International Journal of Information Technology and Business Management 15 th December Vol.58 No JITBM & ARF. All rights reserved

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1 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT OF DEMOCRACY IN INDONESIA Dr. Agus Subagyo, S.IP., M.Si Dean of the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences Unjani Cimahi Abstract This paper analyzes the development of information technology in which there is a set of social media influencing the development of democracy in Indonesia in the reform era. The development of technology and social media such as "double-edged sword", gave birth to the advantages and disadvantages. The advantage of social media presence is the use of it for the benefit of political activity, public service, and public participation. While the disadvantage is the result of the phenomenon of hoax, hate speech and fake accounts in the political sphere, causing political turmoil. Democratic technological education should be undertaken to anticipate the negative impact of the presence of information technology and social media in the midst of political life, so that democracy can be maintained, maintained and well maintained. Keyword: Information Technology, Social Media, Democracy. PRELIMINARY The development of democracy in Indonesia increasingly shows the dynamics of progress, especially in the reform era, along with the development of information and communication technology. The existence of computer technology, internet and website serve as a means to support the implementation of political processes and activities that encourage active, fast, and transparent community participation 1. Coupled with the existence of social media that grows like mushrooms in the rainy season increasingly adds vibrant political and democratic developments in Indonesia. Social media becomes an instrument, tool, and means for all to convey political aspirations to the rulers / government which then quickly responded by the government through the same social media. This is in contrast to the development of parliamentary democracy from 1949 to 1959, guided democracy from 1959 to 1965, and Pancasila democracy from 1965 to 1998, where information technology, internet development and social media have not existed. At that time, public aspirations were channeled through mass media as mainstream media, where only electronic media (TV, radio) and print media 1 Manuel Castells. Networks of Outrage and Hope: Social Movements in the Internet Age, 2nd Edition, UK: Polity Press. 2015, page (newspapers, magazines) dominated public opinion discourse in the public sphere. Mass media at that time can easily be controlled by the authorities, especially in the New Order era, so public opinion in the public space can be controlled by the authorities. In the current reform era, the discourse of public opinion is difficult to be controlled by the authorities, because everyone has social media in the form of facebook, twitter, instagram, path, and other accounts, so that every society can criticize, blaspheme, support, refuse, and even slandering other parties who are considered as opponents, competitors, or enemies. Through social media every idea, idea, thought, and content of one's heart can be easily channeled in cyberspace so that everyone can know easily, including ideas, ideas and political thoughts. Most societies, governments, businesses, political parties, political elites, corporations, as well as CSOs and nongovernmental organizations have social media accounts used for public purposes, such as socialization, promotion, public service, political education, information dissemination, personal interests, such as documenting personal photos, spreading videos of personal activities, pouring out hearts, and finding new friends and looking for old friends. In political perspectives, social media has served as a platform for political activity and mobilization. The occurrence of "arab spring" in the Middle East marked by the destruction of

2 authoritarian powers in Tunisia, Libya, Egypt and Yemen, was carried out by pro-democracy activists through social media such as facebook and twitter. 2 In Indonesia, SBY was elected president in 2004 thanks to the mass media, both print and electronic media, as mainstream media. Jokowi was elected president also thanks to the media, social media in 2014, which was colored by social media war between Jokowi camp and Prabowo Subianto camp. Similarly, President John F. Kennedy was elected President of the United States by using TV media, as well as President Barack Obama who used social media in the form of BBM (Black Berry Mesenger) as a promotional tool, socialization tool and campaign tool 3. Social media has been transformed into a powerful weapon to support political activities, such as political participation (voicing the aspirations / wishes / needs of the community), public services (accommodating the voice and wishes of the people), public information (announcement, socialization and promotion of government programs), and political campaigns (conveying ideas, ideas, ideas, visions, missions and platforms, in local elections, presidential elections, and legislative elections). Social media is also capable of being mobilized politically, mobilizing the masses, creating communities, and creating public opinion in every political activity, thus giving color to the development of democracy in Indonesia. Indonesia is entering a new breakthrough in the world of information and communication. Indonesia is a developing country which started to utilize information and communication media especially intrernet as communication media, electronic transaction and so forth. Therefore, Law No.11 of 2008 was adopted on March 25, This law serves to answer the legal