NHD Annotated Bibliography. Primary Sources. This was an original petition in California for a writ of mandate to compel the Therapeutic

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1 Catherine Wang, Michelle Wang, Helen Yang NHD Annotated Bibliography Primary Sources Ballard v. Anderson, 4 Cal. 3d 873 (1971). This was an original petition in California for a writ of mandate to compel the Therapeutic Abortion Committee to consider the right to abortion without the consent of the parents. The court ruled that there was no reason to single Therapeutic abortion out as the one abortion which required parental consent. We placed quotes from this court case in the Prior Court cases page to show the build up to Roe v. Wade in the legal and judicial system in America. Bismarck daily tribune. (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) , June 05, 1900, Image 1 A newspaper which we found from Chronicling America, this image shows some of the first cases of published abortion issues in America. We used this image in the Timeline: Abortion in America Before 1973 page to highlight the beginnings of abortion issues in the 1900s of American history Briefs for Roe as Amicus Curiae, Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973) Provided by the Yale Law Library as well as the Library of Congress, we were able to use these briefs on the Debate: Support page to show three separate amicus curiae briefs filed on the behalf of Jane Roe during the Roe v. Wade case by three different organizations (American Public Health Association, Center for Constitutional Rights, and American College of

2 Obstetrician and Gynecologists). These different briefs showed different American opinions on why abortion should be permitted in America, and provided compelling arguments for the rights vs. responsibilities debate regarding the right to abortion. Briefs for Wade as Amicus Curiae, Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973) Provided by the Yale Law Library as well as the Library of Congress, we were able to use these briefs on the Debate: Support page to show three separate amicus curiae briefs filed on the behalf of Henry Wade during the Roe v. Wade case by three different organizations (Americans United for Life, American College of Obstetrician and Gynecologists, and NARAL). These different briefs showed different American opinions on why abortion should be permitted in America, and provided compelling arguments for the rights vs. responsibilities debate regarding the right to abortion. Brief for Webster as Amicus Curiae, Webster v. Reproductive Health Services, 492 U.S. 490 (1989) This brief was submitted by the Holy Orthodox Church on the behalf of Webster, and it serves as an example of the Orthodox Church s belief in a human s responsibility towards other living beings including fetuses. An excerpt from this brief can be found on the After Effects page in the effect on the crime rate section. Calderone, Mary Steichen. Illegal Abortion as a Public Health Problem, 50 AM. J. PUB. HEALTH 948, 951 (1960) The medical director of Planned Parenthood, Mary Calderone was a physician and avid abortion advocate during the 1960s and 1970s. This was a research based publication written

3 by her during 1960 which highlighted the issues of illegal abortions in the context of public health from the beginning of the 1900s to the (then) present. We used a quote from her publication on our Timeline: Abortion in America Before 1973 page to highlight the medical issues of illegal abortion which existed in the 1900s prior to Roe. Coke, Sir Edward. The Institutes of the Laws of England. Sir Edward Coke s viewpoint on the legality of crimes against an unborn child solidified the Born Alive Rule, which was established in the 16th century. This gave us an idea of the legal position of abortions in England, which was integrated into early colonial society. In contrast with beliefs that abortion has been only recently legalized, abortion restrictions only began to be enacted in the 19th century. Information about this book can be found in the Timeline: Abortion in America before 1973 page. Comstock, Anthony. Traps for the Young We quoted Anthony Comstock, the anti obscenity crusader of the late 19th century, to illustrate an example of Comstock s views and his rejection of what he regarded as obscene, such as information regarding abortion and contraceptives. Comstock s views serve as a representation of the extremely anti abortion perspective that prevailed in late 19th century policy, and studying them allowed us to better our understanding of the. "Choice at Risk: Mini Docs & Clips." Choice at Risk. Ed. Dorothy Fadiman. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Mar < This website was extremely helpful by providing numerous multimedia resources. Its videos

4 documented personal experiences from women who had been impacted by abortion restrictions before the Roe v. Wade decision. We used excerpts of videos from this website throughout our project to illustrate the pro choice viewpoint and to give a deeper perspective of abortion prior to the its legalization. Delaney, John. Interview by Catherine Wang. 26 Mar John Delaney is a Democratic Congressman for the 6th District of Maryland. We contacted him to get a modern day politician s stance on the abortion issue 40 years after the case took place. He informed us that he support a woman's right to choose, consistent with the settled law of our country as established in the Roe v. Wade Supreme Court decision, and does not wish for the case to be repealed. We used this quote in our long term reception page. Doe v. Bolton, 410 U.S. 179 (1973). The case which was released concurrently with Roe v. Wade, Doe announced that any limitations stated in the Georgia law regarding abortion were improper according to the precedent set by Griswold v. Connecticut and of personal liberty. We used quotes from this case on the Prior Court Cases page to show the Supreme Court s stance on abortion from another perspective during the same time period of Evantanto, Azevedo. Interview by Helen Yang. 17 Feb Azevedo Evantanto was a participant of the Youth Rally and Mass for Life. We used this interview as an example of the pro choice viewpoint that exists throughout America in the aftermath of the Roe v. Wade case. Evantanto states that every human has a right to live, similar

