THE MODEL OF HANDLING SOCIAL CONFLICT IN SOCIAL MEDIA FOR NATION INTEGRATION. by Adriana Grahani Firdausy Agus Riwanto Achmad.

Transcription

1 THE MODEL OF HANDLING SOCIAL CONFLICT IN SOCIAL MEDIA FOR NATION INTEGRATION by Adriana Grahani Firdausy Agus Riwanto Achmad Research and Development Center for Constitutional and Human Rights, Research Institutions and Community Service Universitas Sebelas Maret Abstract The ethnic, religious, racial, and cultural diversity of Indonesia, on the one hand, creates community prosperity. But on the other hand, it can lead to clashes among groups of people resulting in social disintegration. Social conflict in the form of clash between groups is increasingly widespread due to the use of social media for irresponsible virtual interaction, often spreading hate issues. This research uses socio-legal (socio-legal research) or nondoctrinal (nondoctrinal research) method. As a socio-legal research, it is interdisciplinary, ie legal science (legal doctrine) placed as an empirical discipline. The findings of the research show that the factors that trigger social conflict in social media are: (1) Differences of principle and belief; (2) cultural differences, and (3) differences in interests. The role of the government is not maximal yet in handling social conflicts unless it only provides Law no. 7 of 2011 on the Handling of Social Conflict, but this Act does not include the handling of social conflict in social media. Similarly, local governments do not have local regulations that regulate in the handling of social conflict in social media.the proposed ideal model for the handling of social conflict in social media for the integration of the nation is (1) the internalization of the ethics and moral use of social media; (2) the actualization of information laws and electronic transactions; (3) the involvement of community organizations for conflict resolution; and (4) the making social media a tool of national integration. Keywords: social conflict, handling, social media and nation integration I. INTRODUCTION A. BACKGROUND The country of Indonesia with a population of more than 250 million is the fourth country with the largest population in the world. It consists of various tribes, religions, races, and cultures. This reality on the one hand is a nation's wealth that contributes positively to the effort to create community 113

2 welfare. But on the other hand, the condition can bring bad impact to the national life if there is imbalance of development, injustice and socioeconomic disparity, and uncontrollable dynamics of political life. These negative impacts include the occurrence of hostilities or clash between groups of society that can lead to social conflict that if not addressed immediately will result in social disintegration. In general, the term social conflict contains a series of phenomena of conflict and interpersonal dissension through from class conflict to international conflicts and warfare. Coser defines social conflict as a struggle against value and recognition of rare status, then power and sources of conflict are neutralized or held or eliminated by rivals. 1 Social conflict is a situation where there is a clash of forces, a social process, a dispute, and a dispute from an individual or group that has a purpose to achieve something / goods desired by an individual or group in which in the midst of the happening, it occurs threats and / or violence, to weaken the opposing party, and without regard to the prevailing norms. One of the triggers of social conflict is often caused by the use of social media as a result of the development of communication and information technology. Social media is a social networking site such as a web-based service that allows individuals to build public or semi-public profiles within a constrained system, list other users with whom they connect, and view and browse the list of connections they made by others with a system. 2 Various conflicts that occur in the country and in various parts of the world today is inseparable from the role of social media. Revolution in Arab countries or known as Arab Spring is also inseparable from the role of social media. 3 1 Irving M. Zeitlin, 1998, Memahami Kembali Sosiologi.Yogyakarta. Gajah Mada University Press, hal, Boyd,& Ellison, 1991, Social Network Sites: Definition,History, And Scolarship dalam Gerungan.. Psikologi Sosial. Bandung : PT Eresco, 2007, hal, 2 3 Labieb Musadad, Arab Spring, di Jurnal Ilmiah Non Seminar, lib.ui.ac.id/file?file=digital/ mk-labieb%20musaddad, (diakses pada tanggal, 19 Agustus 2017). 114