issues that are often faced, such as the delivery of information, communication and electronic transactions 4. The law was subsequently revised into Law No. 19 of Downloaded on December 2, /Teknologi-Informasi-dan-Demokrasi- Partisipatif-Downloaded on December 1, DISCUSSION 1. Information Technology, Cyber Space and Social Media Information technology in which there is computer technology has given birth to the internet so as to encourage the creation of the virtual world, where every human life activity carried out in cyberspace and cyber citizens called "netizen". Cyberspace increasingly lively with the birth of social media that increasingly menyemarakan cyberspace life because everyone can be a netizen by creating a social media account and free to argue, think, and pour out the heart or even criticize in the natural world of cyberspace. In the perspective of communication, the current media includes print media, electronic media, online media, and social media. Social media includes among others: facebook, twitter, instagram, path, telegram, watsaaps, line, blog, vlog, youtube, website, and many more. Mainstream media, such as print media and electronic media are now widely abandoned by the public, making it a challenge for mainstream media to take part in the digital media or digital media era, by designing print media that is published online, and electronic media that can be accessed through smartphone. The recently released Tetra Pak Index 2017 report lists 132 million internet users in Indonesia. While almost half are social media enthusiasts, or ranged in the figure of 40%. This figure increased considerably compared to last year, in 2016, internet users increase in Indonesia around 51% or about 45 million users, followed by a growth of 34% active users of social media. While users who access social media via mobile are at 39%. Tetra Pak Index also revealed that there were more than 106 million Indonesians using social media every month. Where 85% of them access social media via mobile devices. 5 0/10/demokrasi-di-era-digital/. Downloaded on December 3, /132-juta-pengguna-internet-indonesia-

3 Information technology, the internet, and social media have penetrated in every joint of people's lives. In the economic field, e-commerce, e-business, and e-trade have emerged where all transactions are done online. D sociocultural field, e-learning, e-education, e- labor, e-healthy, which all education, health, employment, and learning activities are conducted online. In the political sphere, e-democracy, e- government, e-procurement, e-service, e- partition, e-voting, and e-politic are adding to the dynamic of politics, government and democracy. In this context, information technology, computer technology, the Internet, and social media are like doubleedged swords, for the development of democracy. Can provide benefits and benefits for the development of democracy and can also cause harm to the course of democracy. Democratic values will be able to grow and create best practices in Indonesian political life in the reform era when information technology and social media are used properly, rightly, and wisely. However, it would be a bad practice and even kill the political character of the regime or individual politics if used indiscriminate, unethical, and irresponsible 2. Information Technology and Democratic Consolidation Information technology, the internet and social media provide blessings for the development of democracy in Indonesia, especially in the reform era. The development of democracy in Indonesia is increasingly open, transparent and accountable along with the internet and social media. There are many benefits to be gained from the development of information technology, the Internet and social media, for the advancement, growth and consolidation of democracy, with the emergence of e- government concepts, e-services, e- procurement, e-budgeting, e- particaption, and e-voting, which will be described as follows: a. e-government. 40-penggila-medsos. Downloaded on December 2, The concept of electronic government (e-government) combines information tenogy with government. To ensure transparency, transparency, accountability, efficiency and effectiveness of government, information and information technology is needed, in which every implementation of government administration tasks, both central government and local government are done electronically, digitally, online or online. All government management, processes and practices are conducted electronically, where the internet and websites play an important role 6. Every government official, public official, and civil servant civil servant must have a social media account. Each work unit / work unit of regional / local government organization in local government and every ministry, institution, and governmental body in central government should create website / blog containing about various information on line / internet that can be accessed at any time by society. All activities, work programs, and public service activities provided by the government and local government should be deployed on line / online so that every citizen / community can access either via a computer connected to the internet and can also be accessed via smartphone. All information about employee recruitment, employee formation, government performance reports, government accountability reports, and office applications, is done online / online, so that later will build personnel information system, financial information system, population information system, information system development planning, spatial information system, political party information system, 6 Anthony G Wilhelm, Demokrasi Di Era Digital : Tantangan Kehidupan Politik Di Ruang Cyber, terjemahan, Yogyakarta : Pustaka Pelajar, 2003, page. 31.

