THE POST-COLONIAL STATES OF SOUTH ASIA

Transcription

1 THE POST-COLONIAL STATES OF SOUTH ASIA

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3 THE POST-COLONIAL STATES OF SOUTH ASIA Democracy, Development and Identity Edited by Arnita Shastri and A. Jeyaratnam Wilson Palgrave Macmillan

4 THE POST-COLONIAL STATES OF SOUTH ASIA Copyright Amita Shastri and A. Jeyaratnam Wilson 2001 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of a brief quotation embodied in critical articles or reviews for information, address: PALGRAVE, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y First published by PALGRAVE, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y Companies and representatives throughout the world. PALGRAVE is the new global imprint of St. Martin's Press, LLC Scholarly and Reference Division and Palgrave Publishers Ltd. (formerly Macmillan Press Ltd.) First published in the United States of America in 2001 ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication Data The post-colonial states of South Asia : democracy, development, and identity / Amita Shastri, A. Jeyaratnam Wilson, editors. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. South Asia-Politics and government. 2. Democracy-South Asia. 3. Nationalism-South Asia. 4. South Asia-Economic conditions. I. Shastri, Amita. II. Wilson, A. Jeyaratnam. DS340.P dc

5 To my father Raghunath Sahai Gupta With love (A.S.) To the late W. H. Morris-] ones Teacher, scholar and friend (A.J.W.)

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7 Contents Acknowledgments XI List of Contributors xm Introduction The Post-Colonial States of South Asia: Democracy, Identity, Development and Security 1 Amita Shastri PART I DEMOCRACY Chapter 1 Political Governance in India: The Challenge of Stability and Diversity 17 Stanley A. Kochanek Chapter 2 The Fragile Base of Democracy in Pakistan 41 Samina Ahmed Chapter 3 Bangladesh: An Unsteady Democracy 69 D. Hugh Evans Chapter 4 Nation-Building in a Demotic State: The Failure of Political Leadership in Sri Lanka 88 A. Jeyaratnam Wilson Chapter 5 The National Political Culture and Institutions in Nepal 114 Leo E. Rose Vll

8 Contents PART II IDENTITY Chapter 6 The Rise of Hindu Nationalism and the Marginalisation of Muslims in India Today 141 Christophe Jaffrelot Chapter 7 State, Nation, Identity: The Quest for Legitimacy in Bangladesh 158 Tazeen M. Murshid Chapter 8 State Support for Religion in Contemporary Sri Lanka: Some Ideological and Policy Issues 183 Chandra R. de Silva Chapter 9 The 'Nationalities' Question in South Asia 196 Raju G. C. Thomas PART III DEVELOPMENT Chapter 10 Economic Crisis, Momentary Autonomy and Policy Reform: Liberalisation in India Ronald]. Herring and N. Chandra Mohan Chapter 11 Liberalising India's Economy: Context and Constraints 241 Vanita Shastri Chapter 12 Institutional Impediments to Human Development in Pakistan 264 Christopher Candland PART IV SECURITY Chapter 13 Creating a Common Home? Indo-Pakistan Relations and the Search for Security in South Asia 283 Vernon Hewitt Chapter 14 The Flash-Point of South Asia: Kashmir in Indo-Pakistani Relations Sumit Ganguly 311 Vlll

9 Contents Chapter 15 Pokhran II and After: Consequences of the Indian Nuclear Tests of Ashok Kapur Index 347 lx

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11 Acknowledgments Good teachers are found both inside and outside academe. My father, to whom I (Shastri) have dedicated this book, has been influential in teaching me innumerable things, many more than I could possibly identify. His keen and active interest in politics which I witnessed as a child, no doubt, rubbed off to result in the discipline I chose for a career in academe. His lively curiosity about the subject and its concerns struck me even on a recent visit when he wanted to know how the 'mixed' German electoral system worked, and what impact it might have if adopted in India to overcome the growing fragmentation of the party system. The lucidity with which he explained the Kashmir situation to his granddaughter on another occasion would leave many a professional presentation of the subject pale in comparison. Many of the contributors to this volume are W. H. Morris-Jones' former students or keen readers of his works on India and the other South Asian states. They join me (Wilson) in dedicating this volume as yet another tribute to our great teacher. We hope these essays will be as warmly received by the community of scholars interested in South Asia as a previous volume was which went out of print within a couple of months of its publication. We want to pay our namaskarams (thanks/respects) once again because we are convinced that Morris more than deserved these. With regard to the momentous times of the last ten years, he once told a group of students that the end of the Soviet Union and with it the exposure of Communism as an empty ideology were as startling and shocking to him as if Christianity had suddenly come to an end. We owe a number of debts of gratitude. We are thankful to Joel Kassiola, Dean of Behavioral and Social Sciences, and Richard DeLeon, Chair of the Department of Political Science, at San Francisco State University who provided support for the volume to cover part of the costs of research assistance and indexing the book. We were lucky to have Evan Daniels, Benjamin Rogus and Danah Lee, graduate students at the university, Xl