3 Tribal, religious, racial and inter-ethnic conflicts (SARA) also occurred in the town of Solok, West Sumatra, which happened to a doctor named Fiera. The case began when she uploaded her status on facebook expressing different political views with Front Pembela Islam ( the Islamic Defenders Front/FPI ) in the case of religious insults committed by the candidate of Jakarta Governor Basuki Cahaya Purnama (Ahok). Doctor Fiera is condemned as a prostitute, a cleric and a communist. By executing coersion she was enforced to apologize in social media. She was then intimidated and hurt by a group of FPI activists. Finally Fiera had to move from Kota Solok to Jakarta. 4 Indonesia with a relatively large number of people with multi-ethnic, religious and cultural background has great potential in the utilization of information technology as an effective communication tool to support progress. Data from the Ministry of Communications and Information said that of 93 million internet users and 281 million mobile phone users, 65 million are Indonesian. Of that number, more than 40% of internet users in Indonesia are between years old, and the rest of them are less than 40 years old. Meanwhile 90% of internet users in Indonesia currently use social media in digital communication. 5 Data from the Association of Internet User Services Indonesia (APJII) in 2016 shows the number of internet users in Indonesia has reached the number million. Whereas in 2014 APJII recorded only 88 million Internet users. This means there is an increase of 51.8 percent compared to the number of Internet users until Still according to APJII, facebook social media that attracted many people of Indonesia (71.6 million users), followed instagram (19.9 million), and Youtube ( 14.5 million). Indonesia is the fourth largest country with facebook users after the United States, India, and Brazil. Based on data from wearesosial.org.sg it is known that 33% are years old, 44% are years old, 15% are years old and the remaining 5% 4 (Diakses pada tanggal, 20 Agustus 2017). 5 diakses pada tanggal 9 April 2017, jam 15:44 WIB. 115

4 49 years), and 3% for users 50+ years old. The data above shows that the Indonesian people have been legitimately referred to as cyber community which part of the time spent is to interact or move through social media. Data from wearesosial.org.sg calculates the average length of social media usage by the people of Indonesia approximately 2 hours 45 minutes. This shows the strength, opportunities, challenges, as well as vulnerable social conflicts. Actually the government has issued legal products in the form of Law no. 7 Year 2011 Handling of Social Conflict. This law is expected to prevent and also resolve conflicts between social groups that can lead to social conflicts that result in disruption of national stability and hampered national development, but the law has not touched social conflicts that occur in social media. 6 The potential for social conflict resulting from the use of media is high in Indonesia considering the plurality of people and cultures with limited knowledge of its human resources in the use of social media. That is why efforts are needed to deal with social conflict in the form of repressive and preventive steps in order that social conflict between citizens because of different political views in the use of social media does not occur and widespread. For if small-scale discourse wars in social media have changed into conflict in the real world, in the form of physical assault and intimidation among citizens, it will certainly potentially undermine the integration of the nation. B. RESEARCH QUESTIONS Based on the above, this paper is about to explore: 1. How did the Central Government and Local Government handle the social conflicts that have occurred in social media so far? 2. What is the model of social conflict handling due to the ideal use of social media to support the realization of national integration? 6 diakses pada tanggal 9 April 2017, jam 15:41 WIB 116

5 C. RESEARCH METHOD 1. Types of Research and Paradigm The design of this paper is a socio-legal research (nondoctrinal research). As a socio-legal research, it is interdisciplinary, in this case connecting (combination) legal doctrine and legal anthropology, both in theory and method. By using the phrase Mark Van Hoecke, the science of law (legal doctrine) is placed as an empirical discipline Types of Data and Legal Material Data that will researchers use in this research comes from primary data and secondary data. Primary data, ie data obtained directly from the first data source at the study site or research object. Primary data is obtained from the answers given directly by the respondents in this case the policy makers, and the community related to the object of research. While the secondary data, ie data obtained from the second source of data that researchers need. This secondary data is derived from data or information on the review of similar research documents previously conducted, public documents and official records, literary materials such as books, literature, newspapers, magazines, journals and archives which correspond to the research discussed. The legal substances in question include primary and secondary legal materials. Primary legal materials include legislation and court decisions (insofar as there are cases up to a court decision) relating to the handling of social conflicts in social media. Secondary law materials include legal journals and other legal literature. In addition, non-legal materials are also used. 3. Data Collection Method and Legal Material This paper uses data collection methods, such as interviews, Focus Group Discussion and literature study. Processing and Analysis of Data and Legal Material is done qualitatively through internal appreciation to obtain a complete understanding of the picture (verstehen). For legal materials are analyzed by using deductive and hermeneutic methods 7 Mark Van Hoecke, 2011, Methodologies of Legal Research, Which Kind of Method,What Kind of Discipline?. Oxford and Portland. Oregon: Hart Publishing, hal,