4 and various other information systems. The economic benefits of e- government practice are cutting costs, budgetary efficiency, and practical. The political benefit is that all information can be accessed by anyone, anywhere, and whenever. In addition, a transparency, openness, and public accountability mechanism will be built in which all things can be known, read, viewed and downloaded digitally. It will also be effective both in terms of time and distance, so that people everywhere are able to access all information, community services, and applications online, as long as it is connected to the internet. Implementation of e- government in Indonesia today, both at central government level and in local government can create public service and maximal public participation so that political life more dynamic, which in turn will encourage rapid consolidation of democracy, with the government electronic, digital, online government, online government, and wireless governance. b. e-service. One of the tasks of the government is to organize public services. Public services organized by the government to the people / citizens / citizens are expected to run quickly, accurately, cheaply, easily, effectively, efficiently, transparently and accountably. To fulfill such a service, needed aids in the form of information technology, so emerges the concept of electronic service (eservice). Public services based on information technology, online services, on line services, and digital services are key in order for the community as service users to feel satisfied with the public services provided by the government. Through electronic services enforced by all government service units, both central and central government, it will reduce and even eliminate bad public service practices, such as tortuous, long, expensive, back-end services, and stained with bribes. All past poor public service practices, such as identity card services, birth certificates, death certificates, family cards, building permits, business permits, mining permits, plantation permits, etc. will be erased by the implementation of online-based services / online. Public service mechanisms using electronic technology will enable transparency and accountability between governments as providers of public services with the public as users of public services, so that between government and society will come true satisfaction, trust and confidence, which will ultimately facilitate the growth of governmental politics stable, so that will build a solid democracy. c. e-procurement. The procurement process of government goods and services has been highlighted by various anti corruption institutions as the most corrupt fields in Indonesia. The procurement area of goods and services serves as the most fertile land for corrupt practices committed by government officials, political elites, parliamentarians, and the business community / partners / contractors. The tender process is often a means for auction committees, political elites and all parties concerned to maximize profits for their personal and group interests. The current implementation of electronic procurement (eprocurement) by governments and local governments through electronic procurement agencies is expected to eradicate corruption, collusion and nepotism practices, which have been practiced by elements of the three pillars, the pillars government, parliament, and private / third parties. Through electronic procurement of goods and services, the auction and tender process is conducted online or online so that between the auction committee and the auction participants can not meet, communicate and transact, so the 38

5 possibility of corruption will be small. By procuring goods and services electronically, all third parties / contractors have equal access to tender information. The application electronically allows all parties to apply to be auction participants provided they meet the specified requirements. All bidders can be accessed on the website provided by the auction committee. The auction assessment is also conducted in a transparent and accountable manner, in which the announcement of the auction winner is announced online including the result of the assessment and its rating. Proper, clean, open, and accountable e-procurement practices will be able to eliminate corruption, cultivate public confidence in government, and public support for government performance. This is what will give birth to good government and clean government, so that will encourage the creation of a stable politics and the realization of a strong democracy, where the mechanism of relations between the government and the people run democratically, because of the people's belief that the government has implemented the implementation of democratic government. The advantage of implementing e-procurement is the improvement of service quality. Because service can be done unlimited by distance and time like 24 hour service and done online anywhere or without face to face. Another advantage is the more efficient use of paper, improved data accuracy, and reduced errors that may occur. And all the processes will become transparent 7. d. e-budgeting. The budgeting system in the government and local government is 7 Downloaded