5 to how we have been guaranteed fundamental rights in the Constitution. He also states that economic and emotional reasons are the basis for many abortion decisions, and that relieving these burdens can lessen the need for an abortion. Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act (FACE or the Access Act, Pub. L. No , 108 Stat. 694) (May 26, 1994, 18 U.S.C. 248) This act, signed by President Clinton, was meant to limit violence at abortion clinics which had resulted from the Pensacola incidents, starting a nation wide movement of physically obstructing access to abortion clinics by those in the right to life movement. We included an excerpt from this act in the Long Term Reception page to show the growing pro life movement as well as attempts to stop it by the pro choice advocates. Greenhouse, Sarah. Interview by Helen Yang. 6 May Linda Greenhouse is the Knight Distinguished Journalist in Residence and is currently also a Joseph M. Goldstein Senior Fellow at Yale Law School. Notable as a Pulitzer Prize winning reporter who covered the United States Supreme Court for nearly three decades for The New York Times, Greenhouse also recently wrote a very in depth investigative book entitled Before Roe, which outlined social and political reasons behind the case and the aftermath of the case itself. We interviewed her to get an in depth understanding of an expert s views on Roe v. Wade s social and political impact as well as her predictions for the future of Roe. Quotes from her interview can be found on the Long Term Reception page. Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 (1965).

6 Griswold v. Connecticut would set a precedent regarding the right to privacy which would be a crucial piece of the Roe v. Wade argument provided by Sarah Weddington in We used this case on the Prior Court Cases page to show the lead up to Roe in the legal system of America, particularly in the Supreme Court. Gonzales v. Carhart, 550 U.S. 124 (2007). Gonzales v. Carhart permitted the Partial Birth Abortion Ban Act, which limited second trimester abortions. The ruling contrasted with the ruling in Stenberg v.carhart seven years prior, and was interpreted by many as a more conservative shift in the courts and as a gain for the pro life side of the abortion issue. Information and quotes from the case can be found on the Further Court cases page. Harris v. McRae, 448 U.S. 297 (1980). Harris v. McRae, which upheld the Hyde Amendment of 1976 prohibiting the use of Medicaid funds to support abortions, worked slightly against the pro abortion standpoint fostered by Roe v. Wade. Although it did not limit abortions directly, its upholding of the Hyde Amendment made abortions less available to low income women. We referenced and quoted this case to display the conservative shift in court rulings regarding abortion. Kokoski, Paul. Ronald Reagan: Everybody that is for abortion has already been born. New York Times. September 22nd, Print. This newspaper article displays Ronald Reagan s opinion on abortion as well as the new Republican stance on abortion overall, a change that took place in Prior to this time

7 period, neither party had taken a definitive stance on abortion. We found Reagan s quote to be extremely powerful and representative of the central beliefs of those who associate themselves with being pro life. Lee, R. (2001, March 2) Henry Wade of Roe vs. Wade dies today at age 86. Orange County Register. Obituaries. We used this primary source (newspaper obituary) to obtain a quote about Henry Wade, the district attorney who served as the Wade in Roe v. Wade. He was notable for having never lost a case that he himself had personally argued. This quote can be found on the Important Figures page. Les Plees Del Coron. Book. LA Law Library, Los Angeles. A picture of the first textbook of English criminal law which established the born alive rule written by William Staunford is provided by the LA Law library s archives. This and additional information on the book can be found in the Timeline: Abortion in America Before 1973 page. Lollar, Charles. Interview by Catherine Wang. 26 April Charles Lollar was formerly in the navy and now serves as a Tea Party candidate for the GOP. He is currently making a bid for Maryland Governor, and is very outspoken about his conservative views. We interviewed him about his personal and political views regarding abortion in the US and used his opinion in the long term reception page to show how US politicians have viewed Roe s effect on America. March for Women s Lives Photographs. N.d. NOW s 1992 March for Women s Lives. NOW. NOW.