12 Acknowledgments provide excellent research assistance in editing and producing the manuscript. The university also awarded a summer research grant to Shastri to facilitate work on the volume. Tyler Williams did a superb job of building the index. We also wish to express our sincere thanks to Marc Milner, Professor of History at the University of New Brunswick (Canada), and members of his committee for the grant made towards the costs of indexing this book. Debbie Sloan, administrative secretary in the Political Science department at the university, proved herself a veritable Johannes Factotum. Finally, our thanks to Jonathan Price of Curzon for his enthusiasm for the project. Our respective families were a constant source of support and encouragement. Nilabh was a pillar of strength and optimism. Avantika watched the development of the manuscript with friendly interest. Susili was the wonderful companion she has always been. To each, our heartfelt thanks. Amita Shastri Alfred ]eyaratnam Wilson Xll

13 List of Contributors Samina Ahmed is Fellow, International Security Program and Science, Technology and Public Policy at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University. She has previously worked at the Institute of Regional Studies, Islamabad and the Pakistan Institute of International Affairs, Karachi. Recipient of a number of research awards and grants, she has worked as a Visiting Scholar at Oxford University and as an Associate Researcher at the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. She is the author of several book chapters and articles. Her latest publications include 'Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons Program: Turning Points and Nuclear Choices', International Security (Spring 1999) and a co-edited book, Pakistan and the Bomb: Public Opinion and Nuclear Options (1998). Her current research interests focus on issues of South Asian regional security with an emphasis on nuclear proliferation, including an ongoing study on 'The Role of Sanctions and Incentives in Managing South Asian Proliferation'. Christopher Candland is Assistant Professor in Political Science at Wellesley College, where he teaches development and South Asian politics. The American Institutes of Indian, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Sri Lanka Studies, and the US Fulbright Commission made possible his research in South Asia. His research interests are in labor and community development in South and Southeast Asia. His co-edited volume Industrial Relations in the Age of Globalization: Labor, State, and Management in Post-Colonial and Post Communist Economies is forthcoming. D. Hugh Evans was educated at the University of London and at the University of Chicago where he was a Fulbright Scholar. He joined the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office in 1985 as a research specialist on South Asia. He has had diplomatic postings in Islamabad ( ) and Washington ( ). He co-authored an article on democracy in Xlll

14 List of Contributors Pakistan with Leo Rose which appeared in the Journal of Democracy (January 1997). Sumit Ganguly is Professor of Asian Studies at the University of Texas at Austin. He was previously at Hunter College of the City University of New York. He specializes in the study of ethnic violence, regional security and arms control. His regional foci are primarily South and secondarily Southeast Asia. He has published numerous articles in leading international journals. His research has been supported by grants from the Asia Foundation, the Ford Foundation, the W. Alton Jones Foundation and the United States Institute of Peace. He has been a both a fellow and a guest scholar at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, DC. His most recent book is, The Crisis in Kashmir: Portents of War, Hopes of Peace (1997). He is currently at work on a manuscript that seeks to explain political quiescence and ethnic violence in Malaysia and Sri Lanka. Ronald J. Herring is John S. Knight Professor of International Relations and Professor of Government and Director, Mario Einaudi Center for International Studies, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. He taught for many years at Northwestern University and for brief periods at the Universities of Chicago, Texas, Washington, and Wisconsin. Herring has been editor of Comparative Political Studies and worked with various academic committees of Fulbright, Social Science Research Council, American Council of Learned Societies, American Institute of Indian Studies and MacArthur Foundation, among others. His earliest academic interests were in land relations, on which his book Land to the Tiller: The Political Economy of Agrarian Reform in South Asia (1985) won the Graham Prize (London) in He has recently edited (with Milton Esman) the volume Carrots, Sticks and Ethnic Conflict: Rethinking Development Assistance (University of Michigan Press, forthcoming). Vernon Hewitt is Lecturer in Politics at the University of Bristol. He was born in Leicestershire in 1961 and educated at the University of East Anglia, StPeter's College and Nuffield College, Oxford. He is the author of The New International Politics of South Asia (1997) and Reclaiming the Past? The Search for Political and Cultural Unity in Contemporary jammu and Kashmir (1995). He has contributed essays on Indian politics, South Asian political institutions, ethnic formation and ethnic conflicts in the region since His current research interests concern the rise of the BJP in India and the ideology of Hindutva. Christophe Jaffrelot is Research Fellow at the Centre d'etudes et de Recherches Internationales, Paris, where he teaches South Asia politics. He XlV

