Linking Preparedness Response and Resilience Project- Kenya. Micro-Level Conflict Analysis report

Transcription

1 Linking Preparedness Response and Resilience Project- Kenya Micro-Level Conflict Analysis report 22 nd -25 th June 2017

2 1.0. Introduction LPRR project is piloted in five communities in the County of Marsabit of Kenya occupying the extreme part of Northern Kenya. It has an international boundary with Ethiopia to the North, borders Lake Turkana to the West, Samburu County to the South and Wajir and Isiolo Counties to the East. Most parts of the county are arid, with the exception of high potential areas around Mt. Marsabit such as Kulal, Hurri Hills and the Moyale-Sololo escarpment. The county experiences extreme temperatures ranging from a minimum of C to a maximum of 30.2o C, with an annual average of C. Rainfall ranges between 200mm and 1,000mm per annum and its duration, amount and reliability increases with increase in altitude. North Horr (550m) has a mean annual rainfall of 150mm; Mt. Marsabit and Mt. Kulal 800mm while Moyale receives a mean annual rainfall of 700mm.Administratively; the county is divided into four administrative sub counties namely: Marsabit Central, Laisamis, North Horr, and Moyale. Sub-counties are further divided into 20 wards and administrative villages. There are 4 sub-counties and 20 wards. The county has four constituencies namely: Saku Constituency which covers the entire Marsabit Central sub-counties, Laisamis Constituency which covers Marsabit South (Laisamis) and Loiyangalani sub-counties, North Horr Constituency consisting of North Horr and Marsabit North (Chalbi) sub-counties and Moyale Constituency covers Moyale and Sololo sub-counties. Table of Marsabit County Electoral Wards by Constituency 1 Constituency Laisamis Saku North Horr Moyale County Assembly Wards Loyaingalani Karigi/South Horr Korr/Ngurunit Logologo Laisamis Sagante/Jerdesa Karare Marsabit Central Dukana Maikona Turbi North Horr Illeret Butiye Sololo Heillu Moyale Township Golbo Obbu Uran 1 Source: Independent Electoral and boundaries Commission

3 World Vision Kenya and PACDA lead in project implementation in five communities found in Turbi, Maikona, Uran and Golbo Wards. The five communities for piloting the project are considered conflict hot spots as established through agreed criteria before roll out. The project piloting communities are predominantly pastoralists who depend on livestock for food and income. In normal years the region is one of the major sources of livestock supply in the local and international markets. During the recent years, the region has repeatedly experienced complex humanitarian crises as a result of drought, conflict and disease. More frequent and severe droughts and flooding are among the critical consequences of changing weather patterns in Northern Kenya and Marsabit in particular. Massive livestock death due to drought, particularly in the last five years, has badly affected the livelihoods of the communities and the overall food security in the area. For relatively long period now the communities have been experiencing intermittent inter-tribal armed conflicts which have been attributed to the scramble for available natural resources (water, pasture and grazing lands) and lately further aggravated by political supremacy amongst the major tribes in the County. These conflicts have often led to loss of lives, destruction of property and displacements of people from their area of habitation. The combination of rangeland degradation and weakening social systems such as natural resource governance, extension services, and conflict mitigation mechanisms compound the problems of conflicts Methodology This analysis employed qualitative data collection methods. Through structured focus group discussions, the informants participated in analysis of their contexts to generate conflict dynamics current in their localities. A total of five focus group discussions were conducted in five sites of Forolle, Funan Qumbi, Turbi, Rawan and Elle Bor. These were followed by key informant interviews to deepen the understanding of the Conflict themes and sets of relationships within those communities. A detailed review of relevant literature on the subject was undertaken to provide insights on past and new conflict dynamics in Marsabit. The Focused Group Discussion (FGD) locations were in all in the target communities of Uran, Turbi and Maikona wards which are conflict hotspots. Considering the history of conflicts between the Borana and Gabra Communities, separate FGDs were undertaken with community representatives from Forole and Turbi (predominantly Gabra) and those from Rawan, Funan Qumbi and Elle Bor (who are predominantly Borana). This was done to enable the community representatives provide information in areas they considered safe places and without the risk of igniting fresh animosity between the groups. The FGDs were structured into different groups for men, women and youth due to the cultural values that makes it difficult for women and youth to express themselves openly where men are present. There were also separate FGDs for Women and youth groups to enable them feel comfortable enough to provide specifics views on conflicts with regard to their contribution to the conflict and how they are affected.