6 (interpretation). Qualitative data analysis consists of three activities that occur simultaneously, namely: data reduction, data presentation, and withdrawal of conclusions / verification. The conclusions are verified to be sufficiently steady and completely accountable. 8 II. RESULT AND DISCUSSION A. THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN HANDLING SOCIAL CONFLICT IN SOCIAL MEDIA In terms of social relations within a community, conflict is inevitable. It results from the conflict of ideas or the seizure of limited social resources (economic, political, social and cultural). 9 That is why social conflict is defined by Coter as a struggle for value and recognition of rare status, then power and sources of conflict are neutralized or carried out or eliminated by rivals. 10 The term "conflict" is etymologically derived from the Latin "con" meaning together and "fligere" meaning collision or crush.11 In general, the term social conflict contains a series of phenomena of conflict and interpersonal dissension through or from class conflict to international conflicts and warfare. Sociologists argue that the root cause of the conflict is the existence of social, economic, and political relations whose roots are a struggle over the sources of ownership, social status and power whose numbers are very limited with unequal distribution in society.12 Inequality in the distribution of social assets in society is considered as a form of inequality. This inequality of division leads to certain parties 8 H.B. Sutopo, 2006, Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif Dasar Teori dan Terapannya Dalam Penelitian. Surakarta: UNS Press, hal, Robert Lawang, 1994,Buku Materi Pokok Pengantar Sosiologi. Jakarta: Universitas Terbuka, hal, Irving M. Zeitlin, 1998, Memahami Kembali Sosiologi, Yogyakarta. Gajah Mada University Press., hal, Elly M. Setiadi dan Usman Kolip, 2011, Pengantar Sosiologi Pemahaman Fakta dan Gejala Permasalahan Sosial: Teori, Aplikasi, dan Pemecahannya.Jakarta: Kencana Prenada Media Group., hal, Ibid., 118

7 struggling to get it or add it. While those who have obtained the distribution of social assets are trying to maintain and can also add to it. The party that tends to maintain and add to it is called the status quo and the party that seeks to get it is called the status of need. Basically, the causes of conflict, including conflicts in the use of social media, can be triggered by two things: Horizontal Plurality It means a culturally diverse society structure, such as ethnic, religious, racial and social pluralistic in terms of different occupations and professions such as farmers, laborers, traders, businessmen, civil servants, military, journalists, clergy, drivers and intellectuals. A horizontal-cultural pluralism creates a conflict that each of these cultural elements has its own characteristics and each of the cultural inhabitants wants to maintain cultural characteristics. In a society with this situation if there is not a consensus on the value of being jointly held, the conflict can lead to a civil war. 2. Vertical Pluralism It means a polarized society structure based on wealth, education, and power. Vertical pluralism can lead to social conflict because there is a small group of people who possess wealth, well-established education, great power and authority, while most have little or no wealth, low education, and no power and authority. This division of society is a fertile seed for the emergence of social conflict. Other factors that can trigger social conflicts in social media can also be caused by three things: (1) Differences in principles and beliefs among members of society often occur to win individual beliefs by symbolic extermination or eliminating unacceptable ideas and opponents; 14 (2) cultural differences, this will not only lead to conflict between individual 13. Ibid., hal, J. Dwi Narwoko dan Bagong Suyanto, 2005, Sosiologi Teks Pengantar dan Terapan.Jakarta: Kencana Prenada Media Group, hal,

8 users of social media, but can also be among groups. 15 Different cultural patterns will lead to different patterns of personality and behavior patterns among a broad group of audiences; And (3) Different interests to pursue different goals of different interests, groups will compete and conflict for opportunities and means. 16 The potential for social conflicts is growing stronger in a pluralistic society such as Indonesia along with the growth and development of social media. Social media refers to a group of internet-based applications that enable the creation and exchange of information. In essence with social media we can perform various two-way activities in various forms of exchange, collaboration, and get acquainted in the form of writing, visual, and audio visual. Social media speed up conversation as opposed to traditional media, which provides content but does not allow media consumers, such as readers, viewers or listeners to participate in content development and dissemination. Website as the main element used in the internet becomes an option as a popular communication medium at the moment and become one of the points of the usefulness and easeness of an information technology. There are various types of sites, such as search engine sites, e-commerce, e-learning, the Internet has also brought its own development into social networking website in which it is now in demand all over the world. 17 Nowadays even the convergence medium has evolved, i.e. incorporation or integration of existing media to be used and directed into one destination point. Media convergence usually refers to the development of digital communications technology made possible by the existence of network convergence. 15 Ibid., 16 Astrid Susanto, 2006, Pengantar Sosiologi Dan Perubahan Sosial, Bandung:Bina Cipta, hal, Noone BM, McGuire KA, Rohlfs KV, 2011, Social Media Meets Hotel Revenue Management: Opportunities, Issues And Unanswered Questions. J Revenue Pricing Manage Journal, hal,