on Novmber 25, a sensitive area considering the corrupt practices that occurred during this time starting from the budget planning system formulated by the government and parliament, both in central government and in local government. Crime corruption is generally committed by the executive and legislative since the budget is drafted and planned so that political agreement and political transactions begin to build when budget planning. The implementation of electronic budgeting (e-budgeting) is expected to eliminate the practice of corruption early on. Through e- budgeting, corrupt practices can be prevented, avoided and detected early in the process of budget planning, budgeting, and budget formulation by executives and legislatures. The concept of e-budgeting applied in both the central government and the local government will be able to eliminate the budget of deposits, budget orders, transactional budgets, and artificial budgets that do not side with the interests of the people. Electronic-based budgeting will create openness, transparency, and accountability of public budgets, where all people can access the budget set by the government, how many, what the allocation is, what the objectives are, what are the benefits, and how the background of the budget unit emerges. In addition, through electronic budgeting, there will also be a funded project, what budget, how the auction process, and how the benefits to society. Implementation of e- budgeting in principle is a manifestation of the implementation of e-government in governance in Indonesia. Therefore, in an effort to prevent various corruption or corruption modes that have started from planning and continued during development, the e-budgeting system must be integrated with other electronic systems such as e- procurement, e-sourcing, e- delivery,

6 e-performance, e-project planning, assets, and others. 8 The implementation of electronic budgeting can be used as a means of control for the community, mass organizations, NGOs and various stakeholders to oversee every use of the budget by the government and local governments, thereby creating the principles of transparency and accountability, which will ultimately increase public confidence in the government. High public confidence in the government will be able to foster political and governance stability, and be able to rapidly support the consolidation of democracy in the reform era e. e-participation. Political participation is one of the elements in political development and democracy. A country with high political participation will have the potential to generate democratic politics. Good public participation is the participation made by society in quantity and quality. The lack of public participation played by the community to the government will cause the government to be arbitrary and potentially cause abuse of power. Public participation conducted on an electronic basis will provide a space for people to be fast, precise and responsive in response to every public policy issued by the government. The rise of social media in which every society is able to create social media accounts becomes an opportunity for the implementation of electronic public participation where the aspirations, interests, desires and needs of the community are voiced online, online and digital addressed to all government units, both central and government area, so there is no partition between the community and 8 Downloaded on November 25, the government in the process of public participation. Governments and local governments also use information technology, the Internet, and social media as a means of accommodating public participation, by creating official websites and blogs, as well as official social media, so that people can directly write and transmit any aspirations, wants, needs, support, rejection, criticism and even blasphemy through official government and government websites and social media. Governments and local governments can respond and respond to the aspirations of the community directly, thus creating a dialogical dialogue mechanism between the government and the community. The adoption of electronic public participation will certainly increase the level of democracy in Indonesia, where people can directly communicate and correspond with the government on various public issues, community problems and policy discourse made by the government. Implementation of e- participation will be able to cultivate high public participation so that all the people are free and easy in issuing hearts, aspirations, and discussions about certain public policies, which will certainly strengthen the culture of participatory democracy in Indonesia. f. e-voting. Implementation of elections in Indonesia has been routinely implemented in Indonesia by upholding the principles of direct, public, free, confidential, honest and fair, especially in the era of reform which has been held election activities in 1999, elections 2004, elections in 2009, and elections 2014, safely, comfortably, and orderly. The cheap, fast, open and transparent election is a dream for the people of Indonesia, so that various regulations are made so that there will be no fraud in the election so that the quality of democracy can be well preserved.