4 A range of stakeholders were consulted during Key informants Interviews particularly the local administration chiefs, Kenya police reservists and the religious leaders a total of five key informants were interviewed. The micro-level conflict analysis was conducted by a team composed of Christian Aid and PACIDA programme staff with support from SaferWorld security and conflict programme officer. Representatives from three communities of Maikona (Forore), Uran (Elle Bor, Funan Qumbi, Rawan), and Turbi/Bubisa (Turbi) wards participated in the two day participatory community level conflict mapping and analysis. The piloting of the LPRR project in the three communities is led by PACIDA the implementing agency. The community representatives were drawn from various community institutions and groups together with government agencies working at the local level involved in development and conflict management 2. The participants were taken through holistic and participatory processes mapping out key factors around conflicts in their respective communities. Key informant interviews, focused group discussions and review of the macrolevel conflicts mapping analysis report were used to generate data and information for analysis and development of the report. The chiefs and the Kenya Police reservists were targeted for key informant interviews since their role and responsibilities revolves around security provision and maintenance of law and order at the communities. Women and youth groups were set aside in separate focussed group discussions to provide specifics views on conflicts with regard to their contribution to the conflict and how they are affected. Community representatives from Forore and Turbi were predominantly Gabra while those from Rawan, Funan Qumbi and Elle Bor were Boran. The fact that from time to time the communities are involved in conflicts informed the separation of the approach used in conducting the conflict analysis by targeting the representatives in their respective communities as safe spaces to provide information without risk of igniting fresh animosity. The FGD were structured into different groups of men, women and youth due cultural values that would make women and youth hesitant to speak openly where men are present Objective of micro level conflict analysis The conflict analysis was an in-depth understanding of the local micro context in Marsabit County where linking Preparedness Response and Resilience (LPRR) project is implemented. It was a diagnostic process of identifying the problems that exist and that have caused conflicts or could potentially cause conflict in the pilot communities and which could be reinforced by the activities of the LPRR project. Further it was aimed at identifying connectors which foster understanding and peaceful coexistence between the rival communities so as to maximize on them to foster resilience strengthening. 2 DRR Committees, Resource Management Committees, Local administration, youth reps, women reps, Kenya police reservists, religious leaders, opinion leaders/elders, people living with disabilities

5 The analysis was also aimed at identifying key context issues that will serve as benchmarks for effective mainstreaming of conflict sensitivity within the project Specific Objectives I. Provide a description of a set of initial or baseline conditions, which will be updated periodically to track changes/shifts/ trends in the context over time, as part of the M&E process. II.Provide a foundational understanding of why conflicts have occurred/ could potentially occur and as such serve as the basis for dialogue among stakeholders in the planning of the project interventions 5.0. Findings 5.1. Conflict Drivers The micro-level conflict analysis largely corroborated the findings of the macro-level conflict analysis on the actors and factors surrounding the conflicts in Marsabit County. The nature of the conflicts at the local level revolves around the following key issues: Competition for resources Historically competition for strategic resources of water and pasture among the pastoralists Boran and Gabra has been the root cause of conflicts. The nomadic lifestyle of the pastoralists of migrating from one pint to another makes it easier for the rival communities to be in constant interactions as they search for pasture and water. This predisposes them to continuous disagreements particularly during the period of scarcity associated with climate change driven prolonged droughts. The climate change driven prolonged droughts have not only increased in scale but also in frequency. In the past prolonged droughts occurred in return period of an average of every five years. In the recent past incidences of drought have become more frequent occurring every year. The weather pattern has increasingly become erratic rendering the traditional established grazing arrangements untenable as pastoralists migrate with their livestock beyond the traditional grazing grounds. The livestock herd has tremendously increased in the past two decades which is linked to the corresponding population increase. This means that the pasture- land holding capacity is outstripped forcing communities to search for pasture far and wide often coming into contact with rivals. The competition for the strategic resources of water and pasture which is hardly sufficient for the larger herd of livestock has intensified. Furthermore there are many cases of ecosystem degradation attributed to poor planning and resources utilization