8 Web. 4 Mar < We used these photos from the March For Women s Lives directly from the original archive to show the strength of the pro choice movement that existed even in the longer term aftermath of the case. These photos appear on the Long Term Reception slideshow. Mathews, Linda. "Supreme Court Rule Gives Women Right to Have Abortions." Los Angeles Times [Los Angeles] 23 Jan. 1973, sec. 1: 1. Print. We used photos of this issue of the Los Angeles Times in the Decision page of our website to show the nation s reaction to the extremely controversial decision made in January of Mathews, Linda. "Mother Knows Best." Los Angeles Times [Los Angeles] 23 Jan. 1973, sec. 1: 1. Print. We used photos of this late Monday reprint of the Los Angeles Times, which came out on the same day as the original to show the popularity of the case in American society as the newspaper sold out so quickly that there had to be reprints, with the Roe decision as the major headline of the day this time. The photos can also be found on the Decision page. McCorvey, Norma, and Andy Meisler. I Am Roe: My Life, Roe v. Wade, and Freedom of Choice. New York: HarperCollins, Print. We used this to show the first person opinion of the plaintiff, Norma McCorvey, or Jane Roe, on the case prior to her decision to become pro life. This shows her participation in the case as well as her opinion on the right to abortion, and is a great primary source for quotes on Norma

9 McCorvey s beliefs about the case and its effects on her and the society she lived in. We used multiple quotes from McCorvey s autobiography throughout the website to illustrate her personal views and the impact of the case. Model Penal Code. American Law Institute. C.F.R. Sec Print. The American Law institute published the Model Penal Code, in which section permitted abortion in the case that the pregnancy was severely detrimental to the mother. We used this document and a quote from the document in the Timeline: Abortion in America before 1973 page to show the development of the right to abortion in the legal system of America. NARAL Pro Choice America. President Obama s Message to NARAL Pro Choice America Supporters. Youtube. youtube.com, 6 February Web. 4 Mar < We used this primary source video to get a quote showing President Obama s pro choice support of Roe v. Wade 40 years after the decision of the case was made. This is a strong indicator of the Democratic pro abortion stance that the party has typically taken since the 1980s. It can be found in our long term reception page. Ney, Philip, Dr. Interview with Dr. Philip Ney. Priests for Life. Priests for Life, n.d. Web. 4 Mar < We used this to see the pro life standpoint on the right to abortion s effect on women s health, and the psychological toll that abortion takes on women. Ney speaks about the aftermath of an abortion, stating that many women extreme guilt after receiving an abortion. Ney had also

10 spoken to children of mothers who had received abortions, and states that these children experienced psychological trauma and mistrust after learning of their mothers previous abortions. "Penal Code of the State of Texas." PDF file. 28 Feb We used this for photos and additional text for reference on the Texas state abortion law called into question during the Roe v. Wade trial. The source is a primary source, as it is the actual Texas State Penal code in PDF format. People v. Belous, 71 Cal. 2d 954 (1969). This was a court case from California regarding a woman s right to bear children. The court issued that according to precedent set by the Supreme Court, a pregnant woman s right to life had precedent over the unborn child. We used this quote in the Prior Court Cases page to show the progression of the right to abortion in judicial courts throughout America prior to Roe v. Wade. Planned Parenthood Executive Office, Adrienne. Personal interview. 24 Feb We used this personal interview with a representative of Planned Parenthood to show the opinion of an abortion and women s health care provider regarding the right to abortion and the open opportunity to provide abortions. Adrienne s responses to our questions demonstrated the efforts of abortion providers to keep their personal views separate from their occupations, displaying their desires to give a woman the full choice over her body. We also were able to gain information regarding Planned Parenthood s official view on the Planned Parenthood v.

11 Casey case. Planned Parenthood v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833 (1992). Planned Parenthood v. Casey recognized a woman s right to have an abortion, but upheld certain restrictions and regulations of a Pennsylvania abortion law against abortions. The case thus reflected an acceptance of the legality of most abortions, but a refusal to provide abortions under a wide range of circumstances. We included a direct quote from the majority opinion of this case to highlight its effect on the abortion issue. Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973). Studying the court transcripts and court opinions of Roe v. Wade provided us essential knowledge regarding the case and allowed us to gain a far more comprehensive understanding of the abortion issue. We used quotes and excerpts from Sarah Weddington s arguments in support of Roe s right to have an abortion, Flower and Floyd s arguments against the legalization of abortion, and both the majority opinion and dissenting opinions of the court. We also included in our website excerpts of the court opinions using a document reader, which serves as an interactive element of our project. Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113, (1973). (White, J., dissenting). We used direct quotes from Justice Byron White s dissenting opinion for Roe v. Wade. Using information directly taken from the dissenting opinion as well as a large excerpt (seen on the Decision: Opposition page), we were able to outline the reasons for the 2 Supreme Court justices who voted against Roe.