7 One way to maintain the quality of democracy is to apply electronic voting and counting (evoting). 9 E-voting combines the use of information technology with the election, where during the elections held, the voting and vote counting process is done manually, so the potential for fraud in the vote count is very large when the vote recapitulation of the kelurahan level / village, sub-district, district / city, province, to center. In addition, e- voting is able to create quick vote count so that people can directly know the election results and also able to cut the budget, especially the budget for the ballot, etc. The application of e-voting does require sophisticated and modern hardware, software, and software requirements. However, the election in Indonesia is actually time to use e-voting so that people will be easy to know the election results, cut the budget, and remove all forms of fraud that occurred during this time in the vote count. The applied e- voting will improve transparent and accountable election quality, so that it will be able to create a democratic political order in accordance with the conscience of the community. 3. Information Technology and Democracy Destruction The development of technology, computers, the Internet, and social media can also bring harm, disaster and even destruction to democracy. This can be seen from the current developments where the virtual world is filled with various phenomena and cyber crime cases, such as hoaxes, hate speech, and the rise of fake accounts / anonymous accounts, which will be described below: a. Hoax. Hoax is information, news, or false / fake stories that exist in cyberspace, written by the original account owner and can also be a fake 9 Downloaded on November 25, account of a particular event or event. In cyberspace, hoaxes are so rampant lately that it has made people uneasy that people are divided or feel in a sheep fight by hoax activities conducted by irresponsible parties. Hoax in the world of politics in Indonesia is really disturbing society and government. All parties can be targets and targets of the hoax. Hoax is targeting all the political elite, government elite, public officials, regional heads, and all political players in government, parliament, and political parties. Hoax spreads like a virus that infects all netizens that create certain public opinion, which in turn can lead to character assassination of officials, political elites and other political players. Hoax is usually rampant during political competition, both in local elections, presidential elections, and in legislative elections, where fellow successful teams spread their hoaxes in cyberspace to topple political opponents, kill political opponents, and slander political opponents. The practice of unhealthy competition in cyberspace in any political activity, election activities and competition for political office is very dangerous to political life because it will lead to negative prejudices, sheep and political conflicts. In fact, there are also allegedly hoax companies that offer political and political elites to become successful social media teams ready to make news, information, or lies about political opponents, and can also create good stories, stories and articles praised the political elite who hired him for a high fee. That way, all the political elite hire a hoax company that eventually happens to be a hoax war in cyberspace, as happened in the 2014 presidential election competition between Jokowi and Prabowo, and the 2017 regional head election in Jakarta Capital Special Region between Ahok-Djarot, Anies- Sandi, and AHY-Silvi.

8 In the context of democracy, hoax is very threatening to democracy life, because it will potentially divide, sheep, and political conflict, taking place both at the elite level and at the grass root level. Hoax will give birth to a political culture that is far from democracy so it will hurt the values of democracy in Indonesia, which in turn will only destroy democracy in Indonesia. b. Hate Speech. The practice of hate speech in cyberspace is prevalent in Indonesia today so it is very disturbing society which in turn is the concern of all parties to detect, prevent and repel, as it is against the rule of law as well as breaking the law. In fact, police officers have issued regulations that can ensnare the actors of hate speech because it is against the law, violates cultural ethics, and is prohibited in religion. Lots of cases of hate speech that exist in cyberspace which then classified as cyber crime cases processed by law enforcement officers. Hate speech is a speech, invitation, or information that contains elements of hatred against fellow human beings, which is often practiced by one party against another, which is generally a political opponent in the arena of political competition. Hate speech is a provocation, agitation, and mobilization to create hatred, blasphemous insults against political opponents, so that political opponents become ugly and bad image in the community. The phenomenon of hate speech can lead to hatred, persecution, and defamation of political opponents, potentially creating political conflict and collective violence. If this happens continuously, there is no comparative information, and all societies acknowledge / believe and adhere to the truth of the hate speech, it will threaten the dynamics of democracy in Indonesia, because the truth is only determined by the hate speech spread in cyberspace, in the absence of cross ceck mechanisms as well as a high increase of community literacy. c. Anonymous