6 undermining vegetation and fodder rejuvenation of strategic gazing grounds. The pastoralists are reporting emergence of weeds covering vast areas of the pasture land compromising quality of fodder and massive soil erosion and cutting down of trees for charcoal burning which have rendered the grounds bare. The end result of all this is intensified competition for pasture and water among various pastoralists groups and communities Cross border factors The communities in Moyale and North Horr sub-counties live along the common between Kenya and Ethiopia. The international border literally creates an artificial divide between otherwise same ethnic communities sharing cultural identity and history. The import of this is that whenever a conflict pitting one community against another arises in Ethiopia it is bound to spill over into Kenya and vise -versa. Often this complicates the situations because of the cross-boundary nature of the perpetrators of conflict who fall under different administrative authorities taking sides and retreating back to their respective countries. The structure of administration in Kenya is different from that of Ethiopia where local chiefs are elected while in Kenya they are appointees of the government answerable to the office of the president. While the chiefs in Kenya can report cases of conflict and perpetrators directly to the authorities, in Ethiopia the chiefs take consultative approach as elected representatives before submitting any report to the authorities for action. There is an active rebellion in Southern Ethiopia led by the Oromo Liberation Front (OLF) fighters perceived to be enjoying sympathy and support of the Boran in Kenya. The Boran is part of the large Oromo nation majority of who live in Ethiopia. In the war with OLF the Ethiopian army makes frequent incursions into Kenya and citizens are caught in the cross fire. Further the OLF fighters are alleged to supply small firearms to the Kenya communities whenever there are conflicts pitting the Boran against other communities. Internally the Gabra and Boran border the Somali community to the West in Wajir County with whom they have had long historical differences with regard to access and control of pasture and water within Marsabit County. Along the border between Marsabit and Wajir counties many pasture areas are contested and often are conflict hotspots. The Somali ethnic groups enjoy a balance of power as they are well armed with guns obtained from Somalia where the national government lacks full control of the country and ethnic based militia and Al-Shabab control vast areas. Lalesa rangeland situated at the border between Marasabit and wajir is presently contested. Administratively Lalesa is in Turbi ward of North Horr sub-county which is inhabited by the

7 Gabra. However the neighboring Boran in Marsabit and Degodian from Wajir counties claim ownership of the rangeland as well. Lalesa is a rich rangeland with high quality pasture good for livestock and recently the county government of Marsabit sunk a borehole making it even more attractive for livestock keepers as water is now readily available. Early in the year a violent conflict between the Gabra and Degodia erupted which left five people dead. The leadership of both the county governments of Marsabit and Wajir convened a peace meeting which resolved the conflict, the cause of which was lack resolution on resources sharing among the ethnic communities of Gabra, Boran and Degodia. Another rangeland called Shura along the common border is contested between the Gabra and Degodia of Marsabit and Wajir County respectively. The Gabra have settled in the rangeland and the county government of Marsabit is investing in infrastructure development including sinking of the boreholes. Other rangeland areas which are contested along the common border between Wajir and Marsabit are Demo which inhabited by the Boran, Ambalo inhabited by Boran a new settlement coming up. Further East Shura conservancy in Marsabit County controlled by the Gabra is conflict hot spot pitting the Gabra against the Boran from Merti-Sub County of Isiolo County. The conflict revolves around access to the conservancy by pastoralists from Boran community Land and Boundary dispute Land use and land use change is fast shaping the way of lives of the pastoralists. In the past the pastoralists were largely nomadic and land to a large extent was communally owned. The administrative and political boundaries were few and far apart. The population was low and generally resources were shared. However changes have occurred over time witnessing the rapid population growth and creation of many new political and administrative units with boundaries. This has created a sense of exclusive ownership of water and pasture resources which before were communal in nature and shared across wards, locations and communities. Tension is an ever present factor in the contested areas. The contested areas/territories often serve as flash points for conflicts and is more pronounced where different ethnic groups e.g. the Boran and Gabra are contesting a boundary. It is thought the settlement of most communities in Marsabit especially the Dasanach, Boran and Gabra peaked up shortly after Kenya became independent in For the Turkana the Dasanach settlement along the shores of Lake Turkana is perceived to be an intrusion into their ancestral lands and for a long time grievances and perceived injustices the relationships between the Dasanach and Turkana has remained tense and from time to time spilling over to full blown violence where cattle raids, destruction of property and loss of human live has been registered Ethnic and Cultural Supremacy Contests