12 Roe v. Wade Oral Argument. Rec Oyez. Web. 9 Apr < 1979/1971/1971_70_18>. We took audio clips from this full length recording of the oral argument of Roe v. Wade, recorded at the case itself (and is therefore a primary source). Using these audio clips, we were able to show crucial parts of the support and opposition s argument in our pages for During the Case. Roe v. Wade Oral Reargument. Rec Oyez. Web. 9 Apr < 1979/1971/1971_70_18>. We took audio clips from this full length recording of the oral argument of Roe v. Wade, recorded at the case itself (and is therefore a primary source). Using these audio clips, we were able to show crucial parts of the support and opposition s argument in our pages for During the Case. Unlike the initial argument, Sarah Weddington made specifically stronger arguments for the constitutionality of abortion and the rights of women which she had faltered on in her original argument. Stenberg v. Carhart, 530 U.S. 914 (2000). Stenberg v. Carhart struck down Nebraska s ban on partial birth abortion, asserting that such a ban placed an undue burden on a woman s right to have an abortion. However, allthough the case followed the precedents of Roe and Planned Parenthood, the court was sharply divided over the case in a 5 4 decision, showing the complicated nature of the abortion issue.

13 United States v. Vuitch, 402 U.S. 62 (1971). This court case contested the District of Columbia law which was unconstitutionally vague in terms of its limitations on abortion. The District Court ruled that the world health was indeed unconstitutionally vague, and required that the law be clarified. We used quotes from this case on the Prior Court Cases page to emphasize the progression of the right to abortion in US judicial courts prior to Roe. Weaver, Warner. "High Court Rules Abortion Legal the First 3 Months." The New York Times [New York] 23 Jan. 1973, sec. 1: 1. Print. We used images of the newspaper on the Decision page to show America s reaction to the Supreme Court decision. This decision was so huge that it came second only to the death of former President Lyndon B. Johnson, a huge news event in America. Weddington, Sarah. Winning Roe v. Wade: Q&A with Sarah Weddington Read more: Winning Roe v. Wade: Q&A with Sarah Weddington. Interview by Valerie Lapinski. TIME 22 Jan. 2013: n. pag. Print. We used this as interview to see how Sarah Weddington, the plaintiff s lawyer, viewed the case and its development throughout the years. She developed her opinion on how the women s movement for abortion rights and personal freedoms has progressed, and what she thinks the future will be like for those who support abortion s continuation. These quotes can be seen on the After Effects page. Whose Choice: How the Hyde Amendment Harms Poor Women. Center for Reproductive Rights.

14 Center for Reproductive Rights, 31 Sept Web. 4 Mar < choice how the hyde amendment harms poorwomen>. We used this video on our post Roe cases page to show the effect of the Hyde Amendment on low income women. It shows the changes to abortion rights, especially regarding financial support for abortions (since according to the Hyde Amendment, Medicaid typically does not provide financial aid to fund abortions), that have occurred since the Roe v. Wade decision. Wind, Rebecca. Interview by Catherine Wang. 7 May Rebecca Wind serves as the Senior Communications Associate and Divisional Budget Manager at the Guttmacher Institute location in New York City. The Guttmacher Institute is a non profit organization which works to advance reproductive health including abortion rights. Their mission statement is to "generate new ideas, encourage enlightened public debate, promote sound policy and program development and, ultimately, inform individual decision making". We corresponded with her through multiple times to learn about Guttmacher Institute s opinion on the rise in abortion restrictions in recent years, a point which we highlighted on the long term reception page, and also asked about the social impact of Roe v. Wade. Secondary Sources AP Photo. The 40th Anniversary of Roe v. Wade. 18 Jan Photograph. US News. We used these photos for our Title page presentation, and on select pages in the website. They