9 According to Hendry Jenkins, convergence is, the flow of content on multiple media platforms, the cooperation between the media industry and media migration behavior of media audiences. This convergence of media brings together 3C of computing, communications, and content (content/content). 18 The convergence phenomenon makes media mix happen in a media device and we can do various things related to various consumption of media, for example by having a media device (mobile phone/laptop/tablet PC, and others). Today, we can be radio listeners, online newspaper readers, television program audiences, socialize through social media, become authors in personal blogs, provide direct criticism of an organization's wibsite, and so on. 19 The development of this convergence media has encouraged social media to be accepted by the public as an alternative media for the resistance to the mainstream media and is very encouraging because the public is treated to alternative discourse that enlighten and educate not only alternative entertainment media, but also the sharp and objective opinions and news. But lately it seems that social media has lost its vital identity and elit because it seems to have metamorphosed into a medium of mutual attack, recriminations, slander, and hoaxes. The destructive power of social media in destroying the bond of ethnic, racial, religious and intergroup difference, in this country is enormous, especially in the midst of the political situation approaching to the period of local general elections and legislative election in 2018 and the 2019 presidential election in which social media will be an icon to blasphemous and slander each other. So far, the role of the government has not actually been seen in the handling of social conflicts resulting from the use of social media except 18 Hendry Jenkis, 2006, Convergence Culture: Where Old Media and New Media Collide. NYU Press, New York., hal, Gun Gun Heryanto dan Irwa Zarkasy, 2012, Public Relations Politik, Ghalia Indonesia, Bogor, hal, 2012:89 121

10 the issue of Law no. 7 Year 2011 on Handling Social Conflict. This law provides the concept of handling social conflict in general, which includes the scope of conflict prevention, cessation of conflict and postconflict recovery. But it does not reach the conflict management model due to the use of social media. So when social conflicts result from the use of social media the role of the central government is passive. Similarly, the role of local government in both provincial and district / municipal governments has not provided a set of local regulations that are capable of conducting social conflicts due to the use of social media. As a result, neither the central government nor the local government has not yet appeared strong alignment to take preventive action in the handling potential social conflicts resulting from the use of these social media. B. THE IDEAL MODEL OF HANDLING SOCIAL CONFLICT IN SOCIAL MEDIA 1. Ethical and Moral Internalization of Social Media Use That is why it takes a variety of ways to strengthen public awareness of media users to internalize ethical and moral values in using social media, in the form of wisdom and caution in order not to incite the emergence of hostilities and lawlessness. Ethical understanding is related to morals. The moral word comes from the Latin Mos means decency, character, culture. 20 Moral which is interpreted as moral teachings also means teaching about good and bad deeds and behavior. Morals always refer to humans as human beings. So moral obligation is distinguished from other obligations, because that is the obligation of human beings as human and moral norm is the norm to measure the correctness of human actions as human beings Nurudin, 2003, Etika Komunikasi Massa, Cespur, Yogjakarta, hal, Frans Magnis Suseno, 1988, Etika Dasar Masalah-Masalah Pokok Filsafat Moral, Kanisius, Yogjakarta, hal,

11 Thus the internalization of ethics and morals in the use of social media can be initiated from the attitude of moral responsibility as human beings for mutual respect for differences, ethnic groups, races and groups, because by nature human beings are born in different forms. The differences must be able to unify, not to divide and they become a social capital for the integration of the nation. Furthermore Esin Orucu says:...harmonisation as a concept is a process of bringing about harmony, analogous to that in music. As a method, harmonization is a goal for law reform. However, harmony presupposes and preserves diversity. In the analogy to music, components retain their individuality but form a new and more complex sound. Consonance as the opposite of discord is a pleasurable combination. Harmony is a relative concept which can also include dissonance. We can achieve harmony not only by eliminating diversity but also within diversity. 22 The problem of the emergence of blasphemy in social media needs to be understood philosophically, that the main trigger needs to be searched properly in order to give birth the right solution. One of the cornerstones of the problem lies in the growing crisis of the relations of one community with another because of the differences, then the way to overcome the crisis of relationships is to fulfill basic human needs; that is the need to be recognized and accepted as it is the need for a positive self-actualization. 2. Actualization of Information and Electronic Transaction Law The task of the government is to facilitate dialogue and positive relations between groups within the community, by first requiring the government to be in a neutral position in its policy and legal policy so that the government has a strong authority in the eyes of its people. Moreover, the government needs to strengthen its legitimacy aspect in managing the widespread use of social media by arranging Road Map 22 Esin Örücü, Critical Comparative Law Considering Paradoxes For Legal Systems In Transition dalam Electronic Journal of Comparative Law (EJCL), Vol. 4.1, tanpa tahun, diakses pada tanggal, 20 Agustus