8 Ethnic and cultural supremacy contests are key factor fueling conflicts especially between the Boran and Gabra who live a side by side in Kenya and across- the common border in Ethiopia. The conflicts involving different communities are historical in nature dating back to the colonial period. Though the communities have lived side by side for centuries their coexistences has been punctuated by conflicts at different times. On the other hand the Boran and Gabra have had historical differences spanning many decades despite the fact that they have a common shared language. Their differences run deep and are stoked in prejudice, and stereotypes which manifest themselves in negative narratives and hatred. Due to their numerical strength the Boran for a long period of time controlled both formal and informal power.. The continued control of power created a mentality of master- servant relationship between the Boran and Gabra respectively. It is believed that out of this a narrative of prejudice loaded with stereotype evolved pitting the two communities. Whenever conflicts arise between the two communities the narratives resurfaces stocking the conflict fires. Often democratic competitions like union and political leaderships in the county assumes ethnic angle laced with age old poison of stereotype leading to violence if not controlled. Cases have reported of individuals from the two different communities e.g. women disagreeing at water point degenerating into full-fledged community conflict Historically Northern Kenya which is predominantly inhabited by the nomadic pastoralists is marginalized area. Therefore when the new constitution was promulgated in 2010, for devolved governance structures, it was thought to be a panacea for solving most of the problems of the residents. While it is true that devolution has yielded some astounding achievement in development in the area in the past few years, it has heightened clan and ethnic rivalries with violent conflicts engulfing the cosmopolitan areas particularly shortly before the general elections and after. In the last general elections the Rendille, Gabra and Burji formed ethnic based political alliance against the majority Boran and won all the elective executive posts at the county level and controlled the county assembly with a majority. It was even more vicious at the Ward and community levels where the election of the members of the county assembly competed. This resulted to eruption of violence pitting the Boran against Burji and Gabra which resulted to thousands of people displaced, education and health services interrupted and property destroyed. As build up to the next general elections in 2017 there is already lots of jostling and lobbying with negotiations of new political ethnic alliance. Already tension is simmering and there is reason to believe that a potential conflict may erupt depending on how the electioneering process evolves Politically instigated conflicts and formation of political alliances Marsabit is composed of many ethnic communities but the Gabra and Boran are the most populous and hence have a bigger say on the socio-economic matters in the county. In 2013

9 with the advent of devolution in Kenya positions of county government were open for competition during the general elections. The Gabra together with Rendille and Burji form an ethnic based political alliance against the majority Boran winning all the top county government seats. Before, during and after the election there was political mobilization of the ethnic groups with the outcome of the elections profiled as a matter of life and death with high stakes particularly for the Gabra and Boran. The pitch of the campaign was laced with messages of hatred and disinformation leading to outright violent conflicts in Moyale Sub-county of Marsabit County. In the previous elections before 2013 similar political mobilization took place but at smaller scale of wards and constituencies. As the next general election of 2017 approaches political realignments are shaping up along more or less the same ethnic lines and the youth appears particularly agitated based on the individuals they support. This is therefore potential danger for conflicts at the local level in the wards and constituencies which constitute to make a county Existing infrastructure for Peace/ Opportunities for enhancing peaceful coexistence The Yaa and Gadhaa Councils As identified the Boran and Gabra largely share same social-cultural practices including the spoken language. The yaa and Gadhaa are bodies of traditional spiritual leaders among the Gabra and Boran communities respectively which can be tapped into in conflict resolutions and building peace. They command respect authority particularly among the men who are major protagonists in the conflicts. The yaa and Gadhaa have been relied on to restore peace for many generations, though authority is slowly loosing tract because of the many layers of authorities including that of formal government structures composed of administrators and elected political leaders The village elders Council Every village has a council of elders that plays advisory role on socio-economic matters. They council of elders is networked and linked with political leaders, the adminis trators, religious leaders and herders and youth who tend to livestock. The linkages that the village elders council enjoys presents itself as useful entry point for engagement in rolling out the conflict sensitive programming and reaching out to various stakeholders and actors. Though the council of elders is dominated by men with few villages having women incorporated, the youth and particularly the herders hold regular consultative meeting with the elders on livestock management. The elders and youth consultative meetings are very useful platform for introducing discussions on peace building and conflict resolution. Furthermore the elders council can serve as platform for information dissemination and capacity strengthening Schools /Pupils and students

