicable

13 Public Vs. Private Goods & Services 13 Private goods and services are those that are provided to individuals or specific households Public goods & services are provided to groups (e.g. connecting and village/urban roads) and individual usage is difficult or costly to measure

14 Quasi-public goods 14 Quasi-public goods fall in between In that part, the benefits can be tracked to individuals, but part is more diffuse and may even accrue to future generations or to a wholly different group in another form.

15 Public Goods - General 15 Knowledge generation and dissemination. Diffusion of agriculture & allied technology: HYV seeds, re-planting, fish stock, crop varieties, cultivation protocols/practices, Handicrafts & handlooms. Regulatory Systems, Standards and Certification: Establishment, maintenance, enforcement. Health and Safety Standards for products & services, Environmental standards for producers: Dissemination, diffusion and enforcement. Development of Standards & Curricula, Testing & certification systems for education & skill development National statistical system: Macro data collection and statistics. Sector and industry specific data. Pollution & Environment (Negative externality/public Bads): Water, Air pollution

16 Public Goods Sector Specific 16 National security: including Borders, NE, J&K Law and order: Police, courts, judges Roads: Highways, Inter-connecting roads(habitations), urban roads Aquifer planning & management Urban and Rural civic planning; Land use planning (agriculture, non-ag; residential, commercial, industrial). Supply of urban land ; Communicable, vector borne and epidemic diseases control Forests, green belts; wild life preservation, bio-diversity

17 Quasi-public Goods Cross-sectoral Education/Training of high quality educators/teachers/trainers and administrators/planners/managers. Preventive health: Public health education and incentives Drinking Water Supply system Sewerage, Drainage, Sanitation and Waste disposal systems 17

18 Quasi-public Goods Rural 18 Dams and Canals, Drainage systems. Rural electricity Distribution or decentralised production Community watershed, water harvesting. Marketing channel for agricultural & rural products e.g. B to B website.

19 Quasi-public Goods Urban 19 Urban Transport planning and public transport systems

20 Planning Elements 20 Perennial criticism of Indian Planning has been that Five Year Plans exist only on paper and bear little relation to what happens on the ground This is the failure to develop and approve detailed operational plans before the financial allocations are made/ released/ spent

21 Planning for Government - Steps 1. Definition of Objectives 2. Identification of specific goals 1. Classification of beneficiaries 3. Operational plans 1. Outcomes and management 1. Capital Account 1. Projects 2. Programs 2. Service Delivery: Subsidy accounting 2. Time horizon and management transfer 1. Maintenance of assets 2. Plan to Non-plan 3. Centre to State 4. Incentive compatibility 21

22 Planning for Government - Steps 4. Management Information System (MIS) 1. Web enabled systems 5. Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) 1. Web enabled systems 6. Public access to information 22

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