15 List of Contributors has recently published The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics, 1925 to 1990 (1996, 1999), and co-edited (with Thomas B. Hansen), The B]P and the Compulsions of Politics in India (1998). His current research is on the rise of the lower castes in North Indian politics and B.R. Ambedkar, about whom he has written a biography in French. He is editor in chief of Critique Internationale (a Paris-based quarterly in international affairs). Ashok Kapur is Professor of Political Science at the University of Waterloo, Ontario. Born in Lahore, he is a Canadian citizen. He served as a member of the United Nations Committee to study Israeli Nuclear Armament in His publications include India's Nuclear Option: Atomic Diplomacy and Decision-Making (1976), International Nuclear Proliferation: Multilateral Diplomacy and Regional Aspects (1979), The Indian Ocean: Regional and International Power Politics (1983), Pakistan's Nuclear Development (1987), the edited volume Diplomatic Ideas and Practices of Asian States (1991), Pakistan in Crisis (1991), The South Asian Nuclear Non-Proliferation Debate: Issues, Interests and Strategies of Change (June 1993), and (with A.J. Wilson) Foreign Policies of India and Her Neighbors (1996). His current research deals with security structures in the Asia-Pacific region (including the Persian Gulf and Central Asia) and the changing patterns of foreign relations in the region. This work is supported by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. His latest book Pokhran and After is forthcoming. Stanley A. Kochanek is Professor at Pennsylvania State University. He has published several books and numerous research articles on the politics of South Asia. He has written The Congress Party of India: The Dynamics of One-Party Democracy (1968), Business and Politics in India (1974), Interest Groups and Development: Business and Politics in Pakistan (1983), Patron-Client Politics and Business in Bangladesh (1993), and (with R.L. Hardgrave) India: Government and Politics in a Developing Nation (2000, 6th edition). He has had extensive field experience in India as a Senior Fulbright Fellow and a research fellow of the Indian Institute of Indian Studies. He is primarily interested in the role of political parties and interest groups in political systems. N. Chandra Mohan is Business Editor, Times of India. He worked as Senior Researcher for The Hindu ( ), Senior Assistant Editor at The Economic Times ( ), and Deputy Editor in Business India ( ). He was a Parvin Fellow at the Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton University ( ). He has researched and written extensively on issues relating to urban and industrial employment in India, India's liberalisation process, and US-Japan trade. His article on XV

16 List of Contributors 'Industrial Employment: Some Emerging Trends' was published in Indian Industrialization (1992) edited by Ghosh, Subramanian, Eapen and Drabu; and one on 'US-Japan Services Trade: The Anatomy of Persistent American Strength' in Fortune (1990). Tazeen M. Murshid is currently a fellow of the Institute for Advanced Study at Berlin, where she is researching issues of gender and law in colonial and post-colonial South Asia. She is a Senior Lecturer in history and politics, School of Arts and Humanities, University of North London. She has taught at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London and is a Research Associate of the Center for South Asian Studies there. She has been Research Fellow and Senior Member at St Antony's College, University of Oxford, where she was awarded the Frere Exhibition for Indian Studies. She has been a Visiting Scholar at the Modern Asia Research Centre, University of Geneva; at Homerton College, University of Cambridge; and at the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka. She has written on intellectual and social history as well as on contemporary political and educational concerns. Her publications include The Sacred and the Secular: Bengal Muslim Discourses, (1995); and 'Democracy in Bangladesh: Illusion or Reality?' Contemporary South Asia (1995). Leo Rose is Professor Emeritus of Political Science at University of California at Berkeley and Editor Emeritus of Asian Survey. He has also served as member and consultant to the US State Department. He has been the recipient of numerous grants and awards in his long career, including the Sherman Fairchild Distinguished Scholar award. He has researched and published extensively on South Asian international and regional relations and on the politics and foreign policies of the Himalayan states. Amongst the many books he has published are Politics of Nepal: Persistence and Change in an Asian Monarchy (with Margaret Fisher, 1970), Politics of Bhutan (1977), War and Secession: Pakistan, India, and the Creation of Bangladesh (with Richard Sisson, 1989), Beyond Afghanistan: Pakistan-US Relations (with Matinuddin Khan, 1990), The New World Order: Adjusting India-US Relations (edited with Eric Gonsalves, 1992), and Afghanistan and Kashmir: The Report of a Joint American-Russian Study (with Stephen Cohen et al, 1993). Amita Shastri is Professor of Political Science at San Francisco State University. She was a University Grants Commission Research Fellow, India, and a Pew Faculty Fellow in International Affairs at J.F.K School of Government, Harvard University. She has also been a Research Fellow/ Visiting Scholar at California Institute of Technology, University of California at Los Angeles, University of California at Berkeley, and the XVI