Account In today's digital era, rampant fake accounts appear created by anyone, anytime, and anywhere, without any control from the state / government. These counterfeit accounts are created by certain parties that are used for malicious purposes, in the form of dropping political opponents, grieving political rivals, and killing political opponents characters. Fake accounts are hard to detect and hard to eradicate, so it's hard to justify the truth of information created by fake accounts. In fact, fake accounts are often created by resembling or impersonating a political official, political elite or government official so as to defame the official concerned. Counterfeit accounts are used to commit crimes, including political criminality, which is very dangerous for democratic life in Indonesia. Public anxiety can occur when a lot of fake accounts are doing its action by spreading false news, hate speech, and other unlawful actions, potentially destroying democracy. 4. Education of Democracy Technology The rapid flow of information technology, computers, the Internet and social media has brought blessing as well as a disaster for the development of democracy in Indonesia today. It is said to bring blessings because social media is able to create public space and means for the public to strengthen the consolidation of democracy. It is said to bring disaster because social media impact on the emergence of hate speech and false news in cyberspace that will bring democracy destruction. In order for social media as a product of information technology to bring blessings and not bring disaster, the key is in humans, communities or political elites who run information 42

9 technology or social media. 10 There is an adagium that reads: "the man behind the gun", where people who run social media is the key, because a set of social media is not wrong because it is only a tool. Humans in which there are societies and political elites must be educated with democratic technology education in the era of digitalization of democracy, digital democracy, and democracy on line. Democratic technology education should be encouraged by all parties, especially in educational institutions, so that people can use smartphones and social media ethically, use information technology responsibly, and obey all rules of the virtual world law. Communities should be informed of the legal rules governing information technology, violations of cyber law, and legal consequences incurred during hoaxes and hate speeches. There are times when people do not know about the rules of cyber law so as to violate the law and only realized when it was snared, tried, and imprisoned due to spread hoax and sell hate speech. Increased public literacy on cyberspace is so important that social media can be used as it should, and not be used for the purpose of overthrowing political opponents, aggravating the political atmosphere, abusing political opponents / blasphemy of public officials, and inciting others to commit unlawful acts. Society should be enlightened about the digital community, the cyberspace community, the social media community, and the ethical community in using social media. In addition, it must be grown and built a network of cyberspace communities, enlightening netizens, by forming anti hoax community, anti hate speech community, etc., so as to create a smart, healthy, and beautic virtual world that fosters democracy in Indonesia a solid one. growth of modern computer technology, so the internet was born as a bridge to give birth to a network that inspired websites and blogs, which eventually led to the growth of social media. Social media provides space for people to surf in cyberspace, which transforms all aspects of cyber life into an all-round online, all-round, alldigital, and all-electronic. Every activity of human life is colored by social media device so that it can bring positive impact and negative impact. The positive impact of the development of information technology and social media for democratic consolidation can be shown by e- government, e-procurement, e-services, e- participation, e-budgeting, and e-voting. They are a set of supporters of political activity, government service, and public service, capable of fostering democratic political demands in Indonesia. The negative impacts of the development of information technology and social media for democratic life in Indonesia are the emergence of hoax cases and hate speech cases, as well as anonymous sites and accounts as a result of low levels of public literacy, thus jeopardizing the development of democracy. Democracy can be destroyed due to hoaxes and hate speech in political life in Indonesia today. To prevent the negative impact of the development of information technology and social media, it is necessary education of democratic technology. This means that the public, the political elite, and all parties must be given information technology education, social media education, and cyberspace education so that they will be able to use social media ethically, responsibly and correctly. Enlightenment to the education of democratic technology will be able to encourage social media as a means for society and political elites to carry out healthy political activities, so that solid democracy can be realized in the reform era. CONCLUSION The development of information and communication technology has encouraged the 10 Doddy Yudhista dkk, Teknologi Informasi dan Pembangunan Demokrasi Di Indonesia, Jakarta, Habibie Center, 2002, page

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