12 (blueprint) arrangement and traffic management of positive media information by revising Law No.11 Year 2008 on Information and Electrical Transactions (UU ITE) which has been converted into Law no. 19 of Some argue that the newly revised ITE Act is a threat to democracy because it contains restrictions on freedom of expression in the realm of social media. The new ITE Law still regulates the various provisions that represent the government's dominance in monitoring media content and the existence of defamation rules. If it is understood philosophically, democracy in principle contains liberalism in freedom of expression for every individual in all social sphere either through online or off line media, the truth of this principle can not be denied. But such a principle of democracy can not necessarily apply universally throughout the world. Democracy also contains the meaning of a locality based on the values of life and stayed in the soul of a nation (volksgeits). The founders of the Indonesian nation have placed the aspect of the values of the First and Second Principles of Pancasila, namely the One Godhead and the Just and Civilized Humanity which is rooted in the teachings of alived religions and believed by the people of Indonesia. Thus religious and humanitarian attitudes are key to the unique value of democracy in Indonesia. This is the soul of Indonesian democracy (volksgeits). So democracy in Indonesia is not a liberal and individual democracy as practiced in Western countries. Freedom of expression is certainly limited by the freedom of others. That is why freedom of expression is restricted by the rights of society. The Constitution of 1945 Article 28 J Paragraph (1) and (2) has affirmed that (1) Everyone shall respect the human rights of others in the order of life in the community, nation and state. (2) In exercising their rights and freedoms, everyone shall be subject to the restrictions laid down by law with the sole intent of ensuring the recognition and respect of the rights and freedoms of others and to fulfill fair demands in 124

13 accordance with moral judgment, Religious values, security, and public order in a democratic society. Reading the text of Article 28 J Paragraph (1) and (2) of the 1945 Constitution post-amendment shows that it is acceptable whne the state needs to regulate freedom of expression through electronic media with certain limitations as long as it is intended to maintain social order for the upholding of moral values and humanity. Related to the revision of the ITE Law, which triggered many turmoil because of the strong government in monitoring media content, as in the provisions of Article 40 paragraph (2a), the government has a duty to prevent the dissemination and use of electronic information and electronic documents having negative charges prohibited by law. The provisions of Article 40 paragraph (2b) of the ITE Law mention that in the prevention as referred to paragraph (2a), the government has the authority to terminate the access and/or order to the electronic system providers to terminate access to electronic information and/or electronic documents which has unlawful content. This provision does not violate human rights and democracy, because the reality is that the level of access to electronic information in Indonesia is still limited to use social media as a medium to dominate each other's truths and to strengthen the identity of "selfhood". The truth of media information becomes very relative. Similarly, the media is more likely to be used as a tool of agitators and to spread hatred due to differences of ethnic, race and religion. As a result the media often become the newway for the emergence of irresponsible negative content, ranging from ponography, prostitution, gambling, even the arena of psychic violence and the most powerful deception tool. According to a report by the National Police's criminal investigation body until September 2016 that at least cyber crimes were dominated by insults (638 cases) and online information fraud (598 cases). One of the reasons is due to the low level of public intelligence in accessing and utilizing media information. 125

14 In order that the provision of Article 40 of the new ITE Law is not utilized by the government as a tool to over-control the public which may result in authoritarian government, it is the need for government accountability in closing the negative media content. For example, it is necessary for the government to announce why certain content is closed for various scientific, logical reasons and it should derive from the value of public objectivity, not the government's subjectivity. Then related to the defamation problem as contained in the provisions of Article 27 paragraph (3) of the new ITE Law which has been adjusted with the provisions of Article 45 paragraph (3) and (5) of the Criminal Code, this chapter will not be a "rubber" article (haatzai articleen) as long as it is used carefully and understood in its entirety. Because this provision has been changed from the general offense to the offense complaint. This means that as long as there is no complaints from the injured party, the police can not necessarily justify a person to be a slanderer and a polluter. The new ITE Act has also changed the threat of criminal sanction against defamation or defamation actors, from 6 years and / or a fine of Rp 1 billion, to 4 years and / or a fine of Rp750 million. With changes in the threat of confinement and fines, the perpetrators are not immediately detained by the police. In order to avoid the provision of Article 27 paragraph (3) on defamation, it is not easy for the new ITE Act to adopt electronic law enforcement model in Europe, namely the provision of the rights to be forgotten. The provisions concerning the regulation of the abolition of electronic information regulated in Article 26 paragraph (3) confirm that, every organizer of an electronic system is obliged to remove irrelevant electronic information and / or electronic documents under its control at the request of the person concerned pursuant to a court ruling. Even in the provisions of Article 26 paragraph (4), the system of electronic system providers is obliged to provide electronic and / or electronic information removal mechanism that is not relevant in accordance with the provisions of laws and regulations. Through this revision ITE Law is expected to 126