10 At least every village in the targeted community has an established school with school going children or shares a facility with other village(s). The composition of the shared facilities for examples brings together the children from diverse ethnic groups some of which traditionally engage in conflicts against each other. The school pupils and students are fast growing up and can be used as ambassadors of peace reaching many homes/households. Exchange visits to learn from other ethnic groups can be arranged to help break the stereotypes that have evolved over years. The schools peace clubs can be utilized to equip the members with messages of peace scaling out to the schools and communities Security and Peace committees The government of Kenya has the security and peace committees structured across all levels from the national to the local village. The Marsabit county government in response the common problem of conflict has fully fledged department for peace coordination and cohesion. The two committees work hand in hand and have representatives in all the villages. They form a very important foundation for peace building and managing conflict related risks. Owing to the linkages institutional framework of the peace and security committees it can be relied on for quick mobilization, information dissemination and early action. The nyumba kumi initiative by the government for information sharing among ten households at the village can be good arrangements to work with to foster peace through timely information sharing Resources management / Community managed disaster risk reduction/ Water point committees Various development committees are in place in many of the villages often working with different development agencies including line government ministries. The development committees have different names including resource management committees, disaster risk reduction committee, water point committees etc. The committees shall be relied to integrate conflict sensitivity as part of their day to day work. The committees are the custodians of community resource sharing resolutions and can be relied on for enforcement sustaining peace while ensuring equitable access to pasture and water for livestock for all communities. Further the committees will be relied upon to provide information on livestock theft, migration and loss for appropriate early action to prevent potential escalation of conflict as result these happenings Religious Leaders The religious leaders Muslims and Christians enjoy extensive reach to various households even in the remotest of villages. They are regarded as non-partisan by most people when it comes to conflicts. The confidence and good will enjoyed by the religious leaders can be put into use to spur understanding and reconciliation among the warring communities. The mosques and church can serve as neutral to preach peace and reconciliation.

11 Herders Camps Mapping of the livestock migratory routes and use of the herders camp as peace forums is crucial in conflict prevention. Many a time resource based conflicts start off in the grazing land primarily by the herders. Through mapping and establishing the livestock migratory routes the herders camps provides a platform to mitigate and prevent escalation of conflict risks particularly where land and land resources are contested. Between communities are buffer zones which are normally conflict hotspot not accessible to all.by convening the herders camp agreements/resolutions can are reached enabling the pastoralists access to rangeland resources to sustain their breeding stock especially when prolonged droughts occur The government of Marsabit County- Council of elders Through its department of cohesion and integration and coordination of non-state actors department, the government of Marsabit County has constituted a committee of prominent elders representing the diverse ethnic communities as peace ambassadors. The elders represent the face of the county and can be very useful in reinforcing peace messages Non state actors also working on peace There are other non-state actors who in one way or another work on peace. The project will foster an integrated approach by involving them in the implementation. This is very important to avoid b communities developing perceptions on implementing agencies as either being pro or against protagonists communities. Integrated approach works in mitigating this danger.

12 Enumerator engaging Imam at Funa Nyatta village on KII

13 2. Conflict Mapping of actors and issues Shared county political leadership control and interest at the county Control of the Boran/Oromia sociopolitical influence Marsabit County Government Political exclusion at the county executive Boran youth Herders Sharing of intelligence on OLF operations along the common border of Kenya and Ethiopia Ethiopia Government Ethiopian nation territorial integrity/oromia nation rights OLF Emerging Ethnic political alliance elections Garre Burji Gabra Boran Dasanach Social- political course of greater Oromia/Boran nation Alshabab/ Somali clans Traditional elders advisory and blessings Gabra youth Herders Rendile Historical grievances, ethnic prejudice, competition for natural resources and political control Turkana Shared economic and security interests Kenya Government War against religious extremism Arms supply and religious radicalization