15 depict the battle for women s right to abortion from the time of the case to the present, 40 years after the case was decided. Boonstra, Heather D. The Heart of the Matter: Public Funding of Abortion for Poor Women in the United States. Guttmacher Institute. Ed. Guttmacher Institute. Guttmacher Institute, Web. 4 Mar < We used this to research the problems with funding abortion clinics that have existed since Roe v. Wade was decided. The problem has grown more and more severe in recent years, and it can be seen in our long term reception page as well as our after effects page. Balkin, Jack M., ed. What Roe v. Wade should have said. New York and London: New York UP, Print. We used this book simply as a reference for opinions on the case in the aftermath of the case especially. It also enlightens us on some of the finer details of the case that the general overviews would miss, such as the personal opinions before, during, and after the case of multiple Supreme Court Justices, as well as the opinions of several experts in the field of law regarding the decision of the Roe v. Wade case. "Various." Cartoon. The Cagle Post. Ed. Various. Cagle Cartoons, n.d. Web. 10 May We used various cartoons republished by The Cagle Post regarding points of views regarding the right to abortion America by such cartoonists as Gary McCoy, ASAY (originally printed in the Gazette) and AUTH (whose cartoon was originally published in The Philadelphia Inquirer in 2011). All four cartoons regarding abortion can be found on the Long Term Reception page at

16 the bottom prior to Statistics, and show the polarized American point of view regarding Roe v. Wade s effect on America. CBN News. March for life pushes the Adoption Option. Youtube. youtube.com, 6 February Web. 22 Jan < We used this video in our pages to show the pro life movement against Roe v. Wade that has continued to grow 40 years after the decision of the case was made. The shouts and chants of the people are common arguments that are made during marches that support the pro life movement and hope to repeal the decision made in It can be found in our long term reception page. Center for Reproductive Rights. Roe v. Wade Then and Now. Center for Reproductive Rights. Ed. Center for Reproductive Rights. reproductiverights.org, 1 July Web. 4 Mar < v wade then and now>. We used this to research the problems that Roe v. Wade faces in today s world, especially regarding changes that have taken place in legislation for abortion and availability of abortion clinics in the United States. This website provides in depth information on not only the decision of the case, but also the apparent dismantling of Roe s policies, the four pillars of Roe, and Roe in the 21st century. We have used these ideas to structure our webpages, especially regarding pages for during the case and after the case. Chicago Tribune Company, LLC. Timeline of Abortion Laws and Events. Chicago Tribune. Ed. Chicago Tribune Company, LLC. Chicago Tribune Company, n.d. Web. 4 Mar

17 < abortion timeline,0, story>. We used this to create timelines of the before and after effects of Roe v. Wade, as it provides detailed historical information on public reception and legislative efforts by the US House of Representatives and Senate. It also outlines some major social events that took place which influenced the Roe decision. This information can be found in the before Roe and after Roe pages. Chung, Jamie. 40 years after Roe v. Wade: Inside North Dakota s only abortion clinic. Time U.S. Time, 22 Jan Web. 27 Feb < years after roe inside north dakotas only abortion clin ic/photo/ _time_clinic_day b crop/>. We used these photos to take a look at the conditions that exist inside North Dakota s abortion clinics in the present day, as it is an example of one of the few states which only have one abortion clinic in the entire area. The conditions although clean and acceptable, are undermined by the name of the abortion clinic itself Red River, and we used this idea to bring up the pro life movement s push to shame women into avoiding abortions. "Connecticut and the Comstock Law." Connecticut History. Connecticut Humanities, n.d. Web. 4 Mar < and the comstock law/>. This website gave an overview of the Comstock laws, particularly the Comstock law passed in Connecticut. This law was the strictest anti abortion law during its time period. This website also provided a satirical cartoon of Comstock, which we used in our website to describe

18 America's views on abortion during the 19th century, and a photograph of Comstock, which we also used in our website. Culp Ressler, Tara. "How Some States Are Rolling Back The Clock To A Time Before Roe v. Wade." ThinkProgress 22 Jan. 2013: n. pag. ThinkProgress. Web. 4 Mar < before roe/>. This article focused on the socio economic demographic of women who received abortions, and also spoke about how states have been recently repealing abortion rights, bringing us back to a state similar to that before the Roe v. Wade decision. We used this in our discussion of America's stance on abortion before and after Roe v. Wade. Cushman, Robert F., ed. Leading Constitutional Decisions. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Print. We used this book as a reference for the court case documents of Roe v. Wade. It gave us specific details from the court case s decision, including quotes from both lawyers, questions from the Supreme Court justices, and a brief synopsis of the majority/dissenting opinions of the 7 2 decision. The information can be found in the pages for during the case. Dallas News. Signed Majority Opinion of Roe v. Wade. 9 Nov Photograph. Library of Congress, Washington, DC. We used this reprint of the signed Majority Opinion on the Decision page to show what the Majority Opinion released by the Supreme Court in January of 1973 would have look like with the signatures of the Justices who had listened to the case. It added to the visual aspect of the site.