15 give initiation to the internalization of ethics and law as well in the matter of social media. 3. Community Organization Involvement For Conflict Resolution Another model offered to deal with social conflict in social media is the involvement of community organizations that have concentrations in social media issues. Along with the widespread use of social media as a multifunctional tool among others for the cognitive needs and affective needs, there has been born various kinds of Community Organizations Movement Anti HOAX and the launching of TurnBackHoax.id site and Mastel Society (Masyarakat Telekomunikasi dan Informasi Indonesia) which launched mobile application TURNBACKHOAX program. 23 The emergence of anti-hoax organizations and the launching of various mobile applications that reject the news of hoaxes, provocation, hatred and discrimination is important to be developed as a form of civil society initiative to fight against the use of social media that lacks moral and ethical responsibility. The involvement of civil society is a form of an independent society that does not always depend on the government for early handling of potential social conflicts in social media, which generally begins with the emergence of provocative, potentially libelous hoax news which triggers certain political sentiments. This model is an effort to prevent social conflict in social media by involving resolution on individual conflict both vertical and horizontal. 24 The involvement of community organizations concerned with social conflict due to the use of social media is part of their involvement in any government policies and decisions that will be used in dealing with social conflicts in the mass media. Therefore, in addition to CSOs that 23 dikases pada tanggal 20 Agustus Soni Akhmad Nulhaqim, dkk Model Penanganan Konflik Antar Warga Di Jawa Barat. diakses pada tanggal 22 Februari 2016, jam 00:43 WIB. 127

16 concentrate on social media issues, it is important to involve other stakeholders in the community to participate in preventing the widespread potential for social conflict in social media, such as religious organizations, youth organizations, school organizations and universities as well as professional organizations. 25 These various mass organizations must be viewed as important community and government partners because the problem of social conflict in social media is actually a very wide scale conflict and involves various segments of society as well. The model of involvement of community organizations in dealing with social conflict in social media is a reflection of the resolution of social conflict, in which not all social problems must be solved through positive legal institutions. The resolution of social conflicts that are essentially rooted in the source of social problems can be easily solved by local wisdom patterns. Traditional patterns have essentially laid out social institutions that can be used effectively to identify the root causes of social conflicts, formulate and implement their problem solving solutions. Thus, post-conflict settlement will become easier. This mechanism is the principle of conflict resolution in the concept of restoration justice that focuses on the principle of reconciliation. 26 The model of CSO involvement in the handling of social conflicts in the media in social media is in line with the idea of Hugh Miall in which the strategy of resolving conflicts can be done through an accommodation strategy, i.e conflict resolution that illustrates the mirror image competition that gives the whole solution to the other without any effort to fight for its own ends and collaborative strategy, that is conflict resolution which satisfies both parties and compromise or negotiation strategy, where each gives and offers something at the same time or 25 Magness, V, 2008, Who are Stakeholders Now; An Empirical Examination of The Mitchell, Agel, and Wood Theory of Stakeholder Salience, in Journal of Business Ethics No. 83, hal, Sukardi, Penanganan Konflik Sosial Dengan Pendekatan Keadilan Restoratif dalam Jurnal Hukum dan Pembangunan, Tahun ke-46 No.1 Januari-Maret 2016, hal,