14 3.0. Historical trend lines Year Conflict Event Causes Effects Location 1992 Atholes Kamis- Ahad Redilla livestock conflict 1993 Hagaya Gumata gulla community conflict Cattle rustling between the Boran and Gabra at mega which intensified into full scale violence characterized revenge and counter revenge fuelled by disinformation and propaganda Confrontation over child from Borana people Loss of lives Destruction of property Family breakdown where intermarried couples involving Boran and Gabra separations due to suscipscion and hatred were reported. Death, enemity and family break down Forole Turbi Mega Yaagarra 2000 Forore- Magadho livestock conflict Water and pasture resources access and use disagreement Destruction of property, loss of lives and severance of relations between the Gabra of Forore Kenya and the Boran of Magadho Ethiopia. Kenya/ Ethiopia border at Forore/ Magadho cross border points 2005 Turbi massacre Disputed community pasture land boundaries and access rights. Revenge and retaliation by Boran on killing of their prominent personalities Death of people and animals Turbi,Rawana, Elebor 2006 North Dispute over Death and displacement of Turbi, Rawana,

15 Horr/Moyale constituency boundary dispute 2007 Boran/Gabra boundary conflict on resources 2009 Boran/Gabra natural resource based conflict boundaries, political differences, negative ethnicity and hate speech Resource based conflict due to scarce of water and pasture caused by prolonged drought Competition for scarce and depleted water and pasture resources as a result of prolonged drought people, cattle rustling and burning of houses Death of people, destruction of poverty Shortage of water and pasture Death of animals, Poverty, Hunger, Migration of people with their livestock Funan Qumbi, Elle-borr and Ele dimtu Turbi, Forole, Funan Qumbi, Rawana Eleborr and Ele - dimtu Turbi, Forole, Funan Qumbi, Rawana Eleborr 2011 The great drought (jalali) Prolonged drought Lack of water and pasture for livestock Death of animals, Poverty, Hunger, Migration of people with their livestocks to other areas in search of water and pasture Turbi, Forole, Funan Qumbi, Rawana Eleborr and Ele - dimtu 2014 Moyale conflict Political differences Death of people, Burning of houses, Moyale, Walda, Turbi and sololo Cattle rustling and Burning of vehicles The historical timelines covered a period of two decades to date. There are many underlying causes of conflicts in these communities; however it is evident that most of the conflicts are resource based and often are their peak whenever there are climate change driven prolonged droughts and the water and pasture levels are depleted leading to severe competition among various pastoralists groups for the scarce resources. The conflicts are mostly pronounced at the points of convergence of the different communities which serves as the hot spots. Often this is at the boundaries between the pastoralists communities and access and control of shared water points and grazing areas is disputed. There is a strong correlation between prolonged droughts and conflicts. Prolonged

16 droughts forces herders to migrate with livestock in search of pasture and water beyond their traditional grazing areas encroaching into other communities grounds which often is resisted if there is no agreement leading to violence. There is an emerging pattern of ethnic political mobilization which is associated with elections coming into play as a factor in the conflict; such was the case for the conflicts in 2013 instigated by political competition. 4.0 Gender Roles 4.1. The roles men, youth and women play in causing, sustaining conflict Men Women Youths Planning for the war Advisory; giving the youths and those involved in conflicts advice on fighting tactics. Equipping the fighters with fire Arms Solicit fund and fund the fighters which is used to procure arms and buy food. Traditional foretellers and sanctioning of war over the victory Intelligence gathering Praise and narrative support songs and poems for combatants- men and youth Intelligence gathering for conflict combatants They incite men to revenge They consider men who kill during conflict as heroes rewarded by beautiful suitors Serve as herders and first points of contacts in the pasture land whenever there is dispute on water and pasture access Most home guards/ Kenya police reservists drawn from the age set of the youths which protect the communities against attack. Involved in direct war and violent conflicts as combatants Involved in ethnic political mobilization and voting 4.2. The roles men, youth and women play in preventing or resolving conflicts Men Women Youths Providing linkage for conflict resolutions through inter clan community meeting (peace building and Advising their children(sons) and husband not to kill or cause conflict Taking care of victims of Herder camps peace meetings to negotiate on equitable access and use of pasture and water resources for livestock for