17 List of Contributors International Center for Ethnic Studies at Colombo. Her research interests focus on the processes of democracy and democratization, political economy of development and ethnic conflict. She has contributed chapters to books, and articles to a variety of international scholarly journals. Recently published were 'Estate Tamils, the Ceylon Citizenship Act of 1948 and Sri Lankan Politics' Contemporary South Asia (1999), and 'Transitions to a Free Market: Economic Liberalisation in Sri Lanka', Round Table (October 1997). Vanita Shastri is currently a consultant to the India Program at the Harvard Institute for International Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts. She has taught Political Science at various places, including Delhi University, Clarke University and Salem State College. Her research and publications have explored issues relating to the politics of economic liberalization in India. She recently wrote a development discussion paper with Nirupam Bajpai on the software industry in India (1998), and is currently working on a policy paper on 'Modernization and Development of Ports in Tamilnadu' for the state government of Tamilnadu, India. Vanita is also a trained Indian classical dancer practicing the Odissi style. Chandra R. de Silva is Professor and Chair of History at Old Dominion University. He was Professor and Chair of History at Indiana State University and at the University of Sri Lanka (Ceylon), Peradeniya, He has held fellowships from the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation (1970, 1976), the Newberry Library, Chicago(1976) and was Hallsworth Fellow at the University of Manchester in He has authored and co-edited many books including The Portuguese in Ceylon (1972), Sri Lanka: A History (1987, 1997), Education in Sri Lanka (1990), and Buddhist Fundamentalism and Minority Identities in Sri Lanka (1998). He is currently working on a book of documents on the Portuguese encounter with the peoples of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Raju Thomas is Allis Chalmers Professor of International Affairs and Professor of Political Science at Marquette University in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He was Co-Director, Center for International Studies, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee and Marquette University ( ); and has been Visiting Scholar/Research Fellow at various leading universities in the US and UK. He has lectured in or consulted with various agencies of the U.S. and British governments. He worked for British multinational corporations in India ( ). He has published numerous articles in professional journals, chapters in edited books, and op-ed pieces in leading newspapers and magazines. His books include The Defense of India (1978); Indian Security Policy (1986); South Asian XVJI

18 List of Contributors Security in the 1990s (1993); and Democracy, Security and Development in India (1996). He is the contributing editor or co-editor of The Great Power Triangle and Asian Security (1983); Energy and Security in the Industrializing World (1990); Perspectives on Kashmir (1992); The South Slav Conflict: History, Religion, Ethnicity and Nationalism (1996); and The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Regime: Prospects for the Twenty-First Century (1998). He is currently writing two books on Markets and Politics in India and Postmortem Yugoslavia; and co-editing two books titled India's Nuclear Security and Nuclear India in the 21st Century. A. Jeyaratnam Wilson was Professor Emeritus of Political Science at the University of New Brunswick, Canada, where he worked from He previously held the founding Chair in Political Science at the University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. He was also the first incumbent of the Foundation Chair of Political Science at the University of New Brunswick, and was elected Chair for three terms ( ). He was a Leverhulme Research Scholar at LSE, and Research Fellow at McGill, Manchester, and Columbia Universities. He was Visiting Fellow at St. Anthony's College, and Academic Visitor at Nuffield College, Oxford. He wrote numerous books and articles on Sri Lanka's government and politics.the more recent of his many publications are The Break-up of Sri Lanka (1989), S.J. V. Chelvanayagam and the Crisis of Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism (1994). His most recent book was Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism: Its Origins and Development in the 19th and 20th Centuries (2000). XVlll