19 "Dissent from Roe v. Wade and Doe v. Bolton and their Progeny." EndRoe. NCHLA, n.d. Web. 3 Mar < We used this page to provide information on the dissents of the Supreme Court justices and also for the pictures of the Justices who dissented. Faux, Marian. Roe v. Wade: The Untold Story of the Landmark Supreme Court Decision That Made Abortion Legal. N.p.: Cooper Square, Print. Faux s book on the story behind Roe v. Wade gave us a comprehensive review of the story behind Norma McCorvey ( Jane Roe ) as well as her interactions with lawyers Sarah Weddington and Linda Coffee. She gives insight about the abortion issue prior to the case, and also provides extensive information regarding the debate and decision of the case, which we incorporated into our website. We used quotes of Faux s analysis to highlight the main arguments of the two sides of the case. Feminism101.com. Timeline: Abortion Rights. Feminism 101. Ed. Feminism101.com. Feminism101.com, n.d. Web. 4 Mar < We were able to use this website to display the course of events that have taken place from the beginnings of abortion s existence in history to the current day events. This site uses a distinct feminist tone so we were careful to consider this when using the site. Still, we used some information in our pages (especially the timeline pages) for before the case and after the case.

20 Fragile Promise of Choice: Abortion in the US Today. Dir. Dorothy Fadiman. Choice At Risk. Web. 4 Mar < We used these video clips to show the effects in the aftermath of the case, particularly regarding further court cases and effect on women s lives. Gold, Rachel Benson. "Lessons from Before Roe: Will Past be Prologue?" Guttmacher Institute. Alan Guttmacher Institute, Mar Web. 4 Mar < This website (from the Guttmacher Institute, which is focused on advancing women's rights regarding sexual and reproductive health) provides a brief overview of abortion prior to Roe v. Wade. It gave me insight about the illegal abortions that were prevalent prior to the landmark decision. The author illustrates her support of the Roe v. Wade decision with graphs illustrating abortion trends and abortion laws over the past few decades. Gold, Rachel Benson. Abortion and Women's Health: A Turning Point for America?, The Alan Guttmacher Institute, New York, This book contained a relevant image that showed which states had legalized abortion by 1972, right before the Roe v. Wade decision. This image proved to be extremely useful in illustrating the effect of the Model Penal Code, which reformed abortion laws in the years leading up to Roe v. Wade. Greenhouse, Linda, and Reva Siegel. Before Roe v. Wade. 2nd ed. N.p.: n.p., Print. We found this source to be extremely helpful in researching the historical background of Roe v.

21 Wade, particularly during the years directly before the court decision. It gave a thorough of the perspective women had toward abortion before it was legalized, as well as viewpoints from both pro abortion and anti abortion figures. We used quotes from this book on various pages of the website, including Immediate Reception as well as Debate: Support. We also contacted Linda Greenhouse and corresponded with her personally through (see primary sources). "History of Abortion." National Abortion Federation. National Abortion Federation, n.d. Web. 4 Mar < This website was extremely helpful in giving an overview of abortion both before and after Roe v. Wade. Along with the timeline of the history of abortion, the website also provided some statistics. However, much of the information presented is under pro abortion stance, so I was mindful in evaluating the website's content and attempted to lessen the bias as much as possible. Huffington Post Politics. I ll Not Yield Wendy Davis Takes A Stand In Texas. Youtube. youtube.com, 1 July Web. 4 Mar < _AA>. We used this site for the video of Wendy Davis s filibuster in the summer of 2013, in the Long Term reception page of our website. It was important, as it showed the distinct pressure that has been put on pro choice activists to maintain their ground against legislation that has been distinctly anti abortion in recent years. Joffe, Carol. Roe v. Wade and Beyond: Forty Years of Legal Abortion in the United States. Dissent.

22 Ed. Dissent Magazine. Dissent Magazine, Web. 4 Mar < v wade and beyond forty years of legal abortion in the united states>. We used this website as a reference for the effects that Roe v. Wade had on America, economically, socially, and politically. It was especially important in our After Effects page of the website, and we based a lot of our organization of that page (including effects on income, education, and the feminist movement) specifically off of the article itself. Kliff, Sarah. "Thirteen charts that explain how Roe v. Wade changed abortion rights." Washington Post 22 Jan. 2014: n. pag. Washington Post. Web. 4 Mar < charts that explainhow roe v wade changed abortion rights/>. This article provided a multitude of graphs that illustrated abortion statistics, along with a brief analysis of each graph. These graphs proved especially relevant as we documented the effect of Roe v. Wade on both the mindsets of the American public (regarding the ethicality of abortion) and on the legal position that the nation and states have taken on abortion. Knappman, Edward W., et al. Great American Trials. Detroit: Visible Ink, Print. We used this book as a reference for general information regarding Roe v. Wade. We were also able to find dissenting opinions and the long term reception of the American public and the American political system towards this case in this book. Levitt, Steven D., and Stephen J. Dubner. Freakonomics. New York: HarperCollins, Print.