17 reconciliation). Avoid giving or sanctioning the conflicts Giving information to the law en-forcers on potential conflicts causes and meting/enforcing peace resolution agreements Preaching peace and supporting harmonious coexistence Religious forums e.g churches and mosques whose leadership is largely controlled by men as pastors/priests or imams conflict Reporting the conflict issues to the authorities Peace ambassadors as they are perceived to be fairly neutral Women forums/platforms like sacco and savings and loaning as avenues to reach out with peace messages all pastoralists communities Peace demonstration; which involves peaceful caravans moving in communities preaching peace Engagement in Peace tournaments; where youth from different communities come together to play in game tournaments to foster understanding Boda boda Saccos; where the boda boda motor bike operators majority of whom are youth are mainly youth meet regularly Use of schools peace clubs and exchange visits among young people to build cohesive community 5.0. Conflicts hot spots CONFLICT IN MARSABIT COUNTY: NATURE OF CONFLICTS AND RESPECTIVE HOTSPOT ZONES POLITICALLY INSTIGATED RESOURCE-BASED CROSS-BORDER Moyale District: Politically instigated violent armed Sololo district - Conflicts over land, pasture and water Sololo District: Cross-border conflicts mainly characterized

18 conflicts before, during and after elections. Its effects include mass human deaths, torching of houses, vandalization of water infrastructures, closure of health centres and schools, paralyzed transport system and deep tribal animosities etc. Hotspots are-: 1) Heilu -Borana Vs Gabra 2) Manyatta Burji - Burji Vs Borana 3) Butiye - Borana Vs Vs Gabra 4) Odda - Borana Vs Gabra 5) Funan nyatta - Borana Vs Gabra 6) Antuta - Borana Vs Gabra 7) Kinisa - Borana Vs Gabra 8) Mansile - Borana Vs Gabra 9) Kate - Borana Vs Gabra Marsabit central (Saku) - Deep tribal hostilities exist during electioneering period but on a lower scale compared to Moyale. 1) Township- Borana Vs Gabra/Burji/Rendille 2) Dirib Gombo -Borana Vs Rendille 3) Badassa - Borana Vs Rendille 4) Songa - Rendille Vs borana 5) Shegel - Borana Vs Gabra Hula Hula-Rendille Vs Borana resources between-: a) Borana Vs North Eastern Communities (Ajuran and Degodia) b)ajuran Vs Degodia The hotspots for both of the above are-: 1) Laqqi 2) Diribsey 3) Ambalo 4) Badanrero 5) Moyale district: 1) Dabel- Sakuye Vs Ajuran 2) Guyo Timo- Sakuye Vs Ajuran Marsabit North-: Resourcebased conflict between-: a) Borana Vs Gabra 1) Turbi 2) Forole 3) Badha Hurri 1) b) Gabra Vs Dasnach Shangil Dukana by unlawful military operations by Ethiopian forces into Kenya purportedly for harbouring rebel groups such as Oromo Liberation Front (OLF). Its effects include but not limited to extra-judicial killings, torture, mysterious disappearances, closure of schools and psychological traumas. Despite communities living on both sides of the border being the Boran Oromo, there is longstanding hatred between them. Communities on the Ethiopian side similarly experience frequent attacks from the rebel group. Hotspots on the Kenyan side include-: 1) Damballa Fachana 2) Gadha Korma 3) Waye Godha 4) Mado adi 5) Anona 6) Golole 7) Uran Moyale District: (same as for Sololo district above) 1) Sessi 2) Somare 3) Bori Marsabit North: Regular cross-border tensions between communities living along Kenya-Ethiopian border. The dynamic differs with that of Sololo and Moyale as the community living on the Ethiopian side is

19 2) Balesa 3) Sabare 4) Moite 5) ileret the Borana while the Gabra live on the Kenyan side. a) Borana Vs Gabra 1) Forole 2) Dukana 3) Balesa 4) Sabare The distribution of conflict hot spots is widespread over large space and communities and across boundary within Kenya into neighbouring countries. In one form or another ethnic communities are into conflict with another. However the conflict between the Boran and the Gabra i s the most common with heavy footprint particularly in Moyale Sub-county and along the Kenya-Ethiopia border. Further the conflicts have a ripple effect often spreading fast into areas away from the epicentre. It is therefore important to focus on managing the conflicts at likely points of ignition before spreading to other areas. As confirmed by participants whenever the conflict breaks out and turns violent in some places it spreads fast and many people are caught unaware suffering injuries and losses with no explanation. Others find themselves engaged in tribal conflicts without necessarily knowing the exact facts behind it.