17 mutual givingr and receiving, and minimizing the lackness of all parties who can benefit all parties. 27 The model of community involvement itself for the handling of social conflict in social media is actually an attempt to resolve the conflict based on the source of the conflict. In this model, conflict resolution is required to first find out the sources of conflict: whether the data conflict, relationships, values, structural, interests and so on. Once the source is known, just a few step to resolve the conflict. Each source of the problem certainly has its own way out so that according to this model, there is no single way of solving a conflict. 28 Even as Marc Galanter says, actually justice is not always obtained through the judicial process, but can be obtained through much space in society. 29 a. Making Social Media As a Tool of National Integration In the future, efforts should be made to enable social media to be used as a tool for the social change of society towards progress and integration of the nation. Integration itself means the process of coordinating various tasks, functions, and parts, in such a way as to cooperate and not contradict each other in the achievement of goals and objectives. National integration is a process of adjustment among the different elements in life in society nationally so as to produce a harmonious pattern of life for the community. The pluralistic nature of the Indonesian nation is a bless, yet it should also be seen that a country with a diverse ethnic and culture at the same time contains the potential for conflict. Therefore, in order to lead to a solid Indonesian national integration, there are various obstacles. In order to unite the ethnic Indonesian population, Koentjaraningrat sees that there are four main problems encountered: (a) uniting the colors of ethnic groups, (b) Hugh, Miall, 2002, Resolusi Damai Konflik Kontemporer. Jakarta. PT Raja Grafindo, hal, 28 Soerjono Soekanto, 1998, Sosiologi Suatu Pengantar, Jakarta : Rajawali Press, hal, Mac. Galanter, Justice in Many Rooms: Courts, Private Ordering, and Indigenous Law, in The Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law, Volume 13, 1981-Issue 19, hal,

18 inter-religious relations, (c) minority-majority relations and (d) cultural integration In Irian Jaya with Indonesian culture. Among the approximately 210 million people in Indonesia today, it is difficult to know exactly the distribution of the sum of each ethnic-nation. 30 Every individual, group, or society always has some differences. The diversity of religions, groups, races and ethnicities become part of the community's component. The difference is inevitable. The best attitude taken is mutual respect. It is not easy, but it is possible to manifest. Society must make the difference into social harmony. Social harmony can be interpreted as a blend of harmony or fusion of all kinds of differences in society. Harmony in the life of society will create a beautiful and orderly social order of life. To create harmony requires agreement from all components of society. 31 Social media as one of the tools for social engineering may function to the establishment of of national integration interest, namely: 32 1) Mass media serves as a surveillance consisting of two main forms, namely supervision, warning and instrumental supervision. 2) Mass media serves as an interpretation (interpretation), meaning that in addition to media broadcasting facts and data it also provides interpretation of important events. 3) Mass media functions as a linkage (circle) in which the mass media can be a unifying tool for diverse members of the society, thus forming a fraternal bond based on common interests and interests about something. 4) Mass media serves as a transmission of values (function of the function of this function is commensurate with socialization). That is why the mass media should show the public how they should act and what is expected from them. 30 Koentjaraningrat, 1990, Pengantar Ilmu Antropologi. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta, hal Taupan, M, 2014, Sosiologi 2: Kelompok Peminatan Ilmu-Ilmu Sosial. Bandung:Yrama Widya, hal Wahyu Wibowo (Editor), 2013, Kedaulatan Frekuensi Regulasi Penyiaran, Peran dan Konvergensi Media, Penerbit Kompas, Jakarta, hal,

19 5) Mass media serves as entertainment in which they should apply norms and ethics. Social media as a means of social engineering is also interpreted that social media function as the need for personal integration, that is the need to increase credibility, confidence, stability, and individual status. It also for the need for social integration, for example the need to strengthen contact with family, friends, and the outside world and the need for tension release and the search for other life variations. 33 III. CONCLUSION Based on the above description it can be concluded: 1. Indonesia is a pluralist country consisting of multi ethnic, religious and cultural. This reality often leads to social conflicts caused by the use of social media web-based services as a result of the development of communication and information technology. The factors that trigger social conflict in social media are: (1) Differences of principles and belief; (2) cultural differences, and (3) differences in interests to pursue interests. The adverse effects of the conflict have the potential to lead to the disintegration of the nation. The role of the government is not yet maximal in handling social conflicts unless it only provides Law no. 7 of 2011 on the Handling of Social Conflict, but this Act does not include the handling of social conflict in social media. Similarly, local governments do not have local regulations that regulate the handling of social conflict in social media. 2. The ideal model in the handling of social conflict in social media for the integration of the nation are (1) the internalization of the ethics and morals of social media usage; (2) actualization of information laws and electronic transactions; (3) involvement of community organizations for conflict resolution; And (4) making social media a tool of national integration. 33 Mulharnetti, 2013, Perlukah masyarakat Dicerdaskan, Penerbit Kompas, Jakarta, hal, xxxiii. 131

20 Reference Dwi Narwoko, 2005, J dan Bagong Suyanto, Sosiologi Teks Pengantar dan Terapan.Jakarta: Kencana Prenada Media Group. Ellison & Boyd, 2007, Social Network Sites: Definition,History, And Scolarship dalam Gerungan Psikologi Sosial. Bandung : PT Eresco. Galanter, Mac, Justice in Many Rooms: Courts, Private Ordering, and Indigenous Law, in The Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law, Volume 13, 1981-Issue 19 Akhmad, Soni Nulhaqim, dkk. 2015, Model Penanganan Konflik Antar Warga Di Jawa Barat. Model-penanganan-konflik-antar-warga.pdf, diakses pada tanggal 22 Februari 2016, jam 00:43 WIB. (Diakses pada tanggal, 20 Agustus 2017). diakses pada tanggal 9 April 2017, jam 15:44 WIB. pada tanggal 9 April 2017, jam 15:41 WIB tentang-gerakan-bersama-anti-hoax-dan-peluncuranturnbackhoaxid/0/siaran_pers, dikases pada tanggal 20 Agustus diakses Heryanto, Gun Gun dan Irwa Zarkasy, 2012, Public Relations Politik, Ghalia Indonesia, Bogor. Hugh, Miall, 2002, Resolusi Damai Konflik Kontemporer. Jakarta. PT Raja Grafindo. Jenkis, Hendry, 2006, Convergence Culture: Where Old Media and New Media Collide. NYU Press, New York. Koentjaraningrat, 1990, Pengantar Ilmu Antropologi. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta. Lawang, Robert, 1994, Buku Materi Pokok Pengantar Sosiologi. Jakarta: Universitas Terbuka. M. Zeitlin, Irving, 1998, Memahami Kembali Sosiologi.Yogyakarta. Gajah Mada University Press. Musadad, Labieb, Arab Spring, di Jurnal Ilmiah Non Seminar, lib.ui.ac.id/file?file=digital/ mk-labieb%20musaddad, (diakses pada tanggal, 19 Agustus 2017). 132

21 Magnis Suseno, Frans,1988, Etika Dasar Masalah-Masalah Pokok Filsafat Moral, Kanisius, Yogjakarta. Magness, V, 2008, Who are Stakeholders Now; An Empirical Examination of The Mitchell, Agel, and Wood Theory of Stakeholder Salience, in Journal of Business Ethics No. 83. Mulharnetti, 2013, Perlukah masyarakat Dicerdaskan, Penerbit Kompas, Jakarta. Noone BM, 2011, McGuire KA, Rohlfs KV, Social Media Meets Hotel Revenue Management: Opportunities, Issues And Unanswered Questions. J Revenue Pricing Manage Journal. Nurudin, 2003, Etika Komunikasi Massa, Cespur, Yogjakarta. Örücü, Esin, Critical Comparative Law Considering Paradoxes For Legal Systems In Transition dalam Electronic Journal of Comparative Law (EJCL), Vol. 4.1, tanpa tahun, diakses pada tanggal, 20 Agustus Sutopo, H.B, 2006, Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif Dasar Teori dan Terapannya Dalam Penelitian. Surakarta: UNS Press. Setiadi, Elly. M dan Usman Kolip, 2011, Pengantar Sosiologi Pemahaman Fakta dan Gejala Permasalahan Sosial: Teori, Aplikasi, dan Pemecahannya.Jakarta: Kencana Prenada Media Group. Sukardi, Penanganan Konflik Sosial Dengan Pendekatan Keadilan Restoratif dalam Jurnal Hukum dan Pembangunan, Tahun ke-46 No.1 Januari- Maret 2016 Susanto, Astrid, 2006, Pengantar Sosiologi Dan Perubahan Sosial, Bandung: Bina Cipta. Soekanto, Soerjono, 1998, Sosiologi Suatu Pengantar, Jakarta : Rajawali Press. Taupan, M., 2014, Sosiologi 2: Kelompok Peminatan Ilmu-Ilmu Sosial. Bandung: Yrama Widya. Van Hoecke, Mark, 2011, Methodologies of Legal Research, Which Kind of Method,What Kind of Discipline?. Oxford and Portland. Oregon: Hart Publishing. Wibowo, Wahyu,(Editor), 2013, Kedaulatan Frekuensi Regulasi Penyiaran, Peran dan Konvergensi Media, Penerbit Kompas, Jakarta. 133