23 We used this book to display the interesting opinion that Roe v. Wade may have enabled the crime rate in America to go down. We used a quote from this book to demonstrate the effect of the case on crime in the After Effects page of the after Roe section of the website. Levy, Ariel. Lift and Separate. New Yorker. N.p., 16 Nov Web. 4 Mar < age=all>. We used a photo from this article to display the feminist movement while Roe v. Wade was taking place. It can be seen in the Effect on the Feminist Movement section of the After Effects webpage. Lewis, J., and O. Shimabukuro. "Abortion Law Development: A Brief Overview." Almanac of Policy Issues. N.p., 8 Jan Web. 4 Mar < This website gave a detailed overview of abortion legislation throughout the years, which was extremely relevant in our research of the historical background behind Roe v. Wade. The authors utilize a professional and relatively neutral tone throughout, and much of the website's content lies on concrete description of legislation and court cases instead of opinionated commentary. The page also includes various citations toward court decisions, indicating in depth research and supported evidence NRLC. Abortion History Timeline. National Right to Live. Ed. NRLC and PicoSearch. NRLC, n.d. Web. 4 Mar <

24 This source was used in a similar way to the Feminist101 and Chicago Tribune source, to display the changing opinions and laws regarding abortion that have taken place since Roe v. Wade. NWLC. Roe v. Wade and the Right to Abortion. National Women s Law Center. Ed. National Women s Law Center. National Women s Law Center, 18 Jan Web. 4 Mar < v wade and right abortion>. We used this website for general knowledge on the case, as well as for pictures for the Silent No More campaign. The Silent No More campaign was used to show the negative psychological effects that abortions may have on women. It can be found on the After Effects page. Oz8drive, and WarThemedRevolution. Norma McCorvey (Jane Roe from Roe v. Wade) Becomes Prolife. Youtube. Youtube.com, 4 May Web. 4 Mar < We used this to show Jane Roe aka Norma McCorvey s switch to become pro life, showing the effect that the pro life movement has created in the modern day. The video can be found on the Long Term Reception page of the after Roe section. "People & Events: Anthony Comstock's 'Chastity' Laws." American Experience: The Pill. PBS, n.d. Web. 4 Mar < This website described the Comstock laws, which were anti obscenity laws that severely limited a woman's access to materials regarding contraceptives or abortion. This website gave us an

25 idea of the limited nature of abortions in the 19th and early 20th century. Pichler, Susanne. Roe v. Wade: Its History and Impact. Ed. Deborah Golub, MPH. Planned Parenthood. Ed. Planned Parenthood Federation of America Inc. Katharine Dexter McCormick Library, 29 Dec Web. 4 Mar < papers/roe v wade 6578.htm>. We used this to research the history and impact of Roe v. Wade particularly in the viewpoint of reproductive care clinics such as Planned Parenthood, and also called into the Planned Parenthood executive office (see primary sources) for more information about the official standpoint that Planned Parenthood takes on the Supreme Court case of Roe v. Wade, since it has such a large impact on their business.. Pickert, Kate. What Choice? Time Magazine. Time, 14 Jan Web. 27 Feb < We used this article to show the anti choice, anti abortion sentiment that has grown in the past 40 years since the original court case was decided. Not only has the social backlash grown, but the Supreme Court has also rescinded some of the rights that they permitted in the original case in further court cases, as the Justices change. Reisman, Judith, Dr. "HOW JUNK SCIENCE ABOLISHED LEGAL PROTECTIONS FOR WOMEN, CHILDREN & THE FAMILY The Kinsey Reports: Crimes & Consequences 1948 Today." The Council for National Policy. Boston, Massacheusetts. 13 Oct Dr. Judith Reisman. Ed. Judith Reisman, Dr. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 May 2014.

26 < We used an image provided in the transcribed speech on the Timeline: Abortion in America before 1973 to show a visual depiction of the Model Penal code. The Model Penal code was one of the first modern codes to consider permitting abortion in the case that the pregnancy endangered the mother s life. Rovner, Julie. Roe v. Wade Turns 40, But Abortion Debate Is Even Older. NPR. Ed. NPR. NPR, 22 Jan Web. 4 Mar < v wade turns 40 but abortiondebate is even older>. We used this for information on the extent and history of the abortion debate, and as a source for photos. Roe v. Wade and the Right to Abortion. National Women s Law Center. National Women s Law Center, 18 Jan Web. 27 Feb < v wade and right abortion#factsheet>. We used this website for factual information on Roe v. Wade and the statistics for abortions that have taken place in the United States since Roe was decided. Roe v. Wade Case Brief Summary. Lawnix. Lawnix, n.d. Web. 4 Mar < wade.html>. We used this website for general information on Roe v. Wade. Much of it was used to structure

27 the site into before during, and after the case. Roe v. Wade. Cornell Law. Cornell University, n.d. Web. 4 Mar < We used this source for general information on Roe v. Wade and for specific insight into the case (using the papers from the case and the transcribed arguments). "Roe v. Wade: Its History and Impact." Planned Parenthood. Planned Parenthood Federation of America, n.d. Web. 4 Mar < papers/roe v wade 6578.htm>. This website helped us develop our understanding of the history behind Roe v. Wade. It includes some cases that lead to the development of the Roe v. Wade decision, as well as the legality of abortion prior to the decision. The website also gives statistics that describe abortion conditions prior to legalization and afterward, which helped give us an idea of the effect of the legalization of abortion. RSF Review. The Rise of Women: Seven Charts Showing Women s Rapid Gains in Educational Achievement. Russel Sage Foundation. Ed. RSF. Russel Sage Foundation, 21 Feb Web. 4 Mar < women seven charts showing womens rapid gains educ ational achievement>. We used this to show the gains in achievement that women have made since Roe v. Wade was decided in the aftermath portion.

28 Scheidell, Dora. "Pioneers of women's rights movement reflect on Roe v. Wade anniversary." CNY Central 22 Jan. 2013: n. pag. CNY Central. Web. 4 Mar < The reporter of this article interviewed women who had experienced the effect of abortion legalization speaking about the importance of a woman having the right to abortion. We used a clip of this video in our website to illustrate the pro abortion viewpoint prior to the Roe v. Wade decision. We felt as though these video clips gave a more emotional argument to the pro abortion vi Silent No More Campaign. SPUC. SPUC, n.d. Web. 4 Mar < We used this website for photos on the Silent No More campaign, which displays the psychological toll that abortion takes on women. "Slide Show: Roe v. Wade and the Struggle for Legalized Abortion." New Yorker [New York]: n. pag. New Yorker. Web. 4 Mar < show roe v wade and thestruggle for legalized abortion.html>. This article provided ten photographs, along with captions and sources, that illustrated the pro abortion versus anti abortion debate, from as far as 70 years ago to the present. We used these photographs throughout our website, such as in our homepage. Supreme Court Cases. Oyez. Chicago Kent College of Law, n.d. Web. 4 Mar

29 < 1979/1971/1971_70_18>. We used this website for information on the Supreme Court cases for quotes and images for our pages for During and After the case. It provided not only secondary sources, but primary sources, including audios (see primary sources). Thomson Reuters. STENBERG, ATTORNEY GENERAL OF NEBRASKA, et al. v. CARHART. FindLaw. Ed. FindLaw. Thomson Reuters, n.d. Web. 4 Mar < We used this for information on a later Supreme Court case that was affected by Roe, Stenberg v. Carhart. TIME. 40 Years After Roe: Inside North Dakota s Only Abortion Clinic. Time U.S. Ed. TIME. TIME, n.d. Web. 4 Mar < years after roe inside north dakotas only abortion clin ic/photo/ _time_clinic_day b crop/>. We used this for information on the limitations that exist on Roe v. Wade 40 years after the case took place. Ushistory.org. Roe v. Wade and Its Impact. U.S. History Online Textbook. Ed. Ushistory.org. Independence Hall Association, n.d. Web. 4 Mar < We used this for general information on the impact of Roe v. Wade in the United States in the aftermath of the decision. Its information can be seen in the After Effects page and to structure

30 some of the other after Roe pages. Whose Choice: How the Hyde Amendment Harms Poor Women. Center for Reproductive Rights. Ed. Center for Reproductive Rights. reproductiverights.org, 13 Sept Web. 4 Mar < choice how the hyde amendment harmspoor women>. This site provided us with a video on how the Hyde Amendment, which took place after Roe v. Wade, hurt low income women. Unable to get abortions, low income women seeking abortions were hurt financially. Youth Rally & Mass for Life Company Event Recap. Youth Rally & Mass for Life. Ed. Youth Rally & Mass for Life Company. Archdiocese of Washington, n.d. Web. 4 Mar We used this for information on the pro life movement and the arguments that they make regarding restrictions on abortion from a religious standpoint. We also talked to several students